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Unit 1 PDF
Unit 1 PDF
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHIRAPALLI – 621213
QUESTION BANK
PART -A (2 Marks)
1. Define Modulation Index for an AM Signal (AUC MAY 2010)(AUC MAY 2006)
(AUC MAY 2013)
It is defined as the ratio between message amplitude to that of carrier amplitude.
ma=Em/Ec
3. State any important spectral properties of periodic power signals (AUC NOV
2007)
A signal px (t)is said to be periodic if
xp(t) =xp(t+T), (1.1)
for all t and some T. �
( denotes the end of definition, example, etc.)
4. Define Amplitude Modulation. Give the expression for AM wave (AUC NOV 2007)
This is defined as the modulation, in which amplitude of carrier is changed in accordance
to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
5. Give the applications of SSBSC-AM. (AUC NOV
2007)
Where power saving and low bandwidth requirement are important
Used in land and air mobile communication, navigation and amateur radio
6. Compare low level modulation and high level modulation. (AUC NOV 2007)
10. A 500 W carrier modulated to a depth of 60 percent. Calculate the total power in
modulated wave. (AUC NOV 2008)
11. Define vestigial sideband transmission. Mention its application. (AUC NOV 2008)
In VSB the desired sideband is allowed to pass competently. Whereas a small portion of
the undesired sideband is also allowed
Application: Television broadcasting
12. Compute the bandwidth of the Amplitude modulated signal
C(t)=23*cos(230000πt)[1+0.8*cos (310πt)] (AUC MAY 2009)
Ma=0.8, 2πfm=310
Fm=fm=310
Fm=49.33Hz
BW=2fm=98.66Hz
13. Define AM and its spectrum (AUC MAY 2009)
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the
carrier signal is varied in accordance with the modulating signal or message
signal.
17. Calculate the local oscillator frequency if incoming frequency is f1 and translated
carrier frequency (AUC MAY 2011)
The requiredloca oscillator frequcny (f1) is
F2= f1+f2
F1=f2-f1
18. How many AM broadcast stations can be accommodated i n a 100 kHz bandwidth
if the highest frequency modulating a carrier i s 5 kHz? (AUC DEC 2011)
Ans: 20 AM broad cast stations
19. State the applications of FDM. (AUC DEC 2010) (AUC MAY 2011)
Telemetry
Commercial broadcast and television
Communication network
21. Compute the bandwidth of the amplitude modulated signal given by s(t)=23[1+0.8
cos(310t)]cos(230000πt) (AUC MAY 2012)
ANS:
ma=0.8 , 2πfm=310
therefroefm=49.33Hz
B.W=2fm=98.66Hz
22. What are the causes of linear distortion (AUC MAY 2010)(AUC MAY 2012)
Amplitude distortion
Phase distortion
Frequency response distortion
1. Discuss coherent detection of DSB-SC modulated wave with a block diagram of the
detector. (AUC NOV 2006) (ii) Write about the coherent detection method in detail for
DSB-SC and SSB- SC. What happens when there is phase mismatch? (8)(AUC DEC
2010)
Generation of VSB
In VSB
1. One sideband is not rejected fully.
6. With a neat block diagram explain the SSB transmission. (AUC NOV 2008) (ii) How SSB
can be generated using Weaver’s method? Illustrate with a neat block diagram. (6)
Generation of Suppressed-Carrier AM
1. Phasing method
2. Filter Method
Phasing method
This method is a special modulation type of IQ canonical form
of Generalized transmitters
Filter Method
The filtering method is a special case in which RF processing (with a
sideband filter) is used to form the equivalent g(t), instead of using base
band processing to generate g(m) directly.
Single-Sideband AM
load voltage v2(t) varies periodically between the values v1(t) and zeros at a rate equal to
the carrier frequency fc.
◊ By assuming a modulating wave that is weak compared with the
A Square-law modulator requires three features: a means of summing the carrier and
modulating waves, a nonlinear element, and a band pass filter for extracting the
desired modulation products. Semi-conductor diodes and transistors are the most
common nonlinear devices used for implementing square law modulators. The
filtering requirement is usually satisfied by using a single or double tuned filters.
When a nonlinear element such as a diode is suitably biased and operated in a
restricted portion of its characteristic curve, that is ,the signal applied to the diode is
relatively weak, we find that transfer characteristic of diode-load resistor combination
can be represented closely by a square law :
V0 (t) = a1Vi (t) + a2 Vi2(t) ……………….(i)
Where a1, a2 are constants
Now, the input voltage Vi(t) is the sum of both carrier and message signals
i.e., Vi(t) =Accos 2 fct+m (t) ……………. (ii)
Substitute equation (ii) in equation (i) we get
V0 (t) =a1Ac [1+kam (t)] cos2 fct +a1m (t) +a2Ac
2cos22 fct+a2m2 (t) ………..( iii)
Where ka=2a2/a1
Now design the tuned filter /Band pass filter with center frequency fc and pass band
frequency width 2W.We can remove the unwanted terms by passing this output
voltage V0(t) through the band pass filter and finally we will get required AM signal.
Switching Modulator: -
Assume that carrier wave C (t) applied to the diode is large in amplitude, so that it
swings right across the characteristic curve of the diode .we assume that the diode acts
as an ideal switch, that is, it presents zero impedance when it is forward-biased and
infinite impedance when it is reverse-biased. We may thus approximate the transfer
characteristic of the diode-load resistor combination by a piecewise-linear
characteristic.
The input voltage applied Vi(t) applied to the diode is the sum of both carrier and
message signals.
The AM spectrum consists of two impulse functions which are located at fc & -fc and
weighted by Aca1/2 & a2Ac/2, two USBs, band of frequencies from fc to fc +W and
band of frequencies from -fc-W to –fc, and two LSBs, band of frequencies from fc-W
to fc & -fc to -fc+W.
11. How SSB can be generating using Weaver’s method? Illustrate with a neat block
diagram (AUC MAY 2012)