Location Ape Features Human Toolbox

Features
sahelanthropus Chad, Africa Small brain, Small canines,
tchadensis 7-6 MYA sloping face, likely bipedal;
prominent ventral foramen
brow bone, long magnum
skull
Orrorin Kenya, Africa Long fingers for Femur bones;
tugenesis 6.2-5.6 MYA brachiating, bipedal
frugivorous/
granivorous
teeth
Ardipithicus Ethiopia, Africa Brachiating Flat foot for
ramidus (“Ardi”) 4.5- 4.3 MYA hands and walking
arms,
opposable toe
Australopithecus Tanzania, Long fingers Arched foot;
afarensis Ethiopia, Kenya and arms, long fully bipedal,
(“Lucy”) 3.7-3 MYA face sexual
dimorphism,
small canines
Paranthropus Tanzania, Broad teeth, Bipedal, sexual Stone tools
Ethiopia, Kenya large sagittal dimorphism,
2.7-1.3 MYA crest larger brain size
Homo Habilis South Africa Long arms, Larger brain, Oldowan
2.5-1.5 MYA slightly smaller face and toolbox, stone
prognathic face teeth, language, tools
culture
Homo ergaster/ Africa and Asia Larger brain, Acheulian,
erectus 1.9-0.5 MYA longer legs, small axes,
nomadism, stone flakes
good runners
(hair loss), fire
use; culture and
language
development,
elderly care,
cooperative
hunters; drove
many species to
extinction
Homo sapiens Africa Cooperative Composite tools
200, 000- 130, hunters, art,
000 YA culture
 Homo Middle East, Prominent face, Really big Mousterian
neanderthalensis Europe worn teeth, brains, culture; style, no fishing
200, 000- 28, large nose burials/ tools, copied
000 YA decorations, human tools,
lived in caves darts, spears
Homo Flores Island Small brain Dwarfism on Stone tools
floresienses 95, 000- 75, island; lack of
(“The Hobbit”) 000 YA resources and
predators