URBAN TRANSPORTATION

LAND ACQUISITION:
LAND ACQUISITION IN INDIA

Acquisition of land for purpose of industrialisation, development of infrastructural

facilities or urbanisation of the private land, and provides compensation to the affected
land owners and their rehabilitation and resettlement. Enacted by British government in
1824 to acquire land for construction of roads, canals or other public purpose and at
also railway network development., herewith it was replaced by Land Acquisition Act
of 1894.This also had the same purpose of facilitating acquisition by government all the
private lands had been acquired for construction of educational institutions and also
projects concerned with rural forming.

But the major issues faced was

 Low rates of compensation

The rate of land was not given as per market value, and there were a few chunk of
land which were given more than the market price which led to dissatisfaction and led
to protest.
 Forced acquisitions
Under 1894 its been intended that to acquire a plot of land he can carry it out no
matter how the person of the acquired land is affected.
 No safe guard
There was no process or procedure to stop the process of acquisition.
 No resettlement and rehabilitation
There was no proper space allocated for the poor and the rural settlements whose land
has been acquired.

LAND ACQUISITION – 2013

They also were concerned about the improvement of infrastructure, housing project
developments and other social developments.in this they have a 80% consent from the
public whose land has been acquired if in PPP mode or by private companies. They
had compensation equal to market value where in rural areas it was double the value

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 where in in urban areas it was not.in this there was implementation of rehabilitation and
resettlement where all the affected families were considered.

EG., Tata Nano Singur Controversy refers to the controversy generated by land
acquisition of the proposed Nano factory of Tata Motors at Singur in Hooghly
district, West Bengal, India.Where he state government of West Bengal facilitated the
controversy by using 1894 land acquisition act rule to conduct an eminent
domain takeover of 997 acres (4.03 km2) of farmland to have Tata, build its factory. The
rule is meant for public improvement projects, and the West Bengal government wanted
Tata to build in its state. And the compensation was less and the residential construction
for the person affected also was delayed. It was opposed by people and other non-
governing parties in Bengal.Where Singur was a farmland and 15,000 families had direct
employment through agriculture and where this industry promised only 1000 employment
which was not fully ensure. Later the Kolkata High court declared no construction in that
area as it was high fertile land.Later this project had moved to Gujarat.

LANDSCAPE, CLIMATE AND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Making the streets safe clean and walk able by creating climate sensitive design., by
reducing the impact on natural environment and reduce the pressure on built
infrastructure. Where streets are with equal priority and comfort for all users. In mixed
used transit density pyramid Trees are essential components for all streets – to provide
shade to pedestrian and also reduce solar gain. High albedo (diffuse reflectivity)
materials for paving reduces urban heat island effect, and Built to Pavement edge
buildings with overhangs and arcades provide excellent protection to pedestrians. Due
to which .. Decrease impervious surfaces through permeable paving, tree planting
zones, etc. to increase ground water infiltration & prevent seasonal flooding. Integrate
Natural Storm Water filtration. Decrease Heat Island Effect (HIE) by increasing greenery,
planting trees,using reflective paving, etc. Spatial developments into an infrastructural
based landscape strategy and prevents further uncontrolled dispersed urbanization.
For eg., Barcelona in Europe faced severe air pollution, due to which they came with the
concept of super block where they increased pedestrianization by 74% and even the
small streets to major street blocks had small to large species of trees along the
pedestrian pathway which led to the decrease in air pollution and noise level.

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ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE AND INFORMAL ACTIVITIES
Creating informal activities ,commercial or hawking zones at regular intervals along road
makes it more lively and for pedestrians who walk along with it feel more comfortable.
Where it leads to encourage walkability, increase street activity, and provide safety. It
also has a eye on the street of what is happening around., creates a surveillance around
the region.eg.Mumbai
For eg.In Coimbatore, where one of the road where isolated within th city without any
informal activities, once when the hawking and vending zones where introduced in that
area.,it lead to surveillance and was more safe and there was reduction in informal kind
of activities.
TRAFFIC SURVEYS AND THEIR UTILITY
Utilities play a major role during any road design or during any lay of new road and
redesigning of roads as most of our utilities are found below the ground, all though the
utility repair or deign is only for very few limited hours, how they can be efficiently be
used. If not considering utilities and design of road had to led redesign of the roads
again. Where a number of utility surveys would be done for a proper.
For.,eg.,In Dublin he purpose of the Braemor Road Enhancement Scheme is to improve
pedestrian and cycle facilities, reduce carriageway width to reduce traffic speeds and
to repair and renew the structure of the road and upgrade utilities. Apex Surveys were
commissioned to undertake an underground utility survey of the existing road and
pedestrian areas to produce 3D drawings to assist in the design process. Where it was a
busy road with Traffic flow of 12,800 vehicles over 24-hour period. The work was carried
at night and with the implementation of traffic management system.

URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Urban transportation system includes all types of transport road infrastructure; road
infrastructure; rail-based public transport; road-based public transport; support for non-
motorized travel modes; technological solutions; awareness-raising campaigns; pricing
mechanisms; vehicle access restrictions; and control of land-uses. In many countries,
automobile is become very dominated and less sustainable. Eg.in place like Shimoga,
city experiences a rapid growth in transport-related challenges, including pollution,
congestion, accidents, public transport decline, environmental degradation, climate
change, energy depletion, visual intrusion, and lack of accessibility for the urban poor.

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So there are improvisation of public transport, encouraging non-motorized modes,
creating pedestrian zones, limiting the use of private cars, and otherwise trying to undo
the transformation of cities caused by automobile dominance. Some of the key
strategies to be considered:
(1) street conditions conducive to green modes via low-cost interventions such as
sidewalk maintenance and speed restraint;
(2) pedestrian-only zones areas with heavy pedestrian traffic;
(3) exclusive lanes for busses and bicycles, which are adequately protected from car
traffic;
(4) reasonable parking fees;
(5) more attention to road infrastructure maintenance rather than the construction of
new infrastructure; and
(6) awareness-raising and education campaigns.
These also can be achieved through certain policies and initiatives.

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ADVANCED URBAN TRANSPORTATION

Submitted by
Nivetha Jayaraman
163710022
MUDD -2
FOA,MANIPAL UNIVERSITY