Professional Documents
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To 1 (Pengantar)
To 1 (Pengantar)
Sesi 4 TEKNOLOGI
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What is Technology?
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Three Levels Of Technology
3- Interdependent relationships
result from the flow of work between work units
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1- Organization-Level Technology:
The Technical Core
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Relationship Between Technical Complexity
and Structural Characteristics
Technology
Structural Characteristics Unit Mass Continuous
Production Production Process
Number of management levels 3 4 6
Supervisor span of control 23 48 15
Direct/indirect labor ratio 9:1 4:1 1:1
Manager/total personnel ratio Low Medium High
Workers’ skill level High Low High
Formalized procedures Low High Low
Centralization Low High Low
Amount of verbal communication High Low High
Amount of written communication Low High Low
Overall structure Organic Mechanistic Organic
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Source: Joan Woodward, Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice (London: Oxford University Press, 1965).
Woodward’s Results
Mass
Production
CH
OIC
ES Continuous
Process
Standardized
Source: Based on Jack Meredith, “The Strategic Advantages of New Manufacturing Technologies For Small Firms.”
Strategic Management Journal 8 (1987): 249-58; Paul Adler, “Managing Flexible Automation,” California Management
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Review (Spring 1988): 34-56; and Otis Port, “Custom-made Direct from the Plant.” Business Week/21st Century
Capitalism, 18 November 1994, 158-59.
Comparison of Organizational Characteristics Associated with Mass Production
and Computer Integrated Manufacturing
Source: Based on Patricia L. Nemetz and Louis W. Fry, “Flexible Manufacturing Organizations: Implications for
Strategy Formulation and Organization Design.” Academy of Management Review 13 (1988); 627-38; Paul S. Adler,
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“Managing Flexible Automation,” California Management Review (Spring 1988); 34-56; Jeremy Main, “Manufacturing
the Right Way,” Fortune, 21 May 1990, 54-64.
Service As a Core Technology
Manufacturing Technology
1. Tangible product
2. Products can be inventoried for later
consumption
3. Capital asset intensive
Service Technology 4. Little direct customer interaction
1. Intangible product 5. Human element may be less important
2. Production and consumption take place 6. Quality is directly measured
simultaneously 7. Longer response time is acceptable
3. Labor and knowledge intensive 8. Site of facility is moderately important
4. Customer interaction generally high
5. Human element very important
6. Quality is perceived and difficult to
measure
7. Rapid response time is usually
necessary
8. Site of facility is extremely important
1- Automation of equipment
2- Workflow rigidity
3- Specificity of evaluation
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2- Work Unit or Department Technology
1- Exceptions/variety
Low variety technologies permit little flexibility, whereas high
variety permits greater flexibility
2- Analyzability
High-analyzability tasks can usually be standardized or
programmed. Low-analyzability tasks are uncertain,
ambiguous, and complex
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Relationship of Department Technology to Structural and
Management Characteristics
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Thompson’s Classification of Interdependence and Management
Implications
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Conclusions
1- Woodward’s Study in manufacturing technology. Relationships
between technology and structure in high-performing organizations