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 using a MPPT controller. A VSI is feeding the consumer synchronism. Beside this, the PMBLDC generator contains
loads at 220V, 50Hz through a LC filter. The detailed design high energy density compared to typical permanent magnet
of the system, selection of parameters and modeling are machines. It also requires less maintenance due to absence of
discussed as follows. the brushes and commutator [15-16]. In this generator the
A. Modeling of Wind Turbine permanent magnets are the substitute for field winding, thus
Wind turbine captures the kinetic energy from wind and the losses due to heat dissipation in the field winding are also
converts it into the electrical energy. The kinetic energy of the elliminated. A phase variable model of a BLDC generator is
wind can be expressed as, used for modeling as shown in Fig.1. The BLDC generator is
E mv (1) modeled in Simulink considering that all the power devices
where m is the mass of the flowing air and v is the wind are ideal and causing no power loss, stator resistances and
velocity. The ideal power in the wind is the generated energy inductance of all the winding are considered equal. The
per second and can be expressed as [12], voltages at the output of a BLDC generator can be expressed
as [17],
(2) ⁄
where ρ is the air density (kg/m3), A is the rotor swept area ⁄ (5)
(m2), v is the wind velocity (m/s). The mechanical power ⁄
generated through the wind turbine is function of the power
where, Va,Vb,Vc is each phase terminal voltage, Rs is stator
coefficient (CP), defined as the ratio of the mechanical power
resistance, Ls is self inductance of each winding, M is mutual
generated through turbine and power available in the wind.
inductance, ea,eb,ec are back emf voltage in each phase and
The mechanical power can be expressed as [13],
ia,ib,ic are phase currents.
(3) The mechanical torque of the wind turbine (τm) and the
The power coefficient depends on the tip speed ratio (λ), developed electromagnetic torque (τe) of a BLDC generator
which is the ratio of speed of turbine blades and speed of wind can be expressed as,
[14]. The speed of turbine blades can be calculated with the dωm
τm =τe +Bωm +J (6)
angular velocity of the blades (ω) and rotor radius (r). The tip dt
speed ratio can be defined as, where, τe is the electromagnetic torque, B is the damping
⁄ (4) coefficient, J is the rotor inertia, ωm is the mechanical speed of
The wind turbine is modeled in Simulink using Eq. (1-4). the rotor. The model of a PMBLDC generator is modeled in
The turbine is designed for rated power of 1.5kW, the rated simulink using all these equations.
speed of the turbine is considered as 10m/s. The rotor diameter
is 3.2m and the turbine cut off speed is considered as 2.6m/s. C. MPPT Control Strategy
The characteristics of power coefficient, CP for the modeled A fuzzy logic based MPPT controller is designed for the
turbine is shown in Fig.2. proposed system. The Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is based
on the defined rule base system [18-20]. The input to the FLC
is the difference of the actual generated power and the
reference power. The generated power is calculated through
the voltage and current at the generator and the reference
power is calculated through the rotational speed of the turbine.
Thus the input variables are error in power and the change of
error. The FLC consists of defined set of rules based on the
input and the output of FLC is the variation in the duty cycle
as shown in Table 1.
TABLE I
RULE SET FOR FUZZY LOGIC
Fig.2 Power coefficient variation with the tip speed ratio ∆Error
Error↓ NB NM NS Z PS PM PB
The value of CP varies with the tip speed ratio, which is
NB NB NB NB NB NM NS Z
function of a wind speed and the rotor speed. For the rated
wind velocity of 10m/s the maximum value of CP obtained NM NB NB NB NM NS Z PS
through the model is 0.41, shown in Fig.2. NS NB NB NM NS Z PS PM
Z NB NM NS Z PS PM PB
B. Modeling of PMBLDC Generator
PS NM NS Z PS PM PB PB
The PMBLDC generator is considered in the proposed
PM NS Z PS PM PB PB PB
configuration of WECS, as it operates under variable speeds
and frequency mode and its magnetic field and rotor rotates in PB Z PS PM PB PB PB PB

ƒ
%"1,ª
 It consists of seven set of input variables as, PB (positive
big), PM (positive medium), PS (positive small), Z (zero), NB
(negative big), NM (negative medium), NS (negative small)
[21]. The change in duty cycle is determined as per the rule
base and thus the duty cycle is controlled for MPPT. The FLC
is designed and modeled using Fuzzy logic and simulink
toolboxes.
D. Design and Modeling of a Half Bridge Converter
The isolated half bridge dc-dc converter is used in this
configuration as shown in Fig.1. It consists of two capacitors
of same value connected in series across the input. The
switches S1 and S2 are controlled through a MPPT controller
and their voltage stress is equal to the input voltage. It has a
transformer with single primary winding and a centre tapped
secondary winding. The half bridge topology provides an
advantage due to lower voltage at primary winding, it results
in less number of turns and thus the leakage inductance get
reduced [22-23]. The core saturation is also taken care of
because of capacitors at the primary winding side, which
blocks dc components through the primary winding [24]. The
half bridge dc-dc converter is designed to boost the voltage of
PMBLDC generator to the 360V to charge the battery. The
fuzzy logic MPPT controller regulates the duty cycle of the
switches for MPPT. The transformer turns ratio (n2/n1) of this
converter can be calculated using input voltage of the
converter (Vin), output voltage of the converter (Vo) and duty
cycle of the converter switches (D), as,
(7)
.
The duty cycle is regulated through a MPPT controller,
considering an output voltage as 360V and input voltage
varying (120-260V) as it is the output of PMBLDC generator
and a diode rectifier. The turn ratio for the transformer is
calculated as 1:6. The output inductor of the converter can be
calculated using switching frequency (fS) and allowed ripple
current through the inductor (∆iLo) as,
(8)
∆
The value of output inductor is calculated as 1.5mH,
considering the switching frequency as 40 kHz and ripple
current through inductor as 0.5A.
The output capacitor (CO) is calculated using the current at
the output of inductor (ILo) and the allowed voltage ripple
through the capacitor (∆VCo) as,
DIO
CO (9)
S ∆VC
The output capacitor is calculated as 50µF, considering the
ripple voltage of 1V at the output capacitor. The half bridge
dc-dc converter is modeled in Simulink using all these
calculated values.
E. Battery Sizing
The battery bank is used in this system for the energy
storage. The selection and sizing of the battery for WECS
includes consideration of days of autonomy and average
1087
consumer load [25-26]. The days of autonomy are the days for
which the battery has to feed load through VSI in case of no
wind availability for being charged and it is considered as one
day i.e. 24hrs. The average load is considered as 500W, thus
the battery required to supply 500W load for 24hrs, which
gives total load of 12kWh. The battery capacity for 12kWh
load can be calculated as,
T W
Battery Capacity f
(10)
The battery capacity is calculated as 40Ah, for the battery
voltage of 360V. Thus 15 batteries of 24V, 40Ah are selected
to feed consumer load for one day. The inductor with the
battery is connected to reduce the ripple to the battery input.
The value of this inductor (LB) is calculated as follows,
(VLB Dmax
LB = (11)
ΔILB
The ΔILB is the maximum ripple current through the
inductor (0.45A), VLB is the voltage across inductor which is
the difference of converter output voltage and the battery
voltage, and the maximum voltage different is considered as
10V, Dmax is the maximum duty cycle (0.9). The value of
series inductor is calculated as 1.33mH.
F. Selection of VSI Switches
A VSI is used here to feed the consumer loads at 220V,
50Hz. A full bridge VSI consists of 4 power devices arranged
in 2 legs configuration as shown in Fig.1. The switching of
VSI is implemented through unipolar switching technique
[27]. In this configuration, both the switches of same leg
should not be turned on at the same time as it produces a short
circuit across the input dc link voltage. A reference signal of
desired output frequency is compared with the carrier signal of
selected switching frequency for generation of switching
pulses. The carrier signal is compared with positive and
negative reference signal to generate switching pulse for each
leg. The VSI is feeding average load of 625VA, thus at this
power rating to feed load at 220V, the switch required to be of
current carrying capacity of 2.8A. The non-linear load
condition is taken care of and the VSI switches are taken as of
600V, 16A. The VSI is modeled in simulink with the designed
rating and its subsystem is added in the WECS model.
G. Design of Output Filter and Voltage Regulator
The function of an output filter in this system is to provide a
220V, 50Hz sinusoidal supply to the consumer loads and for
this a low pass LC filter is used. The filter inductance is
calculated based on the allowed ripple current and this is
selected as less than the 20% of the peak output current, thus
the value of filter inductance (Lf) can be calculated as,
(12)
(13)
.
The Lf is calculated as 2.7mH, considering the duty
cycle(D) as 0.5, allowed ripple current through the inductor as
0.45A, switching time (TS) 50µs and the dc link voltage (Vdc)
3
is 360V. In a LC filter the resonance frequency should be 10 Distortion (THD) for the voltage and current is observed as
times lower than the switching frequency (fs2=15 kHz) and the 1.06% and 1.27%. The THD obtained under linear consumer
twice higher than fundamental frequency for effective filtering load for voltage and current is under the limits specified by the
[28-29], thus the resonance frequency is selected as 2 kHz. IEEE Standard-519.
The value of filter capacitance (Cf) can be calculated as,
(14)
The value of filter capacitance is calculated as, 3.1µF using
Eq.(14). The output voltage regulator for this system is
designed considering the voltage and current regulation in
load variations and non-linear load conditions. The voltage
control is achieved through a proportional integral (PI) voltage
controller. The output voltage of VSI is compared with the
reference voltage and the error voltage signal is fed to a PI
voltage controller as shown in Fig.1. The output of a PI
voltage controller is used for generation of a reference current
signal and compared with the inductor current, the current
error signal is fed to a PI current controller which gives
reference signal for the unipolar switching pulses generation.
The PI voltage controller and PI current controller are
designed using the Chien–Hrones–Reswick (CHR) method for
calculation of gain parameters [30-32]. This method includes
the step response of the system and the resultant curve
provides the value of dead time (TD), response time (TR) and
the saturation response (KS). The gain parameters can be
calculated using these values as,
.
(15)
4 (16)
The value of gains for voltage PI controller is obtained as,
KP1= 1.21, Ti1= 2.03 and for the current PI controller the gains
are obtained as, KP2= 0.83,Ti2=1.37.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The WECS is designed using PMBLDC generator and FLC
based MPPT controller. The proposed system is modeled in
Matlab using fuzzy logic and simpower system toolboxes. The
performance of the system is evaluated in different conditions
of wind speeds and consumer loads.
Fig.3 shows the system performance in case of rated wind Fig.3 Performance of the WECS at rated wind speed and constant consumer
speed and the constant consumer load of 500W. The wind load
speed (VW) is 10m/s and in this case the rotor speed (ω) is 3.5
200
observed as 54.2rad/s, the currents in the PMBLDC generator
Vo(V)

Io(A)

0 0
-200
for all three phases (Ia,Ib,Ic) are observed as 5.7A. The -3.5
0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56
generator voltage (VG) for rated wind speed is obtained as Time (s) Time (s)
M ag (% of F undam ental

278V and the generated power (PG) is 1500W. The average

Mag (% of Fundam ental

Fundamental (50Hz) = 310.5 , THD= 1.06% Fundamental (50Hz) = 3.37 , THD= 1.27%
consumer load is considered as 500W thus the output voltage 0.8
(Vo) and output current (Io) are observed as 220V (rms) and 0.5
0.6
0.4
3.2A. The voltage (VB) across and current (IB) through the 0.2
battery are obtained as 360V, 2.7A. In this case the wind 0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
speed and consumer load is considered constant thus no Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
change in the output current and the battery charging current is
Fig.4 Harmonic analysis of output voltage and current at linear consumer load
observed. In case of the sudden variation in the wind speed the system
The harmonic analysis is carried out for linear consumer performance is evaluated and the variation in the wind speed
load and results are shown in Fig.4. The Total Harmonic is considered from 6m/s to 12m/s and for this variation the

ƒ
%!11ª
variation in rotor speed obtained from the model as 35rad/s to
60rad/s. The generator voltage for this variation is obtained as
180V to 320V and thus the power varies from 600W to
1800W. The output voltage of the dc-dc converter is constant
as 360V for input voltage variations, thus the battery is
charging at this voltage with variation in the charging current.
Fig.5 shows the results obtained for varying wind speeds.
Fig.5 Performance of the WECS in randomly varying wind speed
The performance of this system is also evaluated for the
non-linear consumer load condition with a sudden change in
the wind speed and the results are shown in Fig.6.
Fig.6 Performance of the WECS under sudden variation of wind speed and
non-linear consumer load
ƒ
%!12ª
The wind speed is changed from 8m/s to 10m/s at 0.5s and
the consumer load is a non-linear load. The non linear load is
taken here as a diode rectifier with parallel resistor (72Ω) and
capacitor (50µF). As the wind speed varies at 0.5s the
variation in the rotor speed is also observed and thus the
generator voltage and current are also varied. The generated
power varies with the wind speed as 820W to 1500W. The
output voltage of the converter remains constant at 360V and
the consumer load voltage and current remain constant due to
no change in consumer load.
The harmonic analysis at load voltage and current is carried
out for non-linear consumer load (Fig.7) and the THD for
voltage and current is observed as 2.11% and 55.62%. It is
observed that the THD of the load voltage remains below 5%
even with the non-linear load having its current THD of
55.62%
5
200
Vo(V)
Io(A)
0 0
-200 -5
0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.5 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55
Time (s) Time (s)
Mag (% of Fundamental)
Mag (% of Fundamental
Fundamental (50Hz) = 313.9 , THD= 2.11%Fundamental (50Hz) = 4.21 , THD= 55.62%
50
1.5
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Fig.7 Harmonic analysis of output voltage and current at non-linear consumer
load
V. CONCLUSION
A FLC based control strategy has been validated for MPPT
control using a PMBLDC generator. The performance of the
MPPT controller has been analyzed in different wind speed
conditions and the results are demonstrated and found
satisfactorily for constant wind speed, sudden change in wind
speed and the randomly varying wind speed. The performance
of the feedback controller for the output voltage has been
evaluated for linear and non-linear consumer loads and the
power quality parameters such as THD obtained for output
voltage has been found under the specified limits of
International standard IEEE-519. The proposed WECS system
with FLC controller has been found a promising option for
isolated power generation.
APPENDIX
Motor parameters-Rated Power: 2kW, Rated torque:
3.9N.m, No. of Poles: 4, Stator phase resistance: 1.87Ω/ph.,
Stator phase inductance: 9.82mH/ph. Switching frequency of
dc-dc converter (fs1): 40kHz, Switching frequency of VSI
(fs2): 15kHz, voltage PI controller gains: KP1= 1.21 and Ti1=
2.03, current PI controller gains: KP2= 0.83, Ti2=1.37, Non-
linear load diode rectifier and parallal RC: RNL= 72Ω, CNL=
50µF.
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