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Differential Maths - BSN PDF
Differential Maths - BSN PDF
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
1 / 30 A
Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Problem solving with Just-In-Time lectures (50 minutes)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
2 / 30 A
Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Problem solving with Just-In-Time lectures (50 minutes)
Group work with more problems (30 minutes)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
2 / 30 A
Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Problem solving with Just-In-Time lectures (50 minutes)
Group work with more problems (30 minutes)
Quiz (30 minutes)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
2 / 30 A
Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Problem solving with Just-In-Time lectures (50 minutes)
Group work with more problems (30 minutes)
Quiz (30 minutes)
Topics:
Calculus: Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Centroids and
Moments of Inertia, Vector Calculus.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
2 / 30 A
Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Problem solving with Just-In-Time lectures (50 minutes)
Group work with more problems (30 minutes)
Quiz (30 minutes)
Topics:
Calculus: Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Centroids and
Moments of Inertia, Vector Calculus.
Differential Equations and Transforms: Differential Equations, Fourier
Series, Laplace Transforms, Euler’s Approximation
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
2 / 30 A
Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Problem solving with Just-In-Time lectures (50 minutes)
Group work with more problems (30 minutes)
Quiz (30 minutes)
Topics:
Calculus: Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Centroids and
Moments of Inertia, Vector Calculus.
Differential Equations and Transforms: Differential Equations, Fourier
Series, Laplace Transforms, Euler’s Approximation
Numerical Analysis: Root Solving with Bisection Method and Newton’s
Method.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
2 / 30 A
Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Problem solving with Just-In-Time lectures (50 minutes)
Group work with more problems (30 minutes)
Quiz (30 minutes)
Topics:
Calculus: Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Centroids and
Moments of Inertia, Vector Calculus.
Differential Equations and Transforms: Differential Equations, Fourier
Series, Laplace Transforms, Euler’s Approximation
Numerical Analysis: Root Solving with Bisection Method and Newton’s
Method.
Differential Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
3 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
3 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
3 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
3 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
3 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
3 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
3 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
3 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
dy
Problem 2: Find dx if y = xx .
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
4 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
dy
Problem 2: Find dx if y = xx .
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
4 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
dy
Problem 2: Find dx if y = xx .
Solution:
Apply logarithm and then use implicit differentiation.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
4 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
dy
Problem 2: Find dx if y = xx .
Solution:
Apply logarithm and then use implicit differentiation.
Differentiate ln y = x ln x w.r.t x.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
4 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
dy
Problem 2: Find dx if y = xx .
Solution:
Apply logarithm and then use implicit differentiation.
Differentiate ln y = x ln x w.r.t x.
1 dy 1
= ln x + x (product rule).
y dx x
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
4 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
dy
Problem 2: Find dx if y = xx .
Solution:
Apply logarithm and then use implicit differentiation.
Differentiate ln y = x ln x w.r.t x.
1 dy 1
= ln x + x (product rule).
y dx x
dy
= y(ln x + 1).
dx
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
4 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
dy
Problem 2: Find dx if y = xx .
Solution:
Apply logarithm and then use implicit differentiation.
Differentiate ln y = x ln x w.r.t x.
1 dy 1
= ln x + x (product rule).
y dx x
dy
= y(ln x + 1).
dx
dy
= xx (ln x + 1).
dx
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
4 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 3: Find the standard form of the tangent line to the hyperbola
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
5 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 3: Find the standard form of the tangent line to the hyperbola
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
5 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 3: Find the standard form of the tangent line to the hyperbola
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
Tangent Line to y = f (x) at x = a: y = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a).
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
5 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 3: Find the standard form of the tangent line to the hyperbola
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
Tangent Line to y = f (x) at x = a: y = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a).
dy
Use implicit differentiation to find dx since f is not given explicitly.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
5 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 3: Find the standard form of the tangent line to the hyperbola
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
Tangent Line to y = f (x) at x = a: y = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a).
dy
Use implicit differentiation to find dx since f is not given explicitly.
dy
2x − 4y = 0
dx
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
5 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 3: Find the standard form of the tangent line to the hyperbola
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
Tangent Line to y = f (x) at x = a: y = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a).
dy
Use implicit differentiation to find dx since f is not given explicitly.
dy
2x − 4y = 0
dx
dy 2x
= .
dx 4y
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
5 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 3: Find the standard form of the tangent line to the hyperbola
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
Tangent Line to y = f (x) at x = a: y = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a).
dy
Use implicit differentiation to find dx since f is not given explicitly.
dy
2x − 4y = 0
dx
dy 2x
= .
dx 4y
dy
−8
= = −1.
8
dx (−4,2)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
5 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 3: Find the standard form of the tangent line to the hyperbola
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
Tangent Line to y = f (x) at x = a: y = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a).
dy
Use implicit differentiation to find dx since f is not given explicitly.
dy
2x − 4y = 0
dx
dy 2x
= .
dx 4y
dy
−8
= = −1.
8
dx (−4,2)
Tangent line: y = 2 + (−1)(x − (−4)) or y = −x − 2.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
5 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
lim xe−x .
x→∞
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
6 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
lim xe−x .
x→∞
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
6 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
lim xe−x .
x→∞
Solution:
Indeterminate form: 0 · ∞. Use L’Hôpital’s Rule.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
6 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
lim xe−x .
x→∞
Solution:
Indeterminate form: 0 · ∞. Use L’Hôpital’s Rule.
So,
x H 1 1
lim xe−x = lim x
= lim x = = 0.
x→∞ x→∞ e x→∞ e ∞
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
6 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
lim xe−x .
x→∞
Solution:
Indeterminate form: 0 · ∞. Use L’Hôpital’s Rule.
So,
x H 1 1
lim xe−x = lim
x
= lim x = = 0.
x→∞ x→∞ e x→∞ e ∞
Recall: L’Hôpital’s Rule states that the limit of an indeterminate form
f (x)/g(x) can be evaluated using the ratio of the derivatives f 0 (x)/g0 (x).
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
6 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
∂m
Problem 5: Find the partial derivative ∂c if
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
7 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
∂m
Problem 5: Find the partial derivative ∂c if
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
7 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
∂m
Problem 5: Find the partial derivative ∂c if
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Solution:
∂z ∂f
Notation: if z = f (x, y) then ∂x = ∂x = fx .
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
7 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
∂m
Problem 5: Find the partial derivative ∂c if
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Solution:
∂z ∂f
Notation: if z = f (x, y) then ∂x = ∂x = fx .
Treat other variables as constants and differentiate w.r.t. indicated
variable.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
7 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
∂m
Problem 5: Find the partial derivative ∂c if
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Solution:
∂z ∂f
Notation: if z = f (x, y) then ∂x = ∂x = fx .
Treat other variables as constants and differentiate w.r.t. indicated
variable. " #
∂m ∂ m0 1 m0
= 1 =− (−2)(−v2 /c3 )
∂c ∂c (1 − v2 /c2 ) 2 2 (1 − v2 /c2 ) 32
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
7 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
∂m
Problem 5: Find the partial derivative ∂c if
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Solution:
∂z ∂f
Notation: if z = f (x, y) then ∂x = ∂x = fx .
Treat other variables as constants and differentiate w.r.t. indicated
variable. " #
∂m ∂ m0 1 m0
= 1 =− (−2)(−v2 /c3 )
∂c ∂c (1 − v2 /c2 ) 2 2 (1 − v2 /c2 ) 32
∂m −m0 v2
Simplify. = 3
∂c c3 (1 − v2 /c2 ) 2
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
7 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
5 − 3x
Problem 6: What is the slope of the curve y = when it crosses the
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
8 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
5 − 3x
Problem 6: What is the slope of the curve y = when it crosses the
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
8 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
5 − 3x
Problem 6: What is the slope of the curve y = when it crosses the
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Solution:
The graph crosses the positive x-axis when y = 0 and x > 0, i.e.,
dy
5 − 3x = 0 or x = 53 . The slope is given by dx .
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
8 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
5 − 3x
Problem 6: What is the slope of the curve y = when it crosses the
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Solution:
The graph crosses the positive x-axis when y = 0 and x > 0, i.e.,
dy
5 − 3x = 0 or x = 53 . The slope is given by dx .
0 0
d f f g−gf
Quotient Rule: = .
dx g g2
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
8 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
5 − 3x
Problem 6: What is the slope of the curve y = when it crosses the
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Solution:
The graph crosses the positive x-axis when y = 0 and x > 0, i.e.,
dy
5 − 3x = 0 or x = 53 . The slope is given by dx .
0 0
d f f g−gf
Quotient Rule: = .
dx g g2
dy (−3)(5 + 3x) − (3)(5 − 3x)
= .
dx (5 + 3x)2
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
8 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
5 − 3x
Problem 6: What is the slope of the curve y = when it crosses the
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Solution:
The graph crosses the positive x-axis when y = 0 and x > 0, i.e.,
dy
5 − 3x = 0 or x = 53 . The slope is given by dx .
0 0
d f f g−gf
Quotient Rule: = .
dx g g2
dy (−3)(5 + 3x) − (3)(5 − 3x)
= .
dx (5 + 3x)2
dy (−3)(10) − 3(0)
5 = = −0.3.
dx x= 3 102
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
8 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 7: The cost of fuel to propel a boat through the water (dollars per
hour) is proportional to the cube of the speed. A certain ferry boat uses $100
of fuel per hour when cruising at 10 miles per hour. Apart from fuel, the cost
of running this ferry (labor, maintenance, and so on) is $675 per hour. At what
speed should it travel so as to minimize the cost per mile traveled?
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
9 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 7: The cost of fuel to propel a boat through the water (dollars per
hour) is proportional to the cube of the speed. A certain ferry boat uses $100
of fuel per hour when cruising at 10 miles per hour. Apart from fuel, the cost
of running this ferry (labor, maintenance, and so on) is $675 per hour. At what
speed should it travel so as to minimize the cost per mile traveled?
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
9 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 7: The cost of fuel to propel a boat through the water (dollars per
hour) is proportional to the cube of the speed. A certain ferry boat uses $100
of fuel per hour when cruising at 10 miles per hour. Apart from fuel, the cost
of running this ferry (labor, maintenance, and so on) is $675 per hour. At what
speed should it travel so as to minimize the cost per mile traveled?
Solution:
Costs must be converted to a per mile basis.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
9 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 7: The cost of fuel to propel a boat through the water (dollars per
hour) is proportional to the cube of the speed. A certain ferry boat uses $100
of fuel per hour when cruising at 10 miles per hour. Apart from fuel, the cost
of running this ferry (labor, maintenance, and so on) is $675 per hour. At what
speed should it travel so as to minimize the cost per mile traveled?
Solution:
Costs must be converted to a per mile basis.
Fuel Cost: f (v) = Cv3 (dollars/hour) where v is speed. f (10) = 100 so
C = 0.1.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
9 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 7: The cost of fuel to propel a boat through the water (dollars per
hour) is proportional to the cube of the speed. A certain ferry boat uses $100
of fuel per hour when cruising at 10 miles per hour. Apart from fuel, the cost
of running this ferry (labor, maintenance, and so on) is $675 per hour. At what
speed should it travel so as to minimize the cost per mile traveled?
Solution:
Costs must be converted to a per mile basis.
Fuel Cost: f (v) = Cv3 (dollars/hour) where v is speed. f (10) = 100 so
C = 0.1.
Fixed Cost: g(v) = 675 (dollars/hour) is constant w.r.t. speed.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
9 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 7: The cost of fuel to propel a boat through the water (dollars per
hour) is proportional to the cube of the speed. A certain ferry boat uses $100
of fuel per hour when cruising at 10 miles per hour. Apart from fuel, the cost
of running this ferry (labor, maintenance, and so on) is $675 per hour. At what
speed should it travel so as to minimize the cost per mile traveled?
Solution:
Costs must be converted to a per mile basis.
Fuel Cost: f (v) = Cv3 (dollars/hour) where v is speed. f (10) = 100 so
C = 0.1.
Fixed Cost: g(v) = 675 (dollars/hour) is constant w.r.t. speed.
Total Cost: h(v) = 675 + 0.1v3 (dollars/hour). At speed v it takes 1/v
hours to go one mile.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
9 / 30 A
Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 7: The cost of fuel to propel a boat through the water (dollars per
hour) is proportional to the cube of the speed. A certain ferry boat uses $100
of fuel per hour when cruising at 10 miles per hour. Apart from fuel, the cost
of running this ferry (labor, maintenance, and so on) is $675 per hour. At what
speed should it travel so as to minimize the cost per mile traveled?
Solution:
Costs must be converted to a per mile basis.
Fuel Cost: f (v) = Cv3 (dollars/hour) where v is speed. f (10) = 100 so
C = 0.1.
Fixed Cost: g(v) = 675 (dollars/hour) is constant w.r.t. speed.
Total Cost: h(v) = 675 + 0.1v3 (dollars/hour). At speed v it takes 1/v
hours to go one mile.
Minimize: C(v) = 675/v + 0.1v2 ,
C0 (v)p= −675/v2 + 0.2v = (0.2v3 − 675)/v2 . Critical Point
v = 3 5(675) = 15 miles per hour. (Check that C00 (15) > 0.)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
9 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
Problem 8: Calculate the definite integral xex dx
0
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
10 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
Problem 8: Calculate the definite integral xex dx
0
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
10 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
Problem 8: Calculate the definite integral xex dx
0
Solution:
Use u-substitution: u = x2 so du = 2x dx.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
10 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
Problem 8: Calculate the definite integral xex dx
0
Solution:
Use u-substitution: u = x2 so du = 2x dx.
Don’t forget to change the limits of integration: u(0) = 0, u(2) = 4!
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
10 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
Problem 8: Calculate the definite integral xex dx
0
Solution:
Use u-substitution: u = x2 so du = 2x dx.
Don’t forget to change the limits of integration: u(0) = 0, u(2) = 4!
Z 2
1 4 u
Z
x2
xe dx = e du.
0 2 0
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
10 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
Problem 8: Calculate the definite integral xex dx
0
Solution:
Use u-substitution: u = x2 so du = 2x dx.
Don’t forget to change the limits of integration: u(0) = 0, u(2) = 4!
Z 2
1 4 u
Z
x2
xe dx = e du.
0 2 0
Z 2
2 1 4 e4 − 1
xex dx = eu = .
0 2 0 2
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
10 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Problem 9: Determine the indefinite integral x2 e−x dx
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
11 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Problem 9: Determine the indefinite integral x2 e−x dx
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
11 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Problem 9: Determine the indefinite integral x2 e−x dx
Solution:
R R
Integration by parts: u dv = u v − v du.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
11 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Problem 9: Determine the indefinite integral x2 e−x dx
Solution:
R R
Integration by parts: u dv = u v − v du.
u= x2 , du = 2x dx, dv = e−x
dx, v = −e−x ,
Z Z
x e dx = −x e + 2 xe−x dx.
2 −x 2 −x
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
11 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Problem 9: Determine the indefinite integral x2 e−x dx
Solution:
R R
Integration by parts: u dv = u v − v du.
u= x2 , du = 2x dx, dv = e−x
dx, v = −e−x ,
Z Z
x e dx = −x e + 2 xe−x dx.
2 −x 2 −x
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
11 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Problem 9: Determine the indefinite integral x2 e−x dx
Solution:
R R
Integration by parts: u dv = u v − v du.
u= x2 , du = 2x dx, dv = e−x
dx, v = −e−x ,
Z Z
x e dx = −x e + 2 xe−x dx.
2 −x 2 −x
Integral Calculus
Problem 10: Find the volume of revolution from x = 1 to x = 3 when
f (x) = x − 1 is rotated about the y-axis.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
12 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Problem 10: Find the volume of revolution from x = 1 to x = 3 when
f (x) = x − 1 is rotated about the y-axis.
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
12 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Problem 10: Find the volume of revolution from x = 1 to x = 3 when
f (x) = x − 1 is rotated about the y-axis.
Solution:
Rb
Volume = a 2πxf (x) dx. (y-axis)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
12 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Problem 10: Find the volume of revolution from x = 1 to x = 3 when
f (x) = x − 1 is rotated about the y-axis.
Solution:
Rb
Volume = a 2πxf (x) dx. (y-axis)
Rb
Volume = a π(f (x))2 dx. (x-axis)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
12 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Problem 10: Find the volume of revolution from x = 1 to x = 3 when
f (x) = x − 1 is rotated about the y-axis.
Solution:
Rb
Volume = a 2πxf (x) dx. (y-axis)
Rb
Volume = a π(f (x))2 dx. (x-axis)
Here,
Z 3
Volume = 2πx(x − 1) dx
1
3
x2 3
x
= 2π −
3 2 1
26 8 28π
= 2π − = .
3 2 3
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
12 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
√
Problem 11: Find the area between the curves y = x and y = x.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
13 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
√
Problem 11: Find the area between the curves y = x and y = x.
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
13 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
√
Problem 11: Find the area between the curves y = x and y = x.
Solution:
√
The curves bound a region over 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 with x ≥ x.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
13 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
√
Problem 11: Find the area between the curves y = x and y = x.
Solution:
√
The curves bound a region over 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 with x ≥ x.
√
The area is given by the integral of x − x.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
13 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
√
Problem 11: Find the area between the curves y = x and y = x.
Solution:
√
The curves bound a region over 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 with x ≥ x.
√
The area is given by the integral of x − x.
Hence,
Z 1√
Area = x − x dx
0
2 3 1 2 1
= x − x
2
3 2 0
2 1
= −
3 2
1
= .
6
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
13 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
Problem 12: Find the indefinite integral x2 +x
dx.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
14 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
Problem 12: Find the indefinite integral x2 +x
dx.
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
14 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
Problem 12: Find the indefinite integral x2 +x
dx.
Solution:
1 1 A B
Partial fractions: = = + .
x2 + x x(x + 1) x x+1
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
14 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
Problem 12: Find the indefinite integral x2 +x
dx.
Solution:
1 1 A B
Partial fractions: = = + .
x2 + x x(x + 1) x x+1
Use cover-up method or common denominator:
1 A B A(x + 1) + Bx
= + = .
x(x + 1) x x+1 x(x + 1)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
14 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
Problem 12: Find the indefinite integral x2 +x
dx.
Solution:
1 1 A B
Partial fractions: = = + .
x2 + x x(x + 1) x x+1
Use cover-up method or common denominator:
1 A B A(x + 1) + Bx
= + = .
x(x + 1) x x+1 x(x + 1)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
14 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
Problem 12: Find the indefinite integral x2 +x
dx.
Solution:
1 1 A B
Partial fractions: = = + .
x2 + x x(x + 1) x x+1
Use cover-up method or common denominator:
1 A B A(x + 1) + Bx
= + = .
x(x + 1) x x+1 x(x + 1)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
14 / 30 A
Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
15 / 30 A
Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
15 / 30 A
Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
15 / 30 A
Calculus
x coordinate: Z 2
3 3 1 4 2 3
xc = xf (x) dx = x = .
8 0 84 0 2
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
15 / 30 A
Calculus
x coordinate: Z 2
3 3 1 4 2 3
xc = xf (x) dx = x = .
8 0 84 0 2
y coordinate:
4
√
Z
3 3 2 3 4
yc = y(2 − y) dy = 2y − y 2 = 1.
8 0 8 3 0
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
15 / 30 A
Calculus
Problem 14: Find the moment of inertia of a rectangle with side lengths a and
b about its bottom edge (side length a).
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
16 / 30 A
Calculus
Problem 14: Find the moment of inertia of a rectangle with side lengths a and
b about its bottom edge (side length a).
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
16 / 30 A
Calculus
Problem 14: Find the moment of inertia of a rectangle with side lengths a and
b about its bottom edge (side length a).
Solution:
y2 dA and Iy = x2 dA.
R R
Ix =
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
16 / 30 A
Calculus
Problem 14: Find the moment of inertia of a rectangle with side lengths a and
b about its bottom edge (side length a).
Solution:
y2 dA and Iy = x2 dA.
R R
Ix =
Imagining the bottom edge as the x-axis we want Ix :
b
ab3
Z
Ix = y2 (a − 0) dy = .
0 3
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
16 / 30 A
Calculus
Problem 14: Find the moment of inertia of a rectangle with side lengths a and
b about its bottom edge (side length a).
Solution:
y2 dA and Iy = x2 dA.
R R
Ix =
Imagining the bottom edge as the x-axis we want Ix :
b
ab3
Z
Ix = y2 (a − 0) dy = .
0 3
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
16 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 16: Let F(x, y, z) = xy~i + y2 z~j + xz~k. Find DivF and curlF.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
18 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 16: Let F(x, y, z) = xy~i + y2 z~j + xz~k. Find DivF and curlF.
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
18 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 16: Let F(x, y, z) = xy~i + y2 z~j + xz~k. Find DivF and curlF.
Solution:
If F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)~i + g(x, y, z)~j + h(x, y, z)~k then
∂f ∂g ∂h
DivF(x, y, z) = ∇ · F = + + = y + 2yz + x.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
18 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 16: Let F(x, y, z) = xy~i + y2 z~j + xz~k. Find DivF and curlF.
Solution:
If F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)~i + g(x, y, z)~j + h(x, y, z)~k then
∂f ∂g ∂h
DivF(x, y, z) = ∇ · F = + + = y + 2yz + x.
∂x ∂y ∂z
The curl of F is given by ∇ × F,
~i ~j ~k ~i ~j ~k
∂ ∂ ∂ =∂ ∂ ∂
curlF(x, y, z) = ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
f (x, y, z) g(x, y, z) h(x, y, z) xy y2 z xz
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
18 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 18: Find the equation of the tangent line to the parametric curve
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
20 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 18: Find the equation of the tangent line to the parametric curve
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
20 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 18: Find the equation of the tangent line to the parametric curve
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Solution:
dy dy dx
Chain Rule: dt = dx · dt
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
20 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 18: Find the equation of the tangent line to the parametric curve
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Solution:
dy dy dx
Chain Rule: dt = dx · dt
x0 (t) = 2t, y0 (t) = 2π cos (2πt)
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
20 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 18: Find the equation of the tangent line to the parametric curve
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Solution:
dy dy dx
Chain Rule: dt = dx · dt
x0 (t) = 2t, y0 (t) = 2π cos (2πt)
So x(2) = 4, y(2) = 0, and
dy 2π cos (4π) π
= = .
dx t=2 2(2) 2
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
20 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 18: Find the equation of the tangent line to the parametric curve
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Solution:
dy dy dx
Chain Rule: dt = dx · dt
x0 (t) = 2t, y0 (t) = 2π cos (2πt)
So x(2) = 4, y(2) = 0, and
dy 2π cos (4π) π
= = .
dx t=2 2(2) 2
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
20 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
21 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
21 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
21 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
21 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
21 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
21 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
22 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
22 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
22 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
22 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
22 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
22 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
22 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
23 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
23 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
23 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
23 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
(−2A sin (2x) + 2B cos (2x)) − 3(A cos (2x) + B sin (2x)) = sin (2x).
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
23 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
(−2A sin (2x) + 2B cos (2x)) − 3(A cos (2x) + B sin (2x)) = sin (2x).
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
23 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
(−2A sin (2x) + 2B cos (2x)) − 3(A cos (2x) + B sin (2x)) = sin (2x).
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
23 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
(−2A sin (2x) + 2B cos (2x)) − 3(A cos (2x) + B sin (2x)) = sin (2x).
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
23 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Fourier Series
Problem 22: Find the Fourier Series of f (x) = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, as a 1-periodic
function.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
24 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Fourier Series
Problem 22: Find the Fourier Series of f (x) = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, as a 1-periodic
function.
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
24 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Fourier Series
Problem 22: Find the Fourier Series of f (x) = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, as a 1-periodic
function.
Solution:
Fourier Series:
∞
a0 X 2πn 2πn
f (x) ≈ + an cos x + bn sin x .
2 T T
n=1
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
24 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Fourier Series
Problem 22: Find the Fourier Series of f (x) = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, as a 1-periodic
function.
Solution:
Fourier Series:
∞
a0 X 2πn 2πn
f (x) ≈ + an cos x + bn sin x .
2 T T
n=1
Coefficients:
Z T Z T
2 2πn 2 2πn
an = f (x) cos x dx bn = f (x) sin x dx.
T 0 T T 0 T
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
24 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Fourier Series
Problem 22: Find the Fourier Series of f (x) = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, as a 1-periodic
function.
Solution:
Fourier Series:
∞
a0 X 2πn 2πn
f (x) ≈ + an cos x + bn sin x .
2 T T
n=1
Coefficients:
Z T Z T
2 2πn 2 2πn
an = f (x) cos x dx bn = f (x) sin x dx.
T 0 T T 0 T
Laplace Transform
Problem 23: Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = eat .
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
25 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
Problem 23: Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = eat .
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
25 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
Problem 23: Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = eat .
Solution:
Laplace transform: Z ∞
F(s) = f (t)e−st dt.
0
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
25 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
Problem 23: Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = eat .
Solution:
Laplace transform: Z ∞
F(s) = f (t)e−st dt.
0
In this case,
Z ∞ ∞
1 1
F(s) = e−(s−a)t dt = − e−(s−a)t = . (s > a)
0 (s − a) 0 s−a
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
25 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
Problem 23: Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = eat .
Solution:
Laplace transform: Z ∞
F(s) = f (t)e−st dt.
0
In this case,
Z ∞ ∞
1 1
F(s) = e−(s−a)t dt = − e−(s−a)t = . (s > a)
0 (s − a) 0 s−a
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
25 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
26 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
26 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
26 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
26 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
26 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
s+4
Problem 25: Find the inverse Laplace transform of Y(s) = s2 +4
.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
27 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
s+4
Problem 25: Find the inverse Laplace transform of Y(s) = s2 +4
.
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
27 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
s+4
Problem 25: Find the inverse Laplace transform of Y(s) = s2 +4
.
Solution:
Consulting a table, the relevant transforms are:
s ω
L{cos ωt} = L{sin ωt} = .
s2 + ω2 s2 + ω2
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
27 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
s+4
Problem 25: Find the inverse Laplace transform of Y(s) = s2 +4
.
Solution:
Consulting a table, the relevant transforms are:
s ω
L{cos ωt} = L{sin ωt} = .
s2 + ω2 s2 + ω2
We have
s+4 s 2
Y(s) = 2
= 2 +2 2 .
s +4 s +4 s +4
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
27 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
s+4
Problem 25: Find the inverse Laplace transform of Y(s) = s2 +4
.
Solution:
Consulting a table, the relevant transforms are:
s ω
L{cos ωt} = L{sin ωt} = .
s2 + ω2 s2 + ω2
We have
s+4 s 2
Y(s) = 2
= 2 +2 2 .
s +4 s +4 s +4
So y(t) = cos (2t) + 2 sin (2t).
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
27 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Laplace Transform
s+4
Problem 25: Find the inverse Laplace transform of Y(s) = s2 +4
.
Solution:
Consulting a table, the relevant transforms are:
s ω
L{cos ωt} = L{sin ωt} = .
s2 + ω2 s2 + ω2
We have
s+4 s 2
Y(s) = 2
= 2 +2 2 .
s +4 s +4 s +4
So y(t) = cos (2t) + 2 sin (2t).
Often we must use partial fractions to first factor an expression into
recognizable pieces.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
27 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Separable ODEs
dy
Problem 26: Solve the initial value problem: (1 + x2 ) dx = 3xy, y(0) = 1.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
28 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Separable ODEs
dy
Problem 26: Solve the initial value problem: (1 + x2 ) dx = 3xy, y(0) = 1.
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
28 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Separable ODEs
dy
Problem 26: Solve the initial value problem: (1 + x2 ) dx = 3xy, y(0) = 1.
Solution:
This differential equation is separable: (integrate RHS using u = 1 + x2 )
Z Z
1 3x 3
dy = dx ln y = ln (1 + x2 ) + C.
y 1 + x2 2
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
28 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Separable ODEs
dy
Problem 26: Solve the initial value problem: (1 + x2 ) dx = 3xy, y(0) = 1.
Solution:
This differential equation is separable: (integrate RHS using u = 1 + x2 )
Z Z
1 3x 3
dy = dx ln y = ln (1 + x2 ) + C.
y 1 + x2 2
3
Exponentiation leads to y = A(1 + x2 ) 2 and since y(0) = 1, we have
A = 1.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
28 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Euler’s Method
dy
Problem 27: Use Euler’s Method to predict y(0.5) if dx = 1 + xy, y(0) = 0,
and ∆x = 0.25.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
29 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Euler’s Method
dy
Problem 27: Use Euler’s Method to predict y(0.5) if dx = 1 + xy, y(0) = 0,
and ∆x = 0.25.
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
29 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Euler’s Method
dy
Problem 27: Use Euler’s Method to predict y(0.5) if dx = 1 + xy, y(0) = 0,
and ∆x = 0.25.
Solution:
dy
Euler’s Method: yk+1 = yk + dx (x ,y ) · ∆x.
k k
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
29 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Euler’s Method
dy
Problem 27: Use Euler’s Method to predict y(0.5) if dx = 1 + xy, y(0) = 0,
and ∆x = 0.25.
Solution:
dy
Euler’s Method: yk+1 = yk + dx (x ,y ) · ∆x.
k k
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
29 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Euler’s Method
dy
Problem 27: Use Euler’s Method to predict y(0.5) if dx = 1 + xy, y(0) = 0,
and ∆x = 0.25.
Solution:
dy
Euler’s Method: yk+1 = yk + dx (x ,y ) · ∆x.
k k
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
29 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Euler’s Method
dy
Problem 27: Use Euler’s Method to predict y(0.5) if dx = 1 + xy, y(0) = 0,
and ∆x = 0.25.
Solution:
dy
Euler’s Method: yk+1 = yk + dx (x ,y ) · ∆x.
k k
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
29 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
Problem 28: Use two iterations of the bisection method to approximate a root
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
Problem 28: Use two iterations of the bisection method to approximate a root
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
Problem 28: Use two iterations of the bisection method to approximate a root
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
The bisection method starts with points, L0 and R0 for which one of
f (L0 ), f (R0 ) is negative and the other is positive. The intermediate value
theorem says a root lies in between (assuming f is continuous).
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
Problem 28: Use two iterations of the bisection method to approximate a root
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
The bisection method starts with points, L0 and R0 for which one of
f (L0 ), f (R0 ) is negative and the other is positive. The intermediate value
theorem says a root lies in between (assuming f is continuous).
Notice f (0) = −2 < 0 and f (4) = 2 > 0, so we can use L0 = 0 and
R0 = 4.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
Problem 28: Use two iterations of the bisection method to approximate a root
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
The bisection method starts with points, L0 and R0 for which one of
f (L0 ), f (R0 ) is negative and the other is positive. The intermediate value
theorem says a root lies in between (assuming f is continuous).
Notice f (0) = −2 < 0 and f (4) = 2 > 0, so we can use L0 = 0 and
R0 = 4.
First iteration: Check f (0.5(L0 + R0 )) = f (2) = −10, so set L1 = 2,
R1 = 4.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
Problem 28: Use two iterations of the bisection method to approximate a root
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
The bisection method starts with points, L0 and R0 for which one of
f (L0 ), f (R0 ) is negative and the other is positive. The intermediate value
theorem says a root lies in between (assuming f is continuous).
Notice f (0) = −2 < 0 and f (4) = 2 > 0, so we can use L0 = 0 and
R0 = 4.
First iteration: Check f (0.5(L0 + R0 )) = f (2) = −10, so set L1 = 2,
R1 = 4.
Second iteration: Check f (0.5(L1 + R1 )) = f (3) = −2, so set L2 = 3,
R2 = 4.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
Problem 28: Use two iterations of the bisection method to approximate a root
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
The bisection method starts with points, L0 and R0 for which one of
f (L0 ), f (R0 ) is negative and the other is positive. The intermediate value
theorem says a root lies in between (assuming f is continuous).
Notice f (0) = −2 < 0 and f (4) = 2 > 0, so we can use L0 = 0 and
R0 = 4.
First iteration: Check f (0.5(L0 + R0 )) = f (2) = −10, so set L1 = 2,
R1 = 4.
Second iteration: Check f (0.5(L1 + R1 )) = f (3) = −2, so set L2 = 3,
R2 = 4.
At this point our estimate of the root would be x = 3.5. Notice
f (3.5) = −0.25 which is much closer.
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
30 / 30 A