Work

 Operationally defined as the product of the magnitude of the displacement multiplied by the
component of the force parallel to the displacement.

 W = Fd W = FcosӨd

W = mgh

 Where: W=work g= gravity

m=mass h=height

F= force d= displacement

Ө= angle

Conditions for Work to be done:

1. There must be a force acting on the object.

2. The object has to move a certain distance called displacement.

3. There must be a movement in the direction of the force.

Energy

 Defined as the ability to do work

 A quantity that can be transformed from one form to another

Kinetic Energy

 A form of energy associated with the motion of a particle, single body or systems of objects
moving together
 KE=mv2/2

Potential Energy

 Energy of a system due to its position, shape or configuration.

 Stored energy that is completely recoverable
 PE=mgh

Work-Energy Theorem

A constant horizontal force (F) can displace a body through a horizontal distance (d). The work done by
this force on the body is

(1) W=Fd

From Newton’s Second Law of motion, F=ma, it becomes

(2) W=mad.

The kinematic equation tells us that

(3) a = vf2-vi2/2d.

Substituting (3) to (2)

𝑚(𝑣𝑓2−𝑣𝑖2)
(4) W= 2𝑑
𝑑

Simplifying,
𝑚𝑣𝑓2 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
(5) W= 2
− 2
Therefore, work is equal to the change in kinetic energy. Work done on a body changes its motion. This
relation is an evidence of work done on a system to its energy. This is also called work-energy theorem.

Power

 The rate of doing work

𝑊
 P= 𝑡 , where P is power, W is work and t is time.

Practice Exercises

1. A force of 35 N is needed to keep a 5 kg body moving at constant speed of 7.5 m/s. What power
is needed to sustain the motion of the mass?
2. Jane is initially walking at a certain speed so that her kinetic energy is 150 J. Then, the rain starts
to fall and Jane runs at a rate of 4.2m/s. She has a mass of 50kg. What is her initial speed before
the rain starts? Find the change in Jane’s kinetic energy when she starts running.
3. A shopper pushes her 25 kg grocery cart by a force of 225N inclined at an angle of 60 degrees
with the horizontal through a distance of 7.5 m. Find the work done by the 225N force and
friction. Assume that the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.32.