LABOSCOPE

ACTIVE FILTERS-
FIRST ORDER LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS
FILTERS

ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+V
R 1
+
v in
C 1 v out
- R f1

-V

R f2

COMPONENTS USED:
IC741, Resistors and capacitors.
WHY ONLY IC741 IS USED HERE?
-This is the simplest ic .
-It is an internally frequency compensated op-amp.
-Absolute maximum ratings are specified for supply voltage, power
dissipation, input voltage and so on….
-Also the specifications are given for two sets of temperatures.
-Finally we are familiar with internal diagram of Ic741.
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DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS USED:

R1: The input is given through this resistor.
C1: This is the heart of the low pass filter which allows only low
frequencies and
Attenuates high frequencies.
RF1 and RF2: These resistors provides a fixed voltage gain according to
the values
Of resistors.
DESIGN :
• Select cut off frequency as 2kHZ
• Select value of c less than 1uF
• Calculate R from
F=1/(2IIRC)
• Select RF2 and RF1 from
gain = 1+(RF2/RF1)
• Let RF2=1.5kohm and calculate all the component values.
OPERATION:
If the input frequency is high,then reactance of capacitance
c1 decreases and hence it acts as short circuit .Output is taken across
capacitor. so, the output voltage will be zero. Hence it is said that this
circuit attenuates high frequencies.
If the input freq is low, then the reactance of capacitance c1
increases and hence it acts as open circuit. So, the output voltage will
not be zero.Hence it is said that this circuit allows low freq signals.
Feedback is given through RF1 and RF2 which provides a
minimum gain of 1. Hence, due to the gain the output signal is efficiently
produced.
PROCEDURE:
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 Connections are made as per the diagram.

 Sinusoidal voltage is applied across the input terminals and power
supplies are supplied at 7th and 4th terminals of Ic.
 Keeping amplitude as constant, by varying freq, the output voltage
is measured.
 The freq response is plotted by taking freq on x-axis and voltage
gain(in dB) on y-axis.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

A v(dB)

-3dB {
FREQ Vi(V) V0(V) AV AV(dB)

f
f2
ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: +V
C1
+
vin R1
vout
- Rf1
-V

Rf2
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 Components used here are same as low pass filter but the only
difference is resistance R1 and capacitor C1 are interchanged.
 Design procedure is also same as above.
OPERATION:
Here, the output is taken across resistor.
If the input freq is high, the reactance of C1 is low and hence it is
short circuited. Therefore, current flows from input to resistor R1 and
hence output is produced. So,the circuit allows high frequencies.
If the input freq is low, the reactance of C1 is high which means
that it is open circuited. Hence, the output will be zero. So, we can say
that the circuit attenuates low freq.
PROCEDURE:
The same procedure is repeated here also.
FREQUENCY
A v(dB) RESPONSE:

-3dB {
FRE Vi(V) V0(V AV AV(dB)
Q )

f
f1

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the need for active filters?
Ans: since usage of passive filters has many problems like no
amplification, no signal gain, complexity increases as order increases,
buffer amplifiers might may be required. Hence active filters are
needed to eliminate the usage of inductors.
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2. Advantages of active filters??

Ans: no inductors, easy to design, provides any arbitrary gain, high
input impedance prevents excessive loading of the driving source ,low
output impedance prevents the filter from being affected by the load .
3. On what basis the supply voltages are fixed ?
Ans: depending on the number of transistors to be drived to active
region in internal diagram of op-amp, supply voltages are fixed.
4. Why vcc is always given to positive and VEE to negative?
Ans: Since current always flows from collector to emitter, vcc is given
positive and VEE to negative.
5. What will happen if resistance is added to C1 in LPF?
Ans: role off will be increased.
6. why we are using non-inverting rather than inverting amplifier?
Ans: gain of non-inverting amplifier is 1+(RF1/RF2). Gain of inverting
amplifier is RF1/RF2. Non-inv amplifier has min gain of 1. Hence it is
used here.
7. Why 3dB gain is reduced?
Ans: because at 3dB gain, 1st order,2nd order…….systems have stable
response.
8. Frequency responses of butterworth,chebyshev’s,Bessel filters:
Av

Butterworth
Bessel
Chebyshev