Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CH 13 Bioenergetics
CH 13 Bioenergetics
Chapter 13
Lehninger
Principles of
Biochemistry
by
Nelson & Cox
Principle of Bioenergetics
• Variety of:
• energy transductions,
• conversion of one form to another
takes place in cell.
Principle of Bioenergetics
Chemical energy is used to:
- motion
- Heat
1
Gibbs free energy, G:
Entropy, S
(qualitative expression for the randomness or
disorder in the system)
2
Relationship : Gibbs free energy, enthalpy &
entropy
In biological system
(constant temperature and pressure):
- changes in free energy, enthalpy (H) and entropy (S)
are related to each other:
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
At equilibrium:
3
Standard free energy is related to the
Equilibrium Constant
E3
Standard free energy is related to the Equilibrium constant
4
Slide 11
5
Standard free energy are additive
Synthesis of Glucose 6-phosphate is first step in
the utilization of Glucose
ADP + Pi = 2.0x105M
K’eq2= ATP
• mechanical motions
6
Phosphoryl Group transfers and ATP
7
Other Phosphorylated Compounds
In Phosphocreatine, the P-N bond can be
hydrolyzed to generate free creatine and Pi.
Thioesters
Has sulphur atom which replaces oxygen in the
ester bond has large ∆G´°.
_______________ is one
of the many thioesters
Important in metabolism.
8
Hydrolysis reactions with large –ve standard
free energy, products are more ________.
- Movement of
- enzyme along DNA or of
- ribosomes along mRNA.
9
Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
1. Phosphoryl groups (_____, ____ etc.)
2. Electron transfer in oxidation-reduction:
involves loss/gain of electrons
loser = is _________
gainer = is _________
Source of electron:
• heterotrophic cells: __________ compounds (food)
10
Biological Oxidations involve Dehydrogenation:
1. Directly as ___________
2. As hydrogens atoms
−
3. As a hydride (:H ), has 2 electrons
4. Through direct combination with _______.
11
Specialized carriers
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
12
NADH and NADPH act with dehydrogenases as
soluble Electron Carriers
Pellagra
Humans do not synthesize sufficient niacin (vitamin B3)
(synthesized from ______________).
Pellagra-Human
Black tongue - dogs
(dermititis, diarrhea &
Dimentia---death)—
Read (p519)
Role of Alcohol?
13
Flavin Nucleotides are tightly bound in
Flavoproteins
Flavoproteins catalyze
reactions using flavin
mononucleotide (FMN) or
flavin adenine dinucletotide
(FAD)
- derived from vitamin
riboflavin (B2)
Cryptochromes:
14