1.

Minerals, rock types

& sedimentary rocks
Graduate program - Introduction to Sedimentology
Classification: Internal 20-21.01.2014
Classification of rocks
• Igneous (cooling of magma, crystallisation)
• Sedimentary (burial & lithification of sediments (sand, clay, biogenic material, salt etc.))
• Metamorphic (recrystalization of rocks due to heating, pressure and fluids)

+ Biogenic
(coal/chert)

Dolomite
Evaporaites
Siltstone Gneiss
Mudstones
Conglomerate
Breccia
 Rock cycle

3 Classification: Internal
Description/classification factors of sedimentary rocks

• Mineralogy (quartz, felspars, pyrite, anhydrite, etc.)

• Texture (grain size, sorting, shape, roundness, sphericity, fabric)
• Lithology (sand, clay, salt, carbonate, etc.)
• Primary and secondary structures (stratification, grading, biogenic
(traces), and deformational)
 Minerals in rocks
Clastic: • Igneous, metamorphic and existing sedimentary
• Quartz rocks are reworked into sediments

• Feldspar (K and Pl) • Sediments are buried and lithified into

• Mica (biotite, muscovite) sedimentary rocks.

Clastic rocks = Mineral (Q, F) + Rock (R) fragments
• Heavy minerals
• Pyroxene, Amphybol Q
• Olivine • arenite
• arkose
Chemical precipitation:
• lithic
F%
• Calcite
R%
• Gypsum, anhydrite
• Salts Q%

• Pyrite F R

5 Classification: Internal
 Texture: Grain size classification
Udden-Wentworth’s grain size scale, Φ = - log2D
Φ

Study methods: Counting, Sieving, Settling tubes, Coulter counter, Laser granulometer

7 Classification: Internal 2013-11-15

Texture: Sorting – grain size distribution – «standard deviation»

Very well sorted < 0.35

Well sorted 0.35-0.5
Moderately well sorted 0.5-0.71
Moderately sorted 0.71-1
Poorly sorted 1-2
Very poorly sorted >2

8 Classification: Internal 2013-11-15

 Texture:
Roundness – how smooth are grains
Sphericity - how close is grain to a sphere

(Pettijohn et al., 1987)

9 Classification: Internal 2013-11-15

Lithology of terrigenous sedimentary rocks

• Based on grain size:

− Claystone
− Siltstone
− Sandstone
− Conglomerate
• Mixed grain size:
− Mudstone
− Heteroliths

11 Classification: Internal
Heteroliths

• Rocks composed of more than one lithology.

• Deposited on tidal flats, deltaplains, delta fronts,
estuaries or other environments with variable
energy conditions.

100 Km

12
Primary and secondary structures
• Primary physical structures (generated during sedimentation)
− Surface structures (lineations, tool marks, flute casts)
− Bedding structures (planar bedding, cross bedding, graded)

• Secondary structures (generated after deposition of sediment)

− Biogenic structures (animal traces, roots)
− Soft sediment deformation (convolute, slumping, water escape)
− Cracks (desiccation cracks, syneresis cracks)

13
Carbonate sedimentary rocks

Graduate programm – Introduction to Sedimentology

Classification: Internal 2013-11-15
Carbonate
reservoirs

• Statoil is not producing

from carbonate reservoirs

15 Classification: Internal 2013-11-15

Components of carbonate rocks

Mineral components:
Calcite, Aragonite, Dolomite, Siderite

Components:
• skeletal fragments,
• algae and nanoplankton,
• cyanobacteria (mats),
• ooids/pesoids,
• intraclasts

Carbonate mud, lime, micrite

Crystalline cement - sparite

16 Classification: Internal 2013-11-15

Classification of carbonate sedimentary rocks
Dunham’s classification

Sedimentology and stratigraphy (Gary Nichols, 1999)

17 Classification: Internal 2013-11-15

Depositional environments
Shallow marine:
• Tidal flats sabhkas
• Shoals/Beach/Barriers/Lagoons
• Reefs
• Mud Mounds

Outer shelf /ramp:

• Chalk

Continental:
• Lacustrine
• Diagenetic cementation

• Detritic limestone
• Biogenic (skeletal fragments)
• Inorganically precipitated (most is biogenically
induced)
• Evaporites

18 Classification: Internal 2013-11-15

Carbonate compensation depth (CCD)
• CaCO3 desolves below 4.5-5 km water depth as water is undersaturated with CO2
• Clay is accumulated deeper than CCD

rate of dissolution
of calcite increases
dramatically below
lisocline

19 Classification: Internal 2013-11-15

Porosity in carbonates

21 Classification: Internal 2013-11-15

Presentation title

Presenters name
Presenters title
E-mail address ……@statoil.com
Tel: +4700000000

www.statoil.com

23 Classification: Internal