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3rd Harmonics
3rd Harmonics
I. Abstract
The use of nonlinear devices such as rectifiers,
converters, power supplies, and other devices utilizing I in I out
solid state switching have been increased in industry
during recent years. These equipments have deteriorated Protection
the power quality. This deterioration causes the equipment
increasing of power loss, resonance problem, insulation
deterioration, and even safety problem for system
apparatus.
This paper aims at analyzing and probing into the I op
influences of harmonics on a differential relay. First it
probes the operation of a CT in frequency domain. Then,
it analyzes and compares the mathematic model, which is Figure 1(a) Normal or outer fault situation
constructed by using EMTP, and the test results. I F1 IF2
There are many factors to be considered in
differential protection design and application for a
Protection
transformer. This paper only analyzes the influential equipment
phenomenon of harmonics to differential relay.
The results of this research can be valuable
references for applying and designing differential relay
I op = I F 1 + I F 2
protection.
(l − δ )
Figure 3 The equivalent circuits without primary
cδ
resistance i1 = c1 + 0 B − c3 B 3 + c5 B 5 − c7 B 7 + c9 B 9 ×
l − δ N2
ZM and Zb mean the excitation and burden
impedance of the CT, respectively. Figure 4 shows the
voltage and current vectors of the CT. The accuracy of
the CT mainly depends on the quantity and the angle Where:
between primary current and secondary current [3]. At c0-c9:core material volume factors
steady state, the Ratio Error and the Phase-Angle Error :the air gap length of the core(m)
of the CT can be shown as in Equation 1 and Figure 4,
respectively.
l : the average length of magnetic (m)
N2: the winding turns of the secondary
N 2 ⋅ IS B: the magnetic flux density (T)
Ratio Error = (1)
Ip
As shown in Figure 5, EMTP has built a single-
phase saturation core transformer model. It consists of an
equivalent circuit on an ideal transformer. The - I data
can’t be get directly, so a program offered by EMTP is
needed to transfer the V-I characteristic of CT to - I
data. Besides, it can use the Type-96 from EMTP to
construct equivalent circuit [5].
The current of CT
Frequency
The current of CT
Frequency
Working frequency
50 60 120 300 540 660
of CT (Hz)
Current on the
5.12 5.01 5.00 4.85 4.61 4.38
secondary side (A)
Working frequency
1000 2K 3K 4K 5K
of CT (Hz)
Current on the
4.06 3.62 3.2 2.9 2.8
secondary side (A)
V. References