The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell membrane. It notes that the cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins and is selectively permeable. It regulates transport through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. The cell membrane maintains homeostasis, controls movement of substances in and out of the cell, and allows for cell communication and identification. Factors like solubility, size, membrane thickness, area of transport, electrical charge, and concentration gradients influence the permeability and rate of transport across the cell membrane.
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Original Title
1.1 Cell and Electrophysiology Part 1 (Barbon).pdf
The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell membrane. It notes that the cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins and is selectively permeable. It regulates transport through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. The cell membrane maintains homeostasis, controls movement of substances in and out of the cell, and allows for cell communication and identification. Factors like solubility, size, membrane thickness, area of transport, electrical charge, and concentration gradients influence the permeability and rate of transport across the cell membrane.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell membrane. It notes that the cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins and is selectively permeable. It regulates transport through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. The cell membrane maintains homeostasis, controls movement of substances in and out of the cell, and allows for cell communication and identification. Factors like solubility, size, membrane thickness, area of transport, electrical charge, and concentration gradients influence the permeability and rate of transport across the cell membrane.
EASTERN
UNIVERSITY
–
DR.
NICANOR
REYES
MEDICAL
FOUNDATION
Physiology – Dr. F.C. Barbon Cellular Physiology June 2, 2014 Section 1D
Homeostasis – maintenance of the constancy of the **Aquaporins – water channels internal environment; observed changes are controlled **permeability of the cell can be altered by positive & negative feedback regulation **Osmosis – water molecules move towards an area having greater amount of osmotically Regulating Systems – responsible for bringing active agents conditions back to normal whenever there is an alteration a. Nervous/Neuronial Cell Membrane Fxns: - make use of nerve impulses (action potential) - regulate transport produced by effectively simulated neurons - maintain composition of ICF & ECF - immediate onset: usually muscles & secretory - cell identification using surface cells antigens - can be voluntary & involuntary - signal transduction/cell - short duration communication - localized - provides cellular stability; anchor for b. Endocrine/Humoral/Hormonal structural proteins - make use of agents (hormones) produced by - anchoring to neighboring cells & activated endocrine cells basal lamina - delayed response: cells involved in metabolism - determination of cell shape like reproductive ability - involuntary - usually long duration Activities of the Cell Membrane - diffuse *Apical Region – absorption and secretion; protection Cell/Plasma Membrane – made up of lipids & *Lateral Region – cell contact, adhesion, proteins; involved in transport activities communication *Outer layers: hydrophilic, lipophobic - Tight jxns = zonula occludens *Central region: hydrophobic, lipophilic - Desmosomes = zonula adherens(anchoring) - differentially/semi-permeable: capable of - Gap jxns = connexons(communication) allowing transport of only solvent particles *Basal Region – cell-substratum contact; ion - selectively permeable: allows transport of gradient generation solvent & solute molecules but there is a - Hemidesmosomes & focal adhesions selection in the transport of solutes
DULAY, Arman Carl 1 of 3
FAR
EASTERN
UNIVERSITY
–
DR.
NICANOR
REYES
MEDICAL
FOUNDATION
Physiology – Dr. F.C. Barbon Cellular Physiology June 2, 2014 Section 1D
Composition of the Cell Membrane C. Carbohydrates – present on extracellular Lipids: 50-60% surface and never a pure carbohydrate Proteins: 40-50% *cell identity markers Carbohydrates: negligible amount; usually coupled *agent for communication with a lipid or protein *some are channels (rare) **The presence of carbohydrates in the cell membranes of bacteria allow for recognition as Cell Membrane Transport non-self antigen by the immune system *Passive Transport – involves kinetic energy; A. Lipids without energy prod’n from the cell - Phospholipids: amphipathic *Active Transport – involves energy produced - Cholesterol: “moderator molecule”, provides by the cell mechanical stability and flexibility, makes Passive Active membrane more permeable to lipid particles and Not coupled with Coupled with ATP less permeable to water & prevents lipid ATP crystallization (fluidity) “Downhill” “Uphill” - Glycolipids Along the gradient Against the gradient (High to low) (Low to high) B. Proteins Faster Slower - Integral/Transmembrane: amphipathic, utilized No inhibition/non- Undergoes as channels, pores or fenestrations specific inhibition/always - Peripheral: present on the surfaces and does not specific traverse the membrane Bidirectional Unidirectional *act as channels/carriers Stops at equilibrium Continuous but leads *antigenic markers to saturation: *receptors for hormones/NTA condition at which *source of enzymes carriers are *skeletal framework exhausted and rate *cell stability of transport stops *transport of water soluble particles needed by at maximum and no the cell add’l increase Lipid soluble Water soluble partivcles particles Channels Carriers & pumps Channels do not Conformational change change of carriers conformations but can be gated Common energy gradients: concentration, electrical, pressure **In electrical gradients, you have to consider the charge ion present and the electrical charge of the area to which the ion will be transported Like charges repel; unlike charges attract
DULAY, Arman Carl 2 of 3
FAR
EASTERN
UNIVERSITY
–
DR.
NICANOR
REYES
MEDICAL
FOUNDATION
Physiology – Dr. F.C. Barbon Cellular Physiology June 2, 2014 Section 1D
Factors Affecting Transport 1. Nature of Substances (Solubility) - lipid soluble substances=faster transport 2. Size (Molecular Weight of the Substance - Lighter ones are easily transported - Less than 69,000 molecular weight 3. Membrane Thickness - the thicker the membrane, the harder the transport - the thinner the membrane, the faster the transport 4. Area of Transport - the greater the area the greater the trasport 5. Presence of Pores/Channels - the greater the number of pores, the greater the transport 6. Electrical Charge - Opposite charge have easier transport 7. Membrane Permeability - membrane should be permeable to be able to transport - you can change the membrane permeability 8. Time (Duration)/ Length of Exposure - the longer the agent is exposed to the agent, the more the transport. 9. Energy Gradient - Passive = Direct Effect (greater gradient=greater movement) - Active = Indirect Effect (Lesser gradient=lesser effect) 10. Concentration Gradient
*Permeability Coefficient – rate of
transport/permeability of the membrane is dependent upon the size of the pores *Gradient Time Limitation – combined length of exposure and energy gradient