II.D.

OTHER SOURCES OF LABORATORY DATA

1. HEMATOLOGY
Name of Examination: Complete Blood Count
Definition: Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a basic screening test and is one of the most
frequently ordered laboratory procedure. The findings in the CBC give valuable diagnostic
information about the hematologic and other body systems, prognosis, response to treatment, and
recovery. The CBC consists of a series of tests that determine number, variety, percentage
concentrations, and quality of blood cells.
a. Hemoglobin Mass Concentration (Hemoglobin)
- Measurement of the grams of hemoglobin found in a deciliter of whole blood.
Hemoglobin is the main component of RBC. It carries O2 from the lungs to the body
tissues and to transport CO2, the product of cellular metabolism, back to the lungs.
Purpose:
1. To monitor response to therapy.
2. To supply figures for calculating mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.

Date Results Normal Values Significance of

abnormal results
.
06/24/08 146 g/L 135-180 g/L
06/27/08 107 g/L

b. Erythrocyte Volume Fraction (Hematocrit)

- Measurement of the percentage volume of packed RBCs in a whole blood sample.
Purpose:
1. To provide data for calculating red cell indices.

Date Results Normal Values Significance of

abnormal results

06/24/08 0.44 L/L 0.40-0.54 L/L

06/27/08 0.32 L/L

c. Erythrocyte number Concentration (Red Blood Cell Count)

- Reports the number of red blood cells found in a microliter of blood.
Purpose:
1. To supply figures for computing red cell indices, which revealed RBC size and
hemoglobin content.

Date Results Normal Values Significance of

abnormal results

06/24/08 4.85 x 1012 /L 4.6-6.2 x 1012 /L

06/27/08 3.55 x 1012 /L

d. Leukocyte Number Concentration (White Blood Cell Count)

- Reports the number of white cells found in a microliter of whole blood by using a
hemacytometer or an electronic device. Leukocytes are produced in the bone marrow
and lymphatic tissue. After they are formed, they enter the blood, which transports
them to the parts of the body where they are needed to defend against invading
organism through phagocytosis and produce/ transport and distribute antibodies to
maintain immunity.
 Purpose:
1. To determine infection or inflammation.
2. To determine the need for further tests, such as WBC differential.

Date Results Normal Values Significance of

abnormal results

06/24/08 8.9 x 109 /L 4.5-11.0 x 109 /L

06/27/08 11.1 x 109 /L

e. Leukocyte Type Number Fraction (White Blood Cell Differential)

- Evaluates the distribution and morphology of white blood cells.

>Neutrophils- their protective function includes phogocytosis. Foreign particles are

degraded, and pyrogens are released that produce fever by acting on the hypothalamus to
set the body’s thermostat at a higher level.
>Eosinophils- their protective function is not fully understood. They play a role in
allergic reactions, possibly inactivating histamine.
>Lymphocyte- their protective function is in antibody production and humoral immunity.
Purpose:
1. To determine and evaluate the body’s physiologic capacity to resist and overcome
infection.
2. To determine the stage and severity of an infection.

06/24/08 06/27/08 Normal Values Significance

Neutrophil no. 0.85 0.85 0.50-0.70
fraction Within normal
Segmenter 0.83 0.85 0.50-0.70 limits
Stab 0.02 0.02-0.05

Eosinophils 0.01

Lymphocytes 0.14 0.15 0.20-0.40

III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

Name of Examination: Serum Sodium

Definition: Sodium- is the most abundant cation and the chief base of blood. Its primary
functions in the body are to maintain osmotic pressure and acid-base balance chemically and to
transmit nerve impulses. The sodium test is used to measure serum levels of sodium in relation
to the amount of water in the body.
Purpose:
1. To evaluate fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance and related neuromuscular, renal and
adrenal functions.
Preparation:
✔ Explain to the patient that serum sodium test determines the sodium content of the blood.
✔ Tell the patient that the test requires a blood sample. Explain who will perform the
venipuncture and where.
✔ Explain to the patient that he may feel slight discomfort from the tourniquet and the
needle puncture.
✔ Inform the patient that he need not restrict food and fluid.
✔ Notify the laboratory and physician of the drugs the patient is taking that may affect test
results; it may be necessary to restrict them.
Name of Examination: Serum Potassium
Definition: Potassium- is the principal electrolyte of intracellular fluid and the primary buffer
within the cell itself. Potassium plays an important role in nerve conduction, muscle function,
acid-base balance, and osmotic pressure. This test is useful in the study of renal and adrenal
disorders and water and acid-base imbalances.
Purpose:
1. To evaluate clinical signs of potassium excess or potassium depletion.
2. To monitor renal function, acid-base balance, and glucose metabolism.
3. To evaluate neuromuscular and endocrine disorders.
4. To detect the origin of arrhythmias.
Preparation:
✔ Explain to the patient that serum potassium test determines the potassium content of the
blood.
✔ Tell the patient that the test requires a blood sample. Explain who will perform the
venipuncture and where.
✔ Explain to the patient that he may feel slight discomfort from the tourniquet and the
needle puncture.
✔ Inform the patient that he need not restrict food and fluid.
✔ Notify the laboratory and physician of the drugs the patient is taking that may affect test
results; it may be necessary to restrict them.

Name of Examination: Serum Creatinine

Definition: Provides a more sensitive measure of renal damage than blood urea nitrogen level.
Nonprotein end product of creatinine metabolism that appears in serum in amounts proportional
to the body's muscle mass.
Purpose:
1. To assess glomerular filtration.
2. O screen for renal damage.
Preparation:
✔ Explain to the patient that serum creatinine test evaluates kidney function.
✔ Tell the patient that the test requires a blood sample. Explain who will perform the
venipuncture and where.
✔ Explain to the patient that he may feel slight discomfort from the tourniquet and the
needle puncture.
✔ Inform the patient that he need not restrict food and fluid.
✔ Notify the laboratory and physician of the drugs the patient is taking that may affect test
results; it may be necessary to restrict them.

Name of Examination: Total Cholesterol

Definition: The quantitative analysis of serum cholesterol, measures the circulating levels of free
cholesterol esters; it reflects the level of two forms in which this biochemical compound appears
in the body.
Purpose:
1. To assess the risk of CAD.
2. To evaluate fat metabolism.
3. To aid in the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome, pancreatitis, hepatic disease,
hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism.
4. To assess the efficiency of lipid-lowering drug therapy.

Name of Examination: Triglycerides

Definition: Provide quantitative analysis of triglycerides- the main storage form of lipids-which
constitute about 95% of fatty acids. Allow early identification of hyperlipidemia and the risk of
coronary heart disease (CAD).
Purpose:
1. To screen for hyperlipidemia or pancreatitis.
2. To help identify nephrotic syndrome and the individual with poorly controlled diabetes
mellitus.
 3. To assess the risk of CAD.
4. To calculate the low density lipoprotein cholesterol level using the Friedervald equation.

Name of Examination: Blood Urea Nitrogen

Definition: Measures the nitrogen fraction of urea, the chief end product of protein metabolism.
Formed in the liver from ammonia and excreted by the kidneys; urea constitute 40% to 50% of
the blood nonprotein nitrogen.
Reflects protein intake and renal excretory capacity but is a less reliable indicator or uremia than
the serum creatinine level.
Purpose:
✔ To evaluate kidney function and aid in the diagnosis of renal disease.
✔ To aid in the assessment of hydration.

Components 6/24/08 6/25/08 6/27/08 6/29/08 Normal Value Significance

Sodium 144.6 133.2 135-148 mmol/L

Potassium 4.66 2.74 3.12 3.5-5.3 mmol/L Within normal limits

Increased.
Creatinine 223.56 184.20 65-120 umol/L

Urea (BUN) 7.06 2.5-2.55 mmol/L

Decreased.
Cholesterol 2.12 3.87-6.71 mmol/L

Triglycerides 1.17 0.68-1.88 mmol/L Within normal limits

Decreased.
HDL 0.40 0.77-1.81 mmol/L

Decreased.
LDL 1.19 2.79-4.05 mmol/L

Fasting Blood 8.65

Glucose

Uric Acid 421.28

Name of Examination: Prothrombine Time

Definition: Measures the time required for a fibrin clot to form in a citrated plasma sample after
addition of calcium ions and tissue thromboplastin (factor III).
Purpose:
✔ To evaluate extrinsic coagulation system (factors V, VII, & X and prothrombin and
fibrinogen.
✔ To monitor response to oral anticoagulant therapy.
Preparation:
✔ Explain to the patient that prothrombin time (PT) test determines whether the blood clots
normally.
 ✔ Tell the patient that the test requires a blood sample. Explain who will perform the
venipuncture and where.
✔ Explain to the patient that he may feel slight discomfort from the tourniquet and the
needle puncture.
✔ Inform the patient that he need not restrict food and fluid.
✔ Notify the laboratory and physician of the drugs the patient is taking that may affect test
results; it may be necessary to restrict them.
Date: June 24, 2008
Results:

Patient: 59.23 % activity Normal Control: 13.3 seconds

Time: 17.2 seconds
INR: 1.36

Normal Value: 11.3-15.3 seconds

Interpretation:

Date: June 25, 2008

Results:

Patient: 75.89 % activity Normal Control: 13.3 seconds

Time: 15.6 seconds
INR: 1.21

Normal Value: 11.3-15.3 seconds

Interpretation: