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COL Project Manual Final 5598
COL Project Manual Final 5598
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MANUAL FOR
PROJECT PROPOSAL
AND
PROJECT REPORT
OF
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MANUAL FOR
PROJECT PROPOSAL
AND
PROJECT REPORT
OF
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FOREWORD
The Project Handbook has been prepared with a view to providing our
Commonwealth MBA and MPA students with some basic and necessary
information on writing a research proposal and final project report. This will
assist the students in thinking through many aspects of crafting implementing
and defending the research project. It is our attempt to share some of many ideas
that have surfaced in the past that definitely make the task of completion of
research so much easier. We have tried to give some suggestions on the
following: selection of a topic, developing a project statement, writing Literature
Review, Research Design, Data Analysis, Conclusion and Findings, Bibliography
and such other necessary components.
Guidelines of a research report have been provided on the format and style of the
project and specimens have been annexed for guidance. We hope that all given
information will help you in choosing the project title, and conducting research
work.
With this in mind enjoy the manual. We hope it will help you to finish your
research in good shape.
NOTE:
The completion time for this research work is 1 year. The total time of completion of
degree (course work and research work) is 5 years after this period the registration of
the student will be expired.
Majed Rashid
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INTRODUCTION
This master level Research Project Manual is designed for all Commonwealth
Master of Business Administration / Public Administration students. The
students will be required to conduct a research study in the academic field of the
chosen area after completion of the course work for (COL EMBA/MPA).
The research project carries a weight of (06) credits and is an integral part of
Commonwealth MBA/MPA Programme. After successful completion of
required courses and research project (code 5598) each student will receive COL
MBA / MPA degree. This manual has been developed to provide broad
guidelines to the students and help them in preparing their project synopsis and
final report.
The university hopes that after following these guidelines the students of this
prestigious programme will be in a position to write an excellent research report
and create a value addition for them.
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Conclusion
Research
and Report
Design
and so on
Data
Sampling Processing and
Analysis
Data
Gathering
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1. Observation
3. Problem definition
5. Hypotheses
6. Research design
8. Deduction
9. Report writing
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WHAT IS RESEARCH
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IMPROTANT STEPS
Identifying a Project/Research Topic
Research begins with defining a topic in which a student may be interested and
willing to put effort. Research topic should relate to the subject whom the
students have studied in their programme (Management Sciences, Business or
Public Administration). The three significant characteristics of a research
topic/problem are that is should be significant, researchable and new or add a
new angle to established facts. Some important elements of selecting a topic are
as under:
First you select a problem/topic in a general area that is related to the area
of your expertise and interest. Second step is to narrow down the general
problem area to make it specific, and researchable.
Formulate a research topic in order to achieve your objective.
Access to the data must be ensured about the topic prior to its finalization.
The topic should be open to methods of research.
The selected topic should be in a field in which there is real need for the
research.
Must keep in mind why the research is important and to whom.
Students need to describe the research context clearly.
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Selection of Study
The students are advised to choose some current issue faced by the organization
in which they are going to conduct their research. Here are some examples of
Applied and basic research issues, the preference should be given to the applied
research.
Applied Research topics
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1. Introduction of study along with its origin, history, Background,
and rationale of the study
2. Broad problem area:
- Area in which researcher has find some specific problem to
carry out his research
3. Statement of the Problem
4. Objectives of the Study
5. Significance of the Study
6. Delimitation
7. Research Hypothesis or Research Question
Chapter 5 Conclusion
1. Findings
2. Conclusion
3. Recommendations
Bibliography / References
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This section begins with a few short introductory paragraphs (couple of pages).
In introduction the context of the research is made clear and choice of the topic is
defended. The relationship between the research problem and the research
objectives must be explained. Introduction section sets the stage for the project
report and puts the topic in perspective. It contains general statements about the
need for this study. It is a brief description of what the project report is all about.
It briefly summarizes the topic and some of the reasons why it is worthwhile to
do research on this specific topic. Introduction is a bird eye view of the answers
to the main questions that will be answered in your research report. The basic
goal of the introduction is to catch the attention of the reader. Key point is that
when you are writing the introduction; put yourself in your readers‟ position.
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research in the same work setting might prevent their research from duplication
of results. The depth of understanding regarding the groups must be clear;
additionally the limitations of your data gathering tool which you have used
must also be discussed in this section of your report. Describe the boundaries of
the study that you determine. Delimitations define the parameters of the
investigation. In academic research the delimitations will frequently deal with
such items as population/sample, treatment(s), setting, and instrumentation.
A sample of this section is given below for you guidance:
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Limitations
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7) Research Hypothesis
According to Leedey and Ormond (2001) “A hypothesis is a logical supposition,
a reasonable guess, an educated conjecture. It provides a tentative explanation
for a phenomenon under investigation. However, hypotheses are not unique to
research. Hypotheses are constantly generated in the human mind as we work to
understand day-to-day phenomena. By formulating a series of reasonable
guesses of cause and effect we are able to understand and explore the events in
our surrounding environment.”
The hypothesis is formulated after observation and the review of preliminary
data prior to the execution of the study. The hypothesis logically follows the
review and it is based on the implications of previous research as it precedes the
study procedure because the entire study is determined by the hypothesis
(including: subject, instruments, design, procedure, analysis and conclusions).
The hypothesis should be logical and testable. Hypotheses are essential for
experimental studies, for co-relational studies and for studies
determining/measuring the impact of one or more variables on other variables.
One of the crucial parts of designing and writing up any research paper is how to
write a hypothesis.
In fact, it is not as difficult as it looks, and if you have followed the steps of the
scientific process and found an area of research and potential research problem,
then you may already have a few ideas. It is just about making sure that you are
asking the right questions and generating your hypothesis statements correctly.
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Questions
Hypothesis
It is not possible to test a hypothesis directly. Instead, you must turn the
hypothesis into a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is created from the
hypothesis by adding the words "no" or "not" to the statement. For example, the
null hypotheses for the three examples would be:
Null Hypotheses
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8) Research Question
The research question must be stated in such a way that these are testable and
answerable. Usually a descriptive research may try to find answers to questions
rather than test hypothesis.
A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually
has an organized pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A
summary is a recap of important information of the area, but a synthesis is a re-
organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new
interpretation to old material or combine new and old interpretations, or it might
trace the intellectual progression in the field, including major debates.
Depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and
advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant, aspects.
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Research Problem
“Impact of Advertisement on Fashion Industry”
Relevant Literature
A consumer preference for brands with a global image, even when quality and
value are not objectively superior, has been proposed as a reason for companies to
consider global brands (Taylor and Raymond, 2000). Therefore, Fashion Company
for such specific consumer segment. For instance, the fashion industry for women
be more knowledgeable about fashion brands (Blyth, 2006), and read more fashion
magazines than male consumers (Putrevu, 2004). This implies that marketers need
fashion magazines that help to create the image of a designer brand name for
fashion goods, such as apparel, accessories, and perfume, and has been used by
many leading firms (Blyth, 2006). Increasingly, some fashion marketers have
discovered that their advertising is directly linked to retail sales and strong retail
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Theoretical Framework
Theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is
based. It is logically developed, described and elaborated network of associations
among the variables relevant to the problem situation.
The theoretical framework should contain the relevant information on the chosen
field of research, based on a study of the theoretical basis of the topic. The more
you are able to introduce new and novel viewpoints and critically evaluate their
relevance, the greater the merit of the work. New ideas and interpretations
ensure that the author‟s own voice can be heard.
One way to construct the theoretical section is to work your way up from
existing studies to your own research problem. Then, at the end of the chapter,
you should put forward more comprehensive reasoning for your own choices,
thus gaining more credibility and strength for your interpretation from the
theoretical discourse of others. If the thesis introduces new research methods, or
uses less-known existing methods, these are introduced separately, either
directly after the theoretical framework or under a new sub-heading. A sample
theoretical frame work for reference is given below:
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Independent Variables
Reward System
Working
Environment
Management
Job Security Policies
Performance
Appraisal
Moderating Variable
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CHAPTER 3
1) Research Methodology
This chapter describes the basic research plan. It indicates the practical way in
which the whole research study/project has been organized. You have to
describe clearly what method will be used during your study for example
documentary research, face to face interviews, and questionnaire. The nature of
the study whether it is exploratory, descriptive and types of the research i.e.
survey, comparative or a case study must be stated.
2) Research Design
Research design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A
design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the
research project - the samples or groups, measures, treatments or programs, and
methods of assignment - work together to address the central research questions.
The term “Research Design” is often used to refer to the pragmatic aspects of the
way the research was conducted. The researcher needs to explain these matters
to the readers. How you plan to carry out the study should be thoroughly
described. Who will be involved, especially the sample and population and
sampling techniques should be clearly stated.
3) Population
It is incumbent on the research to clearly define the target population. Population
refers to the entire group of people, events, or things of interest that the
researcher wishes to investigate. Most research in education and social sciences
involves the collection of data from human beings. The total numbers of
individuals to whom the results of the research are intended to apply constitute
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4) Sampling Technique
Sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the
population. There are two major types of sampling design: Probability and Non-
Probability. Probability sampling includes random sampling, stratified
sampling, multi-stage sampling while non-probability sampling includes
convenient and judgemental sampling. The researcher must give the exact
technique which is used for selection of sample.
5) Sampling Size
A sample is a sub-set of population; it comprises some numbers selected from it.
There are no strict rules to follow, and the researcher must rely on logic and
judgement. A small, but carefully chosen sample can be used to represent the
population. The sample reflects the characteristics of the population from which
it is drawn. It is not possible to collect the data from all individuals of
population for the researcher that is why he/she selects a sample size from the
population which might consist of 100, 150 or 200 etc numbers/elements from
the population.
Representativeness
This is the primary concern in statistical sampling. The sample obtained from the
population must be representative of the same population. This can be
accomplished by using randomized statistical sampling techniques or probability
sampling like cluster sampling and stratified sampling. The reason behind
representativeness being the primary concern in statistical sampling is that it
allows the researcher to draw conclusions for the entire population. If the sample
is not representative of the population, conclusions cannot be drawn since the
results that the researcher obtained from the sample will be different from the
results if the entire population is to be tested.
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Practicability
Sampling Risks
There are two types of sampling risks, first is the risk of incorrect acceptance of
the research hypothesis and the second is the risk for incorrect rejection. These
risks pertain to the possibility that when a test is conducted to a sample, the
results and conclusions may be different from the results and conclusions when
the test is conducted to the entire population.
The risk of incorrect acceptance pertains to the risk that the sample can yield a
conclusion that supports a theory about the population when it is actually not
existent in the population. On the other hand, the risk of incorrect rejection
pertains to the risk that the sample can yield a conclusion that rejects a theory
about the population when in fact, the theory holds true in the population.
Comparing the two types of risks, researchers fear the risk of incorrect rejection
more than the risk of incorrect acceptance. Consider this example; an
experimental drug was tested for its debilitating side effects. With the risk of
incorrect acceptance, the researcher will conclude that the drug indeed has
negative side effects but the truth is that it doesn‟t. The entire population will
then abstain from taking the drug. But with the risk of incorrect rejection, the
researcher will conclude that the drug has no negative side effects. The entire
population will then take the drug knowing that it has no side effects but all of
them will then suffer the consequences of the mistake of the researcher.
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6) Research Tools/Instruments
Once you have selected a topic, you must clearly define the research tools. It
helps if you actually state your topic idea. Research tools are basically
instruments used for collecting the required information from the sampled
population. These instruments include questionnaire, interview, observation,
check list and sometimes documents. Students are required to clearly mention
the scales used for the development of questionnaire in research report proposal.
7) Data Collection
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting
business. A formal data collection process is necessary as it ensures that data
gathered is both defined and accurate and that subsequent decisions based on
arguments embodied in the findings are valid.
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Types of questionnaire:
There are several types of questionnaire and each is designed to explore different
aspects or elicit different responses. Some of the more common include:
These can be used in any combination as long as the questionnaire is not too long
and it is focussed. In the fictitious examples below the data is merely illustrative.
Dichotomous
This is a fairly typical basic type of question, not too intrusive and merely asks
you to answer yes or no. As such it cannot assess the degree of feelings in
between the poles:
Yes
Yes No
Multiple choices
This is a question offering three or more answers - and allows a greater breadth
of response.
How did you first hear about Bank’s web site services?
1. Television
1
2. Radio
3. Newspaper
44. Magazine
5. Internet
6. Other: Please Specify _______________
6
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Importance
In this type of question the respondent is asked to rate the importance of an issue
to them on a scale of 1 to 5
1 2 33 4 5
Bipolar
The question asks for a response to be marked between two opposite ends of the
scale:
Likert
This question examines how strongly the respondent agrees with a statement
and can help assess the feelings of customers towards issues.
1 2 3 44 5
Rating scale
This question type rates the replies in terms of a scale from e.g. poor to first class.
As with all these types of questions it is sometimes necessary to have an even
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number of boxes. To avoid the middle of the road response, commonly taken by
those trying to avoid making a stand.
How would you rate the services of your local branch of national bank?
Buying propensity
Care needs to be taken with these questions as they may reflect wants rather than
needs!
If National Bank of Pakistan offers credit card facility, would you be more likely to avail it?
Definitely Probably
Probably Be unsure Probably Not Definitely Not
1 22 3 4 5
All of the above are quantitative type questions. What they ask is for a response
within pre-defined parameters that allows input into spreadsheets and hard
analysis. Although this facilitates the input into data analysis sheets and
subsequent number crunching - the respondent is not allowed to say what they
think. They can only answer the question by marking the pre-designated boxes.
Qualitative questions can allow more freedom for answers but are much harder
to analyze as each respondent will use his/her own words. Often the question
will be couched along the lines of:
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Describe in your own words your opinion of National Bank‟s local branch.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
This has the advantage that the respondent can say what s/he likes, which can
yield very interesting information that might not have been thought of at design
phase; but on the other side, that s/he can also respond in an unlimited and often
unconstructive manner, making analysis much harder. Whichever question types
are used they must always be designed with the express intention of:
Results of your research must be presented clearly and concisely. Tables and
figures should be correctly presented. Results must be discussed in terms of your
research topic and objectives. There should be a relationship between results,
problem statement, literature review and your research objective.
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References:
Students make a great mistake in referencing. The uniformity of referencing style
in a single draft of research report is always ignored by the students. It is
therefore strongly recommended all over the world to use APA referencing style
for all the references use in your text and in bibliography. A detailed guide has
been given in Appendix of this research manual for students‟ guidance.
PLAGIARISM
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Plagiarism is defined as “taking and using the thoughts, writings and inventions of another
person as one‟s own” (Concise Oxford Dictionary). Web based encyclopedia (Wikipedia)
explains that within academia, plagiarism by students, professors or researchers is
considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud and offenders are subject to
academic censure. For professors and researchers, who are supposed to be role models
for their students, plagiarism is a very serious offence and is punishable by sanctions
ranging from suspension to termination along with the loss of credibility and integrity.
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Applicability
Reporting
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Depending upon the seriousness of the offence the committee will advise the
competent authority to take one or a combination of the following disciplinary
actions against the offender:
Major Penalty
In severe cases where most of the paper or key results have been exactly copied
without giving the reference to the original work then a major penalty of;
a) Dismissal from service need to be prescribed along with
b) The offender may be black listed and may not be eligible for employment in
any academic/research organization and
c) The notification of black listed may be publicized in print media or different
websites at the discretion of Vice Chancellor.
Moderate Penalty
In case where some paragraphs including some key results have been copied, a
moderate penalty of a) demotion to next lower grade, b) black listing of the
guilty may be published at the discretion of the Vice Chancellor.
Minor Penalty
If only few paragraphs have been copied from an external source without giving
reference to that work, a minor penalty of a) warning, b) freezing of all research
grants for a specified period, c) promotions/annual increments may be stopped,
d) HEC or the University may debar the offender from sponsorship of research
funding, travel grant, supervision of Ph.D. students, scholarships, fellowship or
any other funded program for a period deemed appropriate by the “Plagiarism
Standing Committee”.
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The research reports vary considerably for example a research report based on
qualitative data may require longer data presentation and analysis rather than
research report based on quantitative data. The length of the research project
report shall not be less than 18,000 – 20, 000 words.
The final project report should be submitted in spiral and the sequence /
arrangement of the report is as follow:
1) Chapter 1 (Introduction)
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Study
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TITLE PAGE
Title page must have the research topic, name of the researcher, roll number,
registration number, submitted to, month and year on which s/he submitted the
draft of synopsis and final project report, and address (student) must be written.
See Appendix A.
ABSTRACT
The abstract is the most crucial part of the report because anybody searching for
your research on a database or in a journal will usually read only the abstract.
Therefore, it must summarize your research, results and conclusions in less than
200 words.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It should be brief and must not exceed one page.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This section and is merely a breakdown of sections and subsections by page
number. For a short and straightforward paper it may not be necessary to
include a contents page. But this is mandatory for a research report.
Provide list of all the chapters and subchapters of your research report. Use of
application software (MS Word) can make this very easy for you and the reader
of the research report. Please give roman numbers to preliminary pages and
chapter 1 would be the page no.1.
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See appendix H.
LIST OF TABLES
The list of tables‟ along with page numbers should exactly the same captions as
they appear in the text, so, that the reader of the report can find easily.
LIST OF FIGURES
This list should also use exactly the same captions as they appear in the text, also
mention page numbers.
CHAPTERS
Each chapter should be given an appropriate title, and the chapter number and
chapter name should be in CAPS, Bold with 16 Font. Tables and figures in a
chapter should be placed accordingly.
APPENDICES
Most reports have at least one appendix section to allow you to include data,
figures and calculations without breaking the flow of the main body of the
report. Most researchers reading your report will not be too interested in the
exact details, only the results. The appendix, however, allows somebody
interested in your results to check your research more thoroughly. Appendices
should be numbered e.g. Appendix A, B, and C etc. List of appendices may be
provided after list of figures.
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GRAPHS
Graphs are one of the easiest ways to display your results and findings in an easy
to understand format. Any graphs should take up a full page and be numbered
as diagrams 1, 2 etc. They should be referred to by these descriptions in the body
of the text. Graphs are not essential to the research paper format, but help you
present your main points. Where relevant, graphs should include any error bars
so that anybody reading your report can quickly see the degrees of significance
of your results. If you don't know what an error bar is, don't worry about this.
Graphs are best kept as simple as possible and, in the computer age, should be
drawn with one of the many software programs available.
You should not lose credit for using traditional pen and paper, but most
universities and schools will teach you how to utilize computer spreadsheet
applications and the saving in time and effort is worthwhile.
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You will be required to abide by the following format and style as specified by
the Department.
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Appendix - A
TITLE
Font: Times New Roman
Size: TOPIC 24 bold CAPS
STUDENT‟S NAME 18 bold CAPS
Name of the Dept. 16 bold
Name of the University 18 bold
Spine 2”
Name Title of the Project report
- level
TITLE OF THE
PROJECT
STUDENT’S NAME
1½” 1”
- Year
Department of _________
Allama Iqbal Open University
5 cm Year
blank
space
1”
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Appendix - B
Font: Times New Roman
Size: Chapter Headings 16 bold CAPS
Headings 14 bold CAPS
Sub-headings 14 bold
Text 12
Alignment Justified or Indented
Spacing Double
Paraphrasing Either indent or don‟t but consistent
(Do not italicize or underline the headings of sub-headings.)
2”
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW
point of view.
1”
Appendix - C
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ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP
I, Roll No.
Registration No. A student of COL
Program in Allama Iqbal Open University, solemnly declare that my Project
Report entitled
Is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person. This report is not submitted already and shall not be submitted
in future for obtaining a degree from same or another University or Institution. If
it is found to be copied/plagiarized at later stage of any student enrolled in the
same or any other university, I shall be liable to face legal action before Unfair
Mean committee (UMC), as per AIOU/HEC Rules and Regulations, and I
understand that if I am found guilty, my degree will be cancelled.
Signature
Name:
Programme:
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Appendix – D
CERTIFICATE (from supervisor)
_________________________
Name
Date: _________________
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Appendix – E
ABSTRACT
The researcher in this thesis intended to study the effects of advertisements on Consumer‟s
behaviour and tried to identify the components in the advertisements that affect the
consumer behaviour.
Advertisements are messages that inform us about different things. We daily watch
numerous advertisements of consumer goods, places, services, hotels, books, food, clothes
etc. They provide the path to a company so that it can bring it offering into limelight.
Advertisement is everywhere in our daily life. When we pick newspaper we can see it there,
if we tune into a radio we can hear advertisement there, if we switch on the TV we can watch
the advertisement there as well. If we are on a drive we can notice huge billboards along the
road side. Ads are not just to glitter and glamour; they in fact carry intended messages,
which directly or indirectly work as persuasive communication.
In first chapter titled Introduction of Report shows the basic information about the project
such a background of the study, purpose of study, statement of the problem, research
question and delimitations.
The second chapter titled the Literature Review describes theories, historical background,
categories, functioning and types of advertising, also a brief introduction and history of
Proctor and Gamble (The Organization).
The third chapter includes research methodology, research design, sampling and data
collection.
The fourth chapter includes the data analysis and its interpretation.
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Title i.
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Certificate v
Declaration vi
CHAPTTER 1 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 2
1.3 HISTORICAL BACK GROUND OF STUDY 2
1.4 CATEGORIES OF ADVERTISING 2
1.4.1 Immediate Action 4
1.4.2 Awareness 8
1.4.3 Image 9
CHAPTER-2 10
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.2 ADVERTISEMENT 17
2.2.1 Paid Form 20
2.2.2 Non-Personal Presentation 24
2.2.3 Ideas, Goods, and Services 39
2.2.4 An Identified Sponsor 51
CHAPTER – 3 52
1.1 POPULATION 53
1.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 56
1.3 SAMPLE SIZE 58
1.4 PROBLEM FACED 60
1.5 USES OF COMPUTER APPLICATION 75
CHAPTER – 4 76
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETTATION 77
4.1 Demographic Information of Respondents 78
4.1.1 Gender of the Respondents 79
4.1.2 Cross-tabulation of Gender with Age of Respondents 87
4.1.3 Cross-tabulation of Gender with Qualification of 93
Respondents
CHAPTER – 5 94
5.1 FINDINGS 95
5.2 CONCLUSION 99
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 102
Bibliography 105
Appendices 107
Appendix A 108
Appendix B 109
53
Muhammad Idrees 0300 6719422 | idreesiub7@gmail.c om
APA Citation
End Note X1
Books In-Text Example Reference List Example (which reference
type?)
Single author The theory was first propounded in 1993 Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: Mitchell Beazley. Book
(Comfort, 1997, p. 58)
OR
Comfort (1997, p. 58) claimed that…
2 authors Madden and Hogan (1997, p.17)…. Madden, R., & Hogan, T. (1997). The definition of Book
OR disability in Australia: Moving towards national
“… to achieve consistency” (Madden consistency. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health
& Hogan, 1997, p. 45). and Welfare.
3, 4 or 5 authors Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, and Guerin, W. L., Labor, E., Morgan, L., Reesman, J. C., & Book
Willingham (2005, p. 6) found … Willingham, J. R. (2005). A handbook of critical
Cite all authors the first time approaches to literature. New York: Oxford
the reference occurs. University Press.
6 or more authors (Rodgers et al., 1996, p. 35) Rodgers, P., Smith, K., Williams, D., Conway, L., Book
Robinson, W., Franks, F., et al. (2002). The way
forward for Australian libraries. Perth: Wombat
Press.
No author (Employment the Professional Way, Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding Book
2000) the Australian job search process for
OR professionally qualified migrants. (2000). Carlton,
the book Employment the Professional Victoria: Australian Multicultural Foundation.
Way (2000)
Multiple works by University research (Brown, 1982, 1988) Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn group. Book
same author has indicated that… Rockhampton: Central Queensland University.
Multiple works In recent reports (Napier, 1993a, 1993b) Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Book
published in the …
same year by the Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
same author Use a/b etc. to differentiate between
works in same year. Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.
Editor (Kastenbaum, 1993, p. 51) Kastenbaum, R. (Ed.). (1993). Encyclopedia of Edited Book
adult development. Phoenix: Oryx Press.
Different Editions (Renton, 2004, p. 51) Renton, N. (2004). Compendium of good writing (3rd ed.). Book
Milton: John Wiley & Sons.
54
Muhammad Idrees 0300 6719422 | idreesiub7@gmail.c om
Article or chapter (“Solving the Y2K Problem,” 1997) Solving the Y2K problem. (1997). In D. Bowd (Ed.), Book Section
in a book – Technology today and tomorrow (p. 27). New York:
no author Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Brochure (Research and Training Centre, 1993, p. Research and Training Centre on Independent Living. (1993). Book
2) Guidelines for reporting and writing about people
th (put Author in
with disabilities (4 ed.) [Brochure].
Publisher)
Melbourne: Author.
You will need to
The word „Author‟ is used as the publisher when
manually type
the author and publisher are the same.
[Brochure] after
the title.
E-book (Pettinger, 2002, p. 45) Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organizations. Oxford: Electronic Book
Capstone
Publishing. Retrieved September 28, 2004, (put September 28, 2004 in the
from Date Accessed field, NetLibrary
NetLibrary database. in Name of Database.)
Thesis (Jones, 1998, p. 89) Jones, F. (1998). The mechanism of Bayer residue Thesis
flocculation. PhD Thesis. Curtin University
of Technology. Retrieved December 21, (put PhD Thesis in Thesis
2005, from Curtin University of Technology Type, December 21, 2005 in
Digital Theses. Access Date, Curtin
University of Technology
Digital Theses in URL.)
Conference (Cutler, Frolich, & Hanrahan, Cutler, L. D., Frolich, B., & Hanrahan, P. (1997, Conference Proceeding
Proceeding 1997) January 16). Two-handed direct manipulation
OR on the responsive workbench. Paper presented (put 1997, January 16 in
As discussed by Cutler, Frolich at the 1997 Symposium on Interactive 3D Year of Conference, Two-
and Graphics, Stanford, CA. Retrieved June 12, handed direct manipulation
Hanrahan (1997) 2000, from ProQuest 5000 database. on the responsive
workbench in Title, 1997
Symposium on Interactive
3D Graphics in Conference
Name, Stanford, CA in
Conference Location, June
12, 2000 in Access Date,
ProQuest 5000 in Name of
Database.)
Image in a book The poster “The 3 dark years” Sexton, M. (2005). The great crash: The short life Book
(Sexton, and sudden death of the Whitlam
2005, p. 184) government. Melbourne: Scribe
Publications.
End Note X1 (which reference
Print Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example
type?)
Article As mentioned by Wharton Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in Journal Article
(1996)… outdoor activity centres. Journal of
OR Adventure Education and Outdoor
“… when abseiling” (Wharton, Leadership, 12(4), 8-9.
1996, p.
Article – no author 8).
It‟s a growing Anorexia nervosa. (1969). British Medical Journal, Journal Article
problem in the U.K. 1, 529-530.
(“Anorexia Nervosa,”
1969)…
Newspaper article (Towers, 2000) Towers, K. (2000, January 18). Doctor not at fault: Coroner. Newspaper Article
The Australian, p. 3.
Newspaper article – (“Rate Rise,” 2005) Rate rise scares new home buyers away. (2005, April 29). Newspaper Article
no author Sydney Morning Herald, p. 35.
55
Muhammad Idrees 0300 6719422 | idreesiub7@gmail.c om
Press release (Watersmith, 2000) Watersmith, C. (2000, March 1). BHP enters new era, Report
[Press release]. Melbourne: BHP Limited.
(put 2000, March 1
in the Year field,
Press release in
Report Number,
BHP Limited in
Institution.)
Electronic End Note X1 (which
In-Text Example Reference List Example
Journals reference type?)
Full text from an (Madden, 2002) Madden, G. (2002). Internet economics and policy: an Journal Article
electronic database OR Australian perspective. Economic Record, 78,
As Madden (2002) states… 343-58. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from
ABI/INFORM Global database.
Full text from an The Internet has had a huge Internet economics and policy: an Australian perspective. Journal Article
electronic database impact on (2002). Economic Record, 78, 343-58. Retrieved
– no author the Australian economy (“Internet October 16, 2002, from ABI/INFORM Global
Economics”, 2002)… database.
Full text newspaper, (“WA Packed,” 2004) WA packed with overseas appeal. (2004, November 12). Newspaper Article
newswire or The West Australian, p. 47. Retrieved November 13, 2004, (put November 13,
magazine from from Factiva database. 2004 in the Access Date
an electronic field, Factiva in Name
database – no of Database.)
author
Full text from (Sopensky, 2002) Sopensky, E. (2002). Ice rink becomes hot business. Austin Electronic Article
Internet Business Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2002,
from (put October 16,
http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/1 2002 in the Date
0/14/ smallb1.html Accessed field,
http://www.bizjour
nals.com/austin/
stories/2002/10/14/
smallb1.html in
Database.)
Article from (Davidhizar & Dowd, Davidhizar, R., & Dowd, S. B. (1997). The art of giving an Journal Article
Curtin 1997) effective presentation. Health Care Supervisor, 15(3),
E-Reserve 25-31. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from Curtin (put October 16, 2002 in the Access
University of Technology Library E-Reserve. Date field, Curtin University of
Technology Library E-Reserve in
Type of Article.)
Cochrane (Bunn, Byrne & Kendall, Bunn, F., Byrne, G., & Kendall, S. (2004, July 19). Journal Article
Review 2004) Telephone consultation and triage: Effects on health
care use and patient satisfaction. Cochrane Database (put 2004, July 19 in the Year field,
of Systematic Reviews, 2004(3), Article CD004180. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Retrieved February 11, 2005, from The Cochrane Reviews in Journal, Article
Library Database. CD004180 in Pages.)
World Wide
In-Text Example Reference List Example End Note X1 (which reference type?)
Web
Document on “It‟s essential you learn Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & Grey-Smith, S. Web Page
WWW how to reference” (2002). „S’
(Dawson, Smith, Deubert Trek 6: Referencing, not plagiarism. (use Access Date & URL
& Grey-Smith, Retrieved October 31, 2002, from fields for retrieved
2002). http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/ statement)
56
Muhammad Idrees 0300 6719422 | idreesiub7@gmail.c om
Document on (Leafy Seadragons, 2001) Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons. (2001). Web Page
WWW – No Retrieved November 13, 2002, from
author http://www.windspeed.net.au/~jenny/sea (use Access Date & URL fields
dragons/ for retrieved statement)
Document on (Royal Institute of British Royal Institute of British Architects (n.d.). Shaping Web Page
WWW – No Architects, n.d.) the future: Careers in architecture. Retrieved May 31,
date 2005, from http://www.careersinarchitecture.net/ (put Royal Institute of British
Architects in the Author field, n.d. in
Year, use Access Date & URL fields
for retrieved statement
Image on the The image of the wasp Wasps, hornets and yellowjackets [Image] (n.d.). Web Page
web (Wasps, hornets and Retrieved November 28, 2005, from
yellowjackets, n.d.) http://www.laters.com/ Type [Image] manually after the
insects/hornets.htm title.
Australian (Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1999). Disability, ageing Report
Bureau 1999) and carers: Summary of findings (No.4430.0).
of Statistics from Canberra, Aus- tralian Capital Territory: Author. (put No. 4430.0 in the
AusStats Retrieved October 14, Accession Number
2002, from AusStats database. field, October 14,
2002 in Access Date,
AusStats in Name of
Database)
Census Informa- (Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Census of Report
tion 2001) population and housing: B01 selected
characteristics (First release (use Access Date &
processing) postal area 6050. Retrieved November 20, Name of Database
2002, from AusStats database. fields for retrieved
statement)
57
Muhammad Idrees 0300 6719422 | idreesiub7@gmail.c om
Government (Resource Assessment Commission, Resource Assessment Commission. (1991). Forest and Report
Report 1991) timber enquiry: Draft report (No. 1). Canberra:
Australian Government Publishing Service. (put No. 1 in the Accession
Number field, Australian
Government Publishing
Service in Institution)
Patent U.S. Patent No. 4554399 (1985) Cookson, A. H. (1985). Particle trap for compressed gas Patent
insulated transmission system. U.S. Patent
4554399. (put Cookson, A. H. in
Inventor, U.S. Patent
4554399 in Patent
Standard (Standards Australia, 1997) Standards Australia. (1997). Size coding scheme for Number)
Report
infants' and children's clothing - Underwear and
outerwear (AS (put AS 1182-1997 in the
1182-1997). Retrieved January 10, 2006, from Accession Number field,
Standards January 10, 2006 in
Australia Online database. Access Date, Standards
Australia Online in Name
of Database.
Secondary EndNote X1 (which
In-Text Examples Reference List Examples
Sources reference type?)
Book … including neuralgia (Carini and Thibodeau, G. A. & Patton, K. T. (Eds.). (2002).The human Book
Hogan, body in health and disease. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.
as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002, (Carini and Hogan as
p.45) Record the book that you actually used. cited in…) will need to be
OR added manually in the
Carini and Hogan‟s study (as cited in in- text citation.
Thibodeau & Patton, 2002, p. 45)
Journal article Carini and Hogan‟s study (as cited in Patton, K. T. (2002). Neuralgia and headaches. Science, 400, Journal Article
Patton, 2002) 2153-55.
OR (Carini and Hogan as
“… origins of neuralgia” (Carini Record the journal that you actually used. cited in…) will need to be
and Ho- gan, as cited in Patton, added manually in the
2002, p. 2154) in- text citation.
EndNote X1 (which
Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example
reference type?)
Personal It was confirmed that an outbreak Not included in reference list as they cannot be traced by Enter in-text citation
Communicatio occurred in London (S. Savieri, the reader. manually.
n, e-mail and personal communication, April 24,
discussion lists 1999).
with no web
archive
Films and (Scorsese & Lonergan, 2000) Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). Film or Broadcast
videorecordings (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United
States: Paramount Pictures. (put Scorsese, M and
Lonergan, K in the
Director field,
Writer/Director in
Alternate Title, Motion
picture in Medium,
United States in
Country, Paramount
Pictures in Distributor)
You will need to
edit the citation in
your Word
document to add
(Producer)
58
Muhammad Idrees 0300 6719422 | idreesiub7@gmail.c om
Television and (Crystal, 1993) Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The Film or Broadcast
radio MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast].
programmes New (put Crystal, L. in the
York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Director field,
Service. Executive Producer in
Alternate Title,
October 11 in Date
Released, Television
broadcast in Medium,
New York and
Washington DC in
Country, Public
Broadcasting Service
in Distributor)
Podcast (Seega & Swan, 2005) Seega, B. (Producer) & Swan, N. (Presenter). (2005, Film or Broadcast
November 28). Adult ADHD [Podcast radio
programme]. Sydney: ABC Radio National. (put the producer and
Retrieved November 29, presenters‟ names in
2005, from Director, 2005,
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/ November 28 in Year,
Sydney in Country,
ABC Radio National in
Distributor, Podcast
radio programme in
Medium, Presenter in
Alternative Title,
November 29, 2005 in
Access Date,
http://www.abc.net.au/r
n/talks/8.30/ helthrpt/
in URL.
ERIC Davis and Lombardi Davis, R. K., & Lombardi, T. P. (1996). The quality of life of rural Generic
document (1996) put forward the high school special education graduates. In Rural goals
(microfiche) proposal that… 2000: Building programs that work [Microfiche]. (put Rural goals 2000: Building
(ERIC Document No. ED394765). programs that work in
Secondary Title, Microfiche
in the Type of Work field,
ERIC Document No.
ED394765 in Publisher)
E-mail (Little, 2002) Little, L. (2002, April 16). Two new policy briefs. Message posted Web Page
discussion to ECPOLICY electronic mailing list, archived at
list – web http://www.askeric.org/ Virtual (put 2002, April 16 in the Year
archive Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/ field, Message posted to
Msg00003.html ECPOLICY electronic mailing
list, archived at
http://www.askeric.org/VirtualL
istserv_Ar
chives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2
002/Msg0
0003.html in Access Year.)
It is very important that you check the assignment guide for your Department or School as some details, e.g.
punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's
requirements
59