TEMPERATURE&I

TSMEASUREMENT

HotnessorCol dness
 Byt ouchi ngwi thourhands, wecanguesswhet heracupofmi l
ki sst il
lwor thsippingorhas
becomet oocol d, whet hermi lkishotenoughf ormaki ngcur dset c.Butest i
mat ingt emper ature
wi thourhandscan, somet imesmi sl
eadorconf useus.
 I tisnotpossi blet oguesst hehot nessofasubst anceonl yont hebasi soff eel/touch.
Reasonf ort heHot nessorCool nessofabody:
 Heati saf or m ofener gyt hati st ransf erredf rom anobj ectathi ghert emper aturet ooneatl ower
temper at ur e.Whenwest andi nt hesunornearf ire,heatener gyent ersourbodyandwef eel hot.
Wheni cei sputonourpal m, heatener gymov esf rom ourbodyt ot hepi eceofi ce.That ’swhywe
feel cold.
 “ Theener gywhi chmakesanobj ectappearhotorcol di scal ledheat .”
Conv ersi onofEner gy:
 I fweuseel ect ri
cheat ert oheatwat erel ect ri
cal ener gyi sconv ertedt oheat .Likewi se, i
fweuse
gasst ov e, chemi cal ener gyi sconv ertedt oheat .Insol arheat ers,sol arener gyi sconv ert
edt oheat .
 Asabov edi ffer entki ndsofener gi esar ebei ngconv er tedt oheat .Int hesamewayheatener gycan
beconv er tedt oot herf ormsofener gy.Youmayhav ehear dt hati nat hermal powerst ation,heat
ener gyi sconv ertedt oel ectrical ener gy .Inast eam engi ne, heatener gyi sconver t
edt omechani cal
ener gywhi chhel psi nmov ingt heengi ne.
Fl
owofEner gy:
 Whenawar m obj ecti spl acedcl oset oacool erobj ect ,heatener gymov esf r
om t hewar merobj ect
tot hecool eroneunt il bothobj ect satt aint hesamet emper ature.
Temper at ur e
Temper at ur eisameasur eoft hedegr eeofhot nessofabody . 
 Temper at ur eisameasur eoft heheatener gyi nabodyandwhi chi ndi catestheabi l
ityofabodyt o
giv eheatt oanot herbodyorabsor bheatf rom anot herbody .
 TheSIuni toft emper at ureiskel v i
n( K) .Butt emper at urei sal someasur edi ncel ci
us( °C)or
fahr enhei t( °F)scal es.
 Thei nstrumentusedt omeasur et emper atur ei scal ledat her momet er. 
Thermomet er
 A  ther momet er  i
susedt omeasur ethe  temper atur e ie., degr essofhot nessorcol dnessofan
obj ect .
 Al lther momet ersar ebasedont hef actt hatmat terexpandsonheat ing.
 Mer cur yi susedasl iqui df orindi cat i
ngt emper atur ei nt her momet ers.Apar tfr
om Mer curyweal so
useal cohol ast her momet erliquidbecauseoft hef ol lowi ngchar act er i
st i
cstheyhav e.
Proper tiesofMer cur y:-
• I tsexpansi oni suni for m.( Forequal amount sofheati texpandsbyequal lengths.)
• I tisopaqueandshi ning.
• I tdoesnotst ickt ot hesi desoft hegl asst ube.
• I tisagoodconduct orofheat .
• I tiseasi lyav ailabl ei npur est ate.
Proper tiesofAl cohol:
• I tcanr ecor dv eryl owt emper atures.
• I tsexpansi onperdegr eeCel siusr isei nt emper atur ei sv er yl arge.I tcanbecol ouredbr i
ght l
yand
hencei seasi lyv isibl e.
Howt ouseat her momet er ?
• Tof indt het emper at ureofanobj ect ,thebul boft het her momet erneedst obei ncl osecont actwi th
thatobj ect .Wat cht heshi nyl i
neofMer cur yi nt het ube.Thehi ghestpoi ntont hescal e, atwhi cht he
riseofMer cur yst ops, showst het emper at ureoft heobj ect
Mel t
ingPoi ntofI ce:
• Thi sconst antt emper at ur eatwhi chi cemel ts( conv ertingi ntol iquid)i scal ledmel tingpoi ntofi ce.Itis
O
0C.
Boi l
ingPoi ntofwat er:
• Thi sconst antt emper atur eatwhi chwat erboi l
s( conv er t
ingi ntost eam)i scal l
edboi lingpoi ntof
O
wat er .Iti s100C.
• Li kewat er ,all subst ancesi npur ef orm mel tandboi latcer tai nfixedt emper ature
• Fi rstt her momet erwasi nv ent edbyGal il
eoi n1593AD.
• Thust emper atur eatwhi chi cemel tsorwat erboi l
si sconst ant .Thesev aluesar ef ixedas0° Cand
100° Cr espect i
v ely .Likewat er,all subst ancesi npur ef or m mel tandboi latcer tainf i
xedt emper at ur
e
Ty pesofTher momet ers
• Ther ear edi ffer entt ypesoft her momet er sf ormeasur ing  t
het emper atur esofdi f ferentt hingsl i
keair,
ourbodi es, foodandmanyot hert hings.Ther ear e clinical ther momet er s, 
labor at oryt hermomet er s,
Maxi mum- mi ni mum t her momet ersanddi gi tal r
emot et her momet ers.Amongt hese, thecommonl y
usedt her momet er sar ecl i
nical t
her momet ersandl abor ator yther momet er s.
Cli
ni calTher momet er
• Theset her momet ersar eusedt omeasur et het emper atur eoft hehumanbody ,athome, cli
nicsand
hospi tal s.
• Al lclini cal ther momet ershav eaki nkt hatpr ev ent sthemer cur yf rom f lowi ngbacki nt ot hebul b when
thet her momet eri s taken  outoft hepat ien' smout h, sot hatt het emper aturecanbenot ed
conv eni ent ly.
• Ther ear et wot ypesofscal esmar kedont hecl i
nical ther momet eronet hatst ar tswi th35degr ees
andendsat45degr eesi sCel siusscal e.Whi letheot hert hatst ar t
swi th94degr eesandendsat108
degr eesi st heFahr enhei tscal e.
Maxi mum- mi nimum t hermomet ers
• Themaxi mum ( highest )andmi nimum ( lowest )temper atur esofadayar emeasur edbya
ther momet ercal ledt heSi x’smaxi mum –mi ni mum t her momet er
Howt ouseacl i
ni calt hermomet er ?
• Washt het her momet erpr efer ablywi thanant isept icsol ut i
on.
• Hol di tf irml ybyt heendandgi v eitaf ewj er ks.Thesej er kswi l
l bringt hel ev elofMer cur ydown.
Ensur et hati tfal l
sbel ow35C( 95° F).
• Nowpl acet het her momet erundery ourt ongueorar m pi t.Af teronemi nut e,taket het her momet er
outandnot et her eadi ng.I ttellsy ouy ourbodyt emper atur e.
Precaut i
onst obeFol lowedWhi leUsi ngaCl i
ni calTher momet er
  
  • Thet her momet ershoul dbewashedbef or eandaf t
eruse, pr efer ablywi t
hanant isept i
csol ution.
  
  • Jer kt het her momet eraf ewt i
mest obr ingt hel ev el oft hemer cur ydown.
  
  • Bef oreuse, themer curyl evel shoul dbebel ow35° Cor94° F.
  
  • Donothol dt het hermomet erbyi tsbul b.
  
  • Keept hemer cur ylevel alongy ourl i
neofsi ghtandt hent aket her eadi ng.
  
  • Handl et het her momet erwi thcar e.I fithi t
sagai nstsomehar dobj ect ,itmaybr eak.
  
  • Donotpl acet het hermomet erinahotf lameori nt hehotsun.
Ther mi stert her momet er:
• I tisav ai labl ei nmar kettomeasur et hehumanbodyt emper at ures, par ti
cul arlyfori nf antsand
childr en.
Digital Ther momet er:
AsMer cur yi sat oxi csubst ance, Theseday sdi gital thermomet ersar eal soav ai l
abl ewhi chdonotuse
Mer cur y.
Labor at or yt her momet er:
• Tomeasur et het emper at ureofot herobj ect sot her et hanhumanbody ,weusel abor ator y
ther momet er.
• Thest em andt hebul bofal abt her momet erar elongerwhencompar edt ot hatofacl i
nical
ther momet erandt hereisnoki nki nt hel abt her momet er.Al abor at oryt her momet erhasonl yt he
Cel siusscal er angi ngf r
om −10  °Ct o110° C.
Conv er sionbet weenCel ciusandFahr enhei tTemper atur es
TheCel siusandFahr enhei tscal esar er elatedasf oll
ows.
 C =5/ 9(F–32)  wher eCandFar et het emper at uresmeasur edi nCel ci
usandFahr enhei tscal es,
respect ively . Ther elat i
onbet weenCel ci usandKel vint emper atur esi sgi v enby
K=C+273,
 
wher
eKi
sthet
emper
atur
einkel
vi
n.