freshhh2012 MOiL Tycoon

Game Rules

About the games

The game is a turn-based strategic game, aiming to imitate reality as much as possible. However it still contains several
simplifications to make the game easier to understand and more entertaining to play.

Game concept
You are the managers of a well-established oil company with a diversified upstream and downstream portfolio continuously
seeking new upstream opportunities to replace the reserves and the production, as well as to improve the efficiency of your
refineries.

Freshhhfield had decided to open its oil industry to international players recently, due to a lack of funds for putting into
production the sizeable discoveries made by the National Oil Company of Freshhhfield. Several companies entered the First
International Bidround of Freshhhfield which resulted in a significant increase of production and oil export levels of the country.
Your company owns four oil fields in Freshhhfield. Thanks to the success of the international bid round, Freshhhfield’s two
neighbouring countries, Freshhhia and Freshhhrock have also opened up and the three countries formed the Oil Producer
Fresshian Countries – OPFC Area. Thanks to your long-lasting successful international track record and your presence in
Freshhhfield you are one of the few companies invited to operate in the OPFC Area. The upstream industry has a long history
in Freshhhia and Freshhhrock as well, however most discovered fields could not be developed due to the lack of funds in these
closed economies in recent decades. The primary objective of OPFC countries is to find operators who commit themselves
to efficiently developing and producing the already discovered hydrocarbon fields. Therefore no exploration licenses will be
granted, and you can only bid for discovered fields. You are delegated exclusively to the management of the OPFC Area
portfolio, and you don’t have to deal with other assets of the company. Nevertheless you have access only to the free funds of
your own portfolio to acquire new opportunities here.

Your aim is to prove that you are the best managers by maximizing the cash generation of your company’s Freshhhian
upstream portfolio by creating value added with both upstream and downstream operations.

You start the upstream game with F$ (Freshhh Dollar) 500 million of cash at hand. You will also receive 500 million F$ for
downstream operations.

Timing
Contestants are going to play for 18 turns. 1 turn in the game means 24 hours in the real world, so in every 24 hours, there is
going to be a turn change.

(GMT 12:00 next round – financial accounting and the effects of decision-making only show when a turn change occurs)

Playing the game

In each turn you will be offered the chance to acquire oil fields in the OPFC Area (5 fields per turn until turn 10, 6 fields in turn
eleven and 0 fields thereafter). Each license will be offered only once. Specific geological, fiscal and economic data and the
price of the fields will also be rendered. With the help of this information you will have to evaluate the fields and purchase
them if you have sufficient amount of funds and – of course – the opportunity is prospective enough. Your funds are scarce so
don’t waste them on low return projects. If the IRR of a project is just a few percents, it might be better to wait for more suitable
opportunities.

After the purchase your task will be to work out and fulfil a field development program on the field.

Your performance and the final scoring is based on the cash generated your company’s Freshhhian portfolio. We will also take
into consideration and evaluate the effects of your decisions made in the final turn. (By running a 19th turn automatically without
the opportunity to make any decisions right at the end of the game.)

You can see country specific information or elect the lincenses in the Locator. By selecting an active license area a list of input
data will appear (for details see Inputs section) and you can also acquire or go to the selected field.
When you successfully sign an agreement, you will be navigated to another screen where the map of the license area will
appear. Here you will find 4 panels/ buttons:

Field detailsshows the wells and facilities in operation and under construction and the field’s production performance

1
 Financial dataindicates the main financial results relating to the given license area

Developmentpanel contains facilities that can be constructed. For detailed information about building, please see
section “Field Development, facilities and costs”.

Abandon fieldbutton shall be used if the player wants to stop the operation of a field.

Selling the produced hydrocarbons

Crude oil

The oil quantity that leaves the license area is sold on the average international market price at the end of the year. Note that
there can be several bottlenecks of oil sales. (See the facilities section for details.)

Natural gas

The associated natural gas is used for power generation, or transferred to the government for free, according to the license
agreements in force in the OPFC area. (This is done automatically; the teams do not have to deal with gas at all.)

Fiscal regime
If the teams want to plan their revenues precisely, they have to model the fiscal regime of the license agreements as well.
Each country has its own tax regime but they are quite similar. The OPFC countries use simple royalty system. According to
the regulations a single tax is levied on the oil revenue of the company. For the tax rates of the countries please see the table
below.

Tax rates
Freshhhfield 70%
Freshhhia 75%
Freshhhrock 80%

Funding
You have a revolving credit facility at 10% interest rate. You can use this credit facility to finance up to 60% of your investments
performed to put the fields owned by your company into production. In the meantime you cannot use the credit to acquire new
fields. If you exceed the 60% limit on any of your investments, the penalty interest will be 30%.

Inputs & miscellaneous rules

The following data will be provided for each field.

Field data

Depth [ft] reservoirdepth

API° API
gravity

Rsi [scf / bbl] Gas-Oil Ratio

Area [acre] Areaofthefield

Average thickness [ft] Average thickness of the reservoir

Porosity [%] Porosityofthereservoirrock

Heff/H 1/1 Theratioofeffectiveandaveragethickness

Initial water saturation [%] Initial water saturation in the reservoir

Permeability [md] Permeabilityof thereservoirrock

Distance from main road [miles] In case a CPU is built, its distance from the closest main road

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 Distance from main train line [miles] In case a CPU is built, its distance from the closest main rail line

In case a CPU is built, its distance from the closest main hydrocarbon
transportation pipeline

Distance from main pipeline [miles]

Furthermore, information on the country in which the field is located, will also be granted. These data are constant throughout
the game. These are the following:
Country data

Averagetemperature [F°] averageatmospherictemperature

Geothermal gradient [F°/1000 ft] average geothermal gradient

OPEX and CAPEX levels are somewhat different in the countries you
OPEX parameter operate

CAPEX parameter

Government take The % of the generated oil revenue withdrawn by the government

There are some technical parameters which are constant regardless of the country or field. These are:

Constants

Atmosphericpressure 14.7psia
0.037463
Methane density pound / cubic ft

Well diameter 0.29 ft the diameter of the well sections that cross the reservoir

Oil price varies throughout the game. In the first period the price is F$ (Freshhh Dollar) 100 /bbl.

Evaluation of fields – production curve

Before purchasing a development concession you will need to evaluate it. To do this, you have to calculate the oil in place, the
recoverable reserves and finally the production profile while also considering the necessary investment, operating costs and
taxes. The recoverable reserve size (i.e. the recovery ratio) and the production profile are dependent on your field development
scheme. (Please see next section for detailed information on field development.) Note that the fields are developed with
pressure maintenance technology and ESPs (electronic submersible pumps) are used at each production wells.

With the above specified data set and with the use of the Vasquez and Beggs (1980) formula, you can calculate - the
Bubble point pressure, the Oil formation volume factor, and the Original reserve for undersaturated reservoir.

Following that, OOIP – Original Oil In Place can be calculated

During the Recoverable Reserve calculation, use

Beggs and Robinson (1975) for the oil viscosity calculation

McCain (1991) for the water viscosity calculation

For estimation of the recovery factor with pressure maintenance technology please use the correlation issued in API
Bulletin D14 (1967)

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 The production is separated into two phases, waterless production and production with water. The total liquid
(water+oil) production level of a field with a given well network is constant in the entire life of a field (without taking
into consideration the bottlenecks of the surface infrastructure) but watercut of the production changes in time. For the
calculation of the production profile you may use the following formulas:

For waterless production portion

(from sensitivity calculation made by numerical simulation)

Wlp= waterless (till 1% of water contain) production portion of the total production

Wlp=0.6047-0.035*log(μo/μw)+0.02861*log(Wd)-0.0342*log(h)+0.06*(heff/h)-0.0067*log(k)

where;

(Wd) Well distance interval = 2000 < distance between the injectors and producers < 10000 [ft]

Reservoir total thickness interval (h) = 40 < thickness < 300 [ft]

Permeability interval = 1 < k < 1000 [mD]

Over (or below) the limits the maximal (minimal) limit value have to be used

ROOIP in the waterless production phase =ROOIP*Wlp* Sp, where

Sp= Scheme parameter, a correction factor depending on the injection well pattern:

At five point system (producer -injector ratio = 1) Sp=1

At seven or four point system (producer -injector ratio = 2) Sp=0.9

At nine point system (producer -injector ratio = 3) Sp=0.8

Sp can be calculated directly from the final producer-injector rate for a middle point

When the produced oil amount in the waterless production phase exceeds ROOIP*Wlp* Sp, the waterless phase alters to
production with water phase.

In production with water phase

For Field level Water Oil Ratio prediction use Timmermann (1971) formula, where;

Np= cumulative oil production [bbl], its domain: ROOIPWlp > Np > ROOIP

a, b = reservoir specific constants, can be determined from the first and last point of the curve

1st point (starting of the water production) WC=1%, Np=ROOIPWlp

2nd point (end of potential production) WC=99%, Np= ROOIP

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For well level estimations you may use the following equations

Average producer productivity equation:

, where

qf = qo+qw [bbl/d]
re=drainage radius [ft]

rw= wellbore radius [ft]

Estimationof the average injector final productivity:

, where

Kw= average water permeability (assumed to be equal to k)

rei = middle distances between the injectors and producers

As the game itself, the model for the estimation of the production of a field should also be built using 1 year long periods.

Field Development, facilities and costs

To bring up the precious oil from the depths of the earth, you will need to develop the field. For this purpose, producer and
injector wells are needed as well as a well-designed surface facility. The design of the transportation capability is also your task.

For a well-functioning field development program you need to focus on the produced amount, the capacities of the equipment
(bottleneck effect) and the timing of your development. Both the production and injection capacity, as well as the surface
processing or transportation capacity can be the bottleneck in the system. Also, according to the rules of OPFC, the daily oil
production of a field cannot be greater than one third of its storage capacity. It is important to optimise the number of wells and
capacity of the surface infrastructure to make the operation of the field as efficient as possible.

Before starting the field development you have to take into account that

The granted concession rights are valid for 20 years or turns.

All fields need to be developed with pressure maintenance technology.

For security reasons the maximal drawdown pressure at water injector wells is 1500 psia.

In the Developmentpanel you will find the facilities that can be constructed (Producer well, Injector well, Oil processing train,
Storage tanker, Road, Rail and Pipeline transportation units). By clicking on Development credit button, you can see the
CAPEX of the units to be construced.

You can select the number of units (in case of wells), or the capacity (in case of other facilities). When you have set the desired
number or capacity of all the facilities, you may select Accept. Keep in mind that there are certain limitations for the construction
of production facilities.

Note that in one turn you are only able to access the build panel once. That means that you have one opportunity in each turn to
decide what facilities are to be constructed.

Limits for players' inputs

Maximum unit/ Step/interval on Maximum pieces/
capacity built in the slider capacity built per
period concession
Production wells+Injector
wells piece 10 1 N/A
Oilprocessingtrain bbl/d 50,000 1,000 4trains*

5
Storagetanker bbl 150,000 1,000 tanks*
6
Exportroute
road
- bbl/d 50,000 1,000 50,000
Exportrouterail
- bbl/d 100,000 1,000 100,000
Exportroute-pipeline bbl/d 500,000 1,000 500,000
* Note: The number of units is maximised not the capacity.

It can happen that the revenues of a field will not cover the OPEX and the taxes payable for the given field. In this case you can
abandon the field at zero charge in each period. However, you cannot abandon a field if there are ongoing construction works
within its perimeters.

Below you will find a summary of the different equipment and facilities that could be developed and the cost-functions of the
CAPEX and OPEX related to them.

CAPEX is charged when the construction order is given (except for Oil Processing train). When the Processing train is being
constructed the first part of the CAPEX is charged on the spot while the remaining parts are charged at the beginning of the
following turns.Facilities start the operation in the turn following the construction except for the Processing train that is in
operation from the 3rd year following the start of construction.

Production wells are the elemental tools of oil mining. CAPEX of one unit depends on the depth to be drilled and geological
factors. The construction costs contain the installation of ESP (Electrical Submersible Pump), pipelines connecting to the
CPU (Central Processing Station) and other well site infrastructure. As pressure maintenance technology is used for field
development, injector wells must also be drilled Injector wells are fed by the water of nearby rivers and lakes. Significant part
of operational costs of wells connected to the amount of liquid produced, however the regular maintenance of wells requires
notable financials as well. Capital and operational costs for producer and injector wells for can be calculated as follows:.

Production well
CAPEX - fix Production or injector wells drilled in period [#] * USD 5 mln/well

CAPEX - variable Production or injector wells drilled in period [#] * USD 0.2 mln/1000 ft * Reservoir depth [1000feet]^1.5

OPEX - fix Production or injector wells in operation [#] * USD 0.25 mln/well/year

OPEX - variable Produced or injected liquid amount [MMbbl/year]^0.8 * USD 0.3 mln/MMbbl

Oil processing train or CPU is the heart of each oil field. Their main task is to transform the produced raw oil into a transportable
and marketable quality product. The construction of an oil processing train takes 3 years. CAPEX emerges as follows: in the
first year 30%, in the second year 50%, in the third year 20% of total cost. As evident as it is the construction cost depends on
the capacity of the unit, with significant initial investment. The OPEX of the unit is also related to the maximal capacity. One
processing train can be built in each period (until reaching 4 trains) of which the minimal capacity is 1,000 bbl/day while the
maximal capacity is 50,000 bbl/day.

Oil processing train

CAPEX-fix USD20mln
CAPEX - variable Processing train capacity built in period [Mbbl/d]^0.9 * USD 8 mln/(Mbbl/d)
OPEX - fix Processing trains in opearation [#] * USD 0.5 mln/train/year
OPEX - variable Processing train capacity [MMbbl/year] ^0.8 * USD 1.8 mln/MMbbl

Storage tankers are required for temporary oil storage, as in some cases the transportation is not possible immediately. CAPEX
of these facilities are proportional to the size and capacity of the unit. However the operational costs are unit based. One tanker
can be built in each period (until reaching 6 tanker units) of which the minimal capacity is 1,000 bbl/day while the maximal
capacity is 150,000 bbl/day.

Storage tanker
CAPEX-fix USD1mln
CAPEX - variable Storage capacity constructed in period [Mbbl]^0.9 * USD 0.5 mln/Mbbl
OPEX - fix Storage tankers in operation [#] * USD 0.1 mln/#/year
OPEX-variable N/A

Players may choose between three different means of transportation. One transportation system can be built in each period
from all types of transportation infrastructures.

For road transportation a road connecting to the main system must be built together with truck filling heads. Road CAPEX must
be paid in the first year road is constructed and only have to be paid. Whereas filling station CAPEX must be paid each time
additional road transport capacity is constructed. OPEX of road has fix part due after a road is constructed and a variable part

6
depending on the length of the road. Fix filling station OPEX must be paid based on the number of filling stations in operation.
The external transportation cost in case of road transport is 7 USD/bbl(in excess of the CAPEX and OPEX of the facilities).
One road transportation unit can be built in each period (until reaching the total road transportation capacity of 50,000 bbl/d) of
which the minimal capacity is 1,000 bbl/day while the maximal capacity is 50,000 bbl/day.

Road
CAPEX–fix USD1mln
CAPEX - variable Road lenght [mile] * USD 0.5 mln/mile
OPEX–fix USD0.1mln/year
OPEX - variable Road lenght [mile] * USD 0.1 mln/mile/year

Truck filling station

CAPEX–fix USD1mln
CAPEX - variable Truck filling capacity built in period [Mbbl/d]^0.8 * USD 0.5 mln/(Mbbl/d)
OPEX – fix Truck filling stations in operation [#] * USD 1 mln/#/year
OPEX-variable N/A

For transportation with train a pipeline to and a filling station at the nearest rail line must be constructed. Pipeline CAPEX has
a notable large fix part and a variable part dependent of the length and the capacity of the pipe. CAPEX of filling station follows
the same logic, self-evidently without taking into consideration the distance. Note that each time a new pipeline is constructed
a new filling station must also be built. Fix OPEX of both units is based on the number of facilities built while variable OPEX
of the pipeline depends on its capacity. The external transportation cost in case of rail transport is 5 USD/bbl(in excess
of the CAPEX and OPEX of the facilities). One rail transportation unit can be built in each period (until reaching the total rail
transportation capacity of 100,000 bbl/d) of which the minimal capacity is 1,000 bbl/day while the maximal capacity is 100,000
bbl/day.

Pipeline to rail filling

station
CAPEX – fix USD 10 mln]

CAPEX - variable Pipeline capacity built in period [Mbbl/d]^0.5 * USD 0.16 mln/(Mbbl/d) * Pipeline lenght [mile] * CAPEX variable
Length parameter USD 1 mln/mile
OPEX – fix Pipelines to filling stations in operation [#] * USD 0.1 mln/#/year
OPEX - variable Pipeline capacity in operation [MMbbl/year] * Pipeline lenght [mile] * USD 0.002 mln/MMbbl

Rail filling station

CAPEX–fix USD5mln
CAPEX - variable Rail filling capacity built in period [Mbbl/d]^0.8 * USD 2 mln/(Mbbl/d)
OPEX – fix Rail filling stations in operation [#] * USD 2 mln/#/year

The third mean of transporting the crude oil to the international market is using an pipeline. In this case a pipeline to the nearest
international transportation pipeline and a connection point must also be constructed. If pipeline capacity has to be increased,
a new pipeline and a separate connection point has to be built. The CAPEX and OPEX functions of these facilities are quite
similar to that of the railway units, however they have significantly higher initial costs. Meanwhile the external transportation
cost in case of pipeline transport is 3 USD/bbl(in excess of the CAPEX and OPEX of the facilities). One pipeline transportation
unit can be built in each period (until reaching the total road transportation capacity of 500,000 bbl/d) of which the minimal
capacity is 1,000 bbl/day while the maximal capacity is 500,000 bbl/day.

Pipeline
CAPEX-fix USD10mln]
CAPEX - variable Pipeline capacity built in period [Mbbl/d]^0.5 * USD 0.16 mln/(Mbbl/d) * Pipeline lenght [mile] * CAPEX variable
Length parameter USD 1 mln/mile
OPEX - fix Pipelines in operation [#] * USD 0.1 mln/#/year
OPEX - variable Pipeline capacity in operation [MMbbl/year] * Pipeline lenght [mile] * USD 0.002 mln/MMbbl

Connection point
CAPEX-fix USD20mln
CAPEX - variable Pipeline capacity [Mbbl/d] * USD 3 mln/(Mbbl/d)
OPEX - fix Connection points in operation [#] * USD 0.5 mln/#/year
OPEX-variable N/A

OPEX is incurred from the year the facility is in operation. OPEX is charged at the end of each turn. Parts of OPEX that not
depend on the actual throughput of a unit are paid for all the commissioned infrastructure irrespective of their utilisation.

7
It is important to note that:

All costs are multiplied by a Country factor representing the price differences of different countries.

Construction of facilities takes 1 year (except for Oil processing trains). The operation begins in the year following the
construction year.

Facilities operate 300 days a year, taking into consideration the time spent on repair, adjustment and maintenance.

In case more than one means of transportation is available, oil is transported via the cheapest way. If the capacity is not enough

the rest of the production is transported via other existing means.

REFINERY
Game concept
A regional company sold its refinery construction. Your company has bought it, and it is your task to make it as profitable as
possible.

Gasoline and diesel product lines have already been built. The refinery will be operational from the start.

Units available from the start:

●
Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)

●
Light Naphtha Hydrotreater

●
Heavy Naphtha Hydrotreater

●
Light Naphtha Isomerisation Unit

●
CCR Reformer Unit

●
Gasoil Hydrotreater
The refinery will use crude bought from the market. The utilization rate can be set by adjusting the imported crude volume.

Due to the limitations of technical processes, the annual refinery (CDU) utilization rate can not be less than 60%. As a
simplification, this restriction does not apply for other refinery units. The minimum imported crude volume is always set
automatically to match the minimum utilization rate. Some units have a maximum capacity specified. For the other plants, where
it is not specified, there is no maximum throughput limit.

The company will be able to convert the products into money at market prices.

During the game, you have to make several decisions to operate and expand your refinery in an optimal way. The goal is to
achieve maximum amount of money at the end of the defined period.

The aim
game of the
easier toprogrammers was
understand and to create
more a gametoas
entertaining realistic as possible, but it still contains several simplifications to make the
play.

Playing the game

Each turn you have to make different decisions to optimize the efficiency of your refinery.

There will be operational decisions. You can:

●
Alter the path of different refinery streams by splitters

●
Choose catalyst for HDS/MHC Unit
Along the way, you can construct new facilities to keep up the competitiveness of your company and to fulfill the environmental
regulations and product qualities. Not all technologies are available from the start. You can see your opportunities in the
following table:

from 2012 from 2014 from 2016 from 2018

8
 HDS-MHC available available available available

HDS-MHC Revamp not available available available available

DCU not available not available available available

HPP not available not available not available available

Claus Unit not available not available not available available

BBU not available not available available available

Plant availability for construction

Utilities
Fuel: the energy consumed in the process to heat up the materials to the required temperature. Some units produce fuel gas,
but that is not sufficient for the refinery. Excess fuel is bought from the market as natural gas. Natural gas is also the feed of the
Hydrogen Plant. The heating value is the same for the produced fuel gas from all refinery units and the natural gas: 50 GJ/t. If
more fuel is produced in the refinery units, than consumed, the excess fuel gas is burnt on the refinery flares.

Electricity:mainly intended to propel the pumps and move the feed and products, but used also for light and for supplying
control systems.

Cooling water:used in cooling processes for condensation and temperature control.

Steam: used for technological processes, heating and stripping. Some units produce more steam, than the amount necessary
for operation. This is indicated with a negative value in steam consumption. If the amount of produced steam is not sufficient,
the necessary amount is bought from the market.

Hydrogen:Hydrogen is used in hydrotreater units to remove contaminants (mainly sulphur) from different refinery streams. The
price of the hydrogen varies in time. Hydrogen can be produced or bought from the market. In the first part of the game external
hydrogen is purchased for 5000 F$/t, but starting from 2020 the hydrogen price increases dramatically to 20000 F$/t (due
to the availability from a different supplier). In case of more hydrogen is produced in Reformer unit, than needed for refinery
processes, the excess of hydrogen is burnt on the refinery flares.

Catalyst: As a simplification, catalyst expenses are calculated as utility, except the HDS/MHC unit, in which it is your task to
change the catalyst every two years. Catalyst price is specified for each unit.

U t i l i t y( U O M ) Pric e
Fuel(F$/GJ) 12.4
Electricity(F$/MWh) 106
Cooling water (F$/1000 m3) 112
Steam(F$/GJ) 10.4

Utility prices

For all refinery

appears units utilities
in the product. That isare
whycalculated
hydrogenproportional to thehave
consuming units feed.anConsumed hydrogen
overall yield is not calculated in the feed, but it
over 100%.

PROCESSES IN THE REFINERY

Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)

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The first step in a refinery is the distillation of crude into different fractions. Lighter compounds are separated in the predistillation
and main (atmospheric) distillation columns. Heavy compounds have to be distilled in a vacuum distillation column. The
products of CDU are further processed in different refinery units. Capacity of the CDU is 10000 kt/year. We would like to lay
emphasis on the fact that Fuelgas is used by the refinery for heating, and it does not show in the final product summary (the
final balance may lack a few kt-s of product).

Crude properties

APIgravity(°) 31.32
Sulphurcontent(%) 1.45

Watsonfactor 12

For the conversion from barrels to tons the following equation is used:

Barrels of crude oil per metric ton =

Pr o d u c t Y i e l d( w t % ) Pr o d u c td e s t i n a t i o n
Fuelgas 0.02 Used forheating
LPG 1.16 For
sale
Lightnaphtha 2.92 LightNaphthaHydrotreating
Mediumnaphtha 6.52 HeavyNaphthaHydrotreating
Heavynaphtha 7.30 HeavyNaphthaHydrotreating
Kerosene 7.60 For
sale
Light atmospheric gasoil 14.53 Gasoil Hydrotreating or for sale as Petchem and Heating Oil

Heavy atmospheric
Light vacuum gasoil gasoil 7.30
7.81 GasoilHydrotreating
Gasoil Hydrotreatingororfor
forsale
saleas
asPetchem
Petchemand
andHeating
HeatingOil
Oil
Heavy vacuum gasoil 26.04 HDS/MHC, or for sale as Light Fuel Oil
Slopwax 3.00 DelayedCoker,BitumenPlant,orforsaleasHeavyFuelOil
Vacuum residue 15.30 Delayed Coker, Bitumen Plant, or for sale as Heavy Fuel Oil
Losses 0.50

Products of the Crude Distillation Unit

OPEX
U t i l i t y( U O M ) C o n s u m p t io n
Fuel
(GJ/kt) 650
Electricity(MWh/kt) 7.36
Cooling water (m3/t) 3.3
Steam (GJ/kt) -23

Utility consumption of the Crude Distillation Unit

Light Naphtha Hydrotreater (LN HDS)

The crudes sulphur content appears in its products in different quantities. Sulphur content has to be removed to fulfill
environmental and quality regulations. Sulphur is removed by a catalytic process called hydrotreating or hydrodesulphurization.

10
Pr o d u c t Y i e l d( w t % ) Pr o d u c td e s t i n a t i o n
Fuelgas 0.80 Used forheating
LPG 3.00 For
sale
Light Naphtha 96.13 Light Naphtha Isomerisation Unit, or f or sale as Petchem Naphtha
H2S 0.07 Burnt
orto
Claus
Unit
Losses 0.20

Products of the Light Naphtha Hy drotreater

OPEX
U t i l i t y( U O M ) C o n s u m p t io n
Fuel
(GJ/kt) 500
Electricity(MWh/kt) 6
Cooling water (m3/t) 12
Catalyst (F$/kt) 250
Hydrogen(wt%offeed) 0.2

Utility consumption of the Light Naphtha Hydrotreater

Heavy Naphtha Hydrotreater (HN HDS)

It is very similar to the LN HDS. Since heavy naphtha contains slightly more sulphur, desulphurization requires higher
temperature and/or pressure and more hydrogen.

Pr o d u c t Y i e l d( w t % ) Pr o d u c td e s t i n a t i o n
Fuelgas 0.40 Usedforheating
HeavyNaphtha 99.55 CCRReformer,orf orsaleasPetchemNaphtha
H2S 0.15 Burnt
or
to
ClausUnit
Losses 0.20

Products of the Heavy Naphtha Hydrotreater

OPEX
U t i l i t y( U O M ) C o n s u m p t io n
Fuel
(GJ/kt) 300
Electricity(MWh/kt) 6
Cooling water (m3/t) 8
Catalyst (F$/kt) 200
Hydrogen(wt%offeed) 0.3

Utility consumption of the Heavy Naphtha Hydrotreater

Light Naphtha Isomerisation Unit (LNI)

Desulphurized naphtha is not good enough for motor gasoline (mogas). This fuel cut contains mostly pentanes and hexanes.
Research octane number (RON) of light naphtha is around 70. Isomerization of this constituent can improve its octane number,
reaching a good MON without olefinic and aromatics content.

Pr o d u c t Y i e l d( w t % ) Pr o d u c td e s t i n a t i o n
Fuelgas 2.9 Usedfor
heating
Isomerate 83.00 GasolineBlendingorBaseGasoline
Residue 15.00 ForsaleasPetchemNaphtha
Losses 0.10

Products of the Light Naphtha Isomerisation Unit

OPEX
U t i l i t y( U O M ) C o n s u m p t io n
Fuel(GJ/kt) 3000
Electricity(MWh/kt) 40
Cooling water (m3/t) 25
Catalyst (F$/kt) 500

11
Hydrogen(wt%offeed) 1

Utility consumption of the Light Naphtha Isomerisation Unit

CCR Reformer
Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas, typically having low octane ratings, into
high-octane liquid products called reformates which are components of high-octane motor gasoline. Basically, the process re-
arranges or re-structures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha feedstock into aromatic components as well as breaking
some of the molecules into smaller molecules. The overall effect is that the product reformate contains hydrocarbons with
more complex molecular shapes having higher octane values than the hydrocarbons in the naphtha feedstock. In so doing,
the process separates hydrogen atoms from the hydrocarbon molecules and produces very significant amounts of byproduct
hydrogen gas for use in a number of the other processes involved in a modern petroleum refinery.

Pr o d u c t Y i e l d( w t % ) Pr o d u c td e s t i n a t i o n
Fuelgas 4.30 Used forheating
LPG 4.40 For
sale
Reformate 88.00 GasolineBlendingorBaseGasoline
Used for hydrotreating processes and
Hydrogen 3.10
isomerisation
Losses 0.20

Products of the CCR Reformer

OPEX
U t i l i t y( U O M ) C o n s u m p t io n
Fuel(GJ/kt) 3000
Electricity(MWh/kt) 95
Cooling water (m3/t) 14
Catalyst (F$/kt) 500

Utility consumption of the CCR Reformer

Gasoil Hydrotreater
Sulphur content of diesel is also regulated very strictly. To produce marketable diesel fuel, a gasoil hydrotreater is necessary to
remove sulphur content.

Pr o d u c t Y i e l d( w t % ) Pr o d u c td e s t i n a t i o n
Fuelgas 1.0 Usedfor
heating
LPG 0.5 For
sale
Naphtha 3.7 ForsaleasPetchemNaphtha
Diesel 94.45 For
sale
H2S 0.9 Burnt
or
to
Claus Unit
Losses 0.2

Products of the Gasoil Hydrotreater

OPEX
U t i l i t y( U O M ) C o n s u m p t io n
Fuel
(GJ/kt) 300
Electricity(MWh/kt) 15
Cooling water (m3/t) 5
Catalyst (F$/kt) 300
Hydrogen(wt%offeed) 0.75

Utility consumption of the Gasoil Hydrotreater

Hydrodesulphurization / Mild Hydrocracker Unit (HDS/MHC)

The aim of an HDS Unit is to pretreat the feed of the FCC Unit. It is similar to hydrotreating, but operates on higher pressure and
temperature. With the proper selection on HDS/MHC catalyst moderate flexibility can be achieved in the refinery’s product slate.

Two catalyst packages are available to choose from:

12
 ●
HDS catalyst: Removes significant amount of sulphur with low hydrocarbon conversion.
HDS/MHC catalyst: Removes significant amount of sulphur and converts a larger amount of heavy components into
●
more valuable light hydrocarbons, mainly gasoil.
HDS-MHC Unit is built along with the FCC Unit!!

Pr o d u c t Y i e l d i n H D S Mo d e ( w t % ) Y i el d i n HD S /MH C m o d e
Product destination
(wt%)
Fuelgas 0.5 0.7 Usedfor
heating
LPG 0.4 0.6 sale
For
Naphtha 1.5 5.4 For
saleasPetchemNaphtha
HDSGasoil 12.3 21.0 For
sale
asDiesel
HDSRaffinate 84.0 71.2 ToFCCUnit,orforsaleasLightFuelOil
H2S 1.7 1.7 Burnt
Claus
to
or Unit
Losses 0.6 0.6

Products of the HDS/MHC Unit

OPEX & CAPEX

U t i l i t y( U O M ) Cons um ption
Fuel
(GJ/kt) 300
Electricity (MWh/kt) 36
Cooling water (m3/t) 4,5
Steam (GJ/kt) 250
HDSCatalyst(MMF$/charge)* 3.6
HDS-MHCCatalyst(MMF$/charge)* 6
Hydrogen(wt%offeed) 1.0(1.2inMHCmode)

Utility consumption of the HDS/MHC Unit

*Both catalyst types lifetime is 2 years, after this period the catalyst has to be changed, otherwise the unit stops operating.

Catalysts have to be ordered a year prior to the change! The construction cost of the newly built HDS/MHC unit involves a HDS
catalyst, with which the unit can start its operation in the first 2 years.

Total Investment Cost:

Before constructing the unit, you can choose among three maximum capacities. If necessary, the unit can be revamped to
higher capacity later in the game. Until the revamp is complete, the unit operates at the srcinal, lower capacity.

C a p a c i t y( k t / y e a2000
r) C A PE X( M MF $ )
200
2600 230
3300 270
Revampfrom2000to2600 60
Revampfrom2600to3300 80
Revampfrom2000to3300 140

Construction time: 2 years

Cost distribution:1st year: 60%

2nd year 40%

Revamp of HDS/MHC unit takes one year, revamp cost is fully charged in the year of ordering.

Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCC)

13
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a conversion process used in refineries. It is widely used to convert the high molecular weight
hydrocarbon fractions of crude oils to more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases and other products.

The FCC process vaporizes and breaks the long-chain molecules of the high-boiling hydrocarbon liquids into much shorter
molecules by contacting the feedstock, at high temperature and moderate pressure, with a fluidized powdered catalyst.

In effect, refineries use fluid catalytic cracking to correct the imbalance between the market demand for gasoline and the excess
of heavy, high boiling range products resulting from the distillation of crude oil.

FCC Unit is built along with the HDS-MHC Unit!!

Pr o d u c t Y i e l d( w t % ) P r o d u c td e s t i n a t i o n
Fuelgas 38 Used for
heating
Propylene 4.5 For
sale
LPG 16.4 For
sale
FCCGasoline 50.3 GasolineBlendingorBaseGasoline
LCO 12.7 ForsaleasPetchemandHeatingOil
HCO 3.0 Forsale as
Light FuelOil
MCB 4.5 Forsale as
Heavy Fuel Oil
Losses 4.8

Products of the FCC Unit

OPEX & CAPEX

U t i l i t y( U O M ) C o n s u m p t io n
Fuel
(GJ/kt) 160
Electricity(MWh/kt) 50
Cooling water (m3/t) 25
Steam (GJ/kt) -250
Catalyst (F$/kt) 200

Utility consumption of the FCC Unit

Total Investment Cost:

380 MMF$

Construction time: 2 years

Cost distribution:1st year: 60%

2nd year 40%

Delayed Coker Unit (DCU)

Delayed coking is a thermal process in which the vacuum residue from crude distillation is converted into lighter components
and coke. The feed is heated in a furnace then confined in a reaction zone or coke drum under proper operating conditions
of temperature and pressure until the unvaporized portion of the furnace effluent is converted to vapor and coke. Vapor is
fractionated into different products.

Pr o d u c t Y i e l d( w t % ) Pr o d u c td e s t i n a t i o n
Fuelgas 4.0 Usedfor
heating
Propylene 2.0 For
sale
LPG 2.5 sale
For
Naphtha* 11.0 HeavyNaphthaHydrotreating
DCGasoil* 19.5 GasoilHydrotreating
HeavyCokerGasoil(HCGO)* 36.5 HDS/MHC
Coke 24.0 For
sale
Losses 0.5

Products of the DCU Unit

*The marked streams can not leave the refinery without further treatment, therefore the DC Unit is not operable without the

14
HDS-MHC Unit.

OPEX & CAPEX

U t i l i t y( U O M ) C o n s u m p t io n
Fuel
(GJ/kt) 1200
Electricity(MWh/kt) 25
Cooling water (m3/t) 0.5

Steam
(GJ/kt) 450
Utility consumption of the DCU Unit

550 MMF$
Total Investment Cost:

Construction time: 4 years

Cost distribution:1st year: 30%

2nd year 30%

3rd year 20%

4th year 20%

Bitumen Blowing Unit (BBU)

Asphaltic bitumen, normally called "bitumen" is obtained by vacuum distillation or vacuum flashing of an atmospheric residue.
This is “straight run" bitumen. The physical properties of asphalts may further be modified by 'air blowing'. This is an oxidation
process which involves the blowing of air through the asphalts, either on a batch or a continuous basis. Maximum capacity of
the BBU Unit is 400 kt/year.

Pr o d u c t Y i e l d( w t % ) Pr o d u c td e s t i n a t i o n
Bitumen 98.0 For
sale
Losses 2.0

Products of the BBU Unit

OPEX & CAPEX

U t i l i t y( U O M ) C o n s u m p t io n
Fuel
(GJ/kt) 100
Electricity(MWh/kt) 20
Cooling water (m3/t) 2
Steam (GJ/kt) 200

Utility consumption of the BBU Unit

50 MMF$
Total Investment Cost:

Construction time: 2 years

Cost distribution:1st year: 60%

2nd year 40%

Hydrogen Production Plant (HPP)

Hydrogen is required in refineries for hydrotreating processes, to remove sulfur, nitrogen and other impurities from hydrotreater
feed. A limited quantity of hydrogen is produced in the catalytic reforming of naphthas, but generally the quantity is insufficient
to meet the requirements of the refinery. Hydrogen is produced by the steam reforming of natural gas, which is bought from the
market or consumed from the refinery fuel gas pool (simplification).

The throughput of HPP is always determined by the demand of hydrotreaters. If maximum capacity is reached, excess hydrogen
is automatically bought from the market.

15
Pr o d u c t Y i e l d( w t % ) Pr o d u c td e s t i n a t i o n
Hydrogen 23.8 Usedforhydrotreatingprocessesandisomerisation
Losses 76.2

Products of the HPP Unit

OPEX & CAPEX

U t i l i t y( U O M ) C o n s u m p t io n
Fuel
(GJ/kt)* 6000
Electricity(MWh/kt) 60
Cooling water (m3/t) 10
Steam (GJ/kt) -1800
Catalyst (F$/kt) 780

Utility consumption of the HPP Unit

*Specific fuel consumption does not contain the feed natural gas of HPP.

Total Investment Cost:

Before constructing the unit, you can choose between different maximum capacities. You can see your options in the table
below. After your initial choice, there is no possibility to expand capacity, so choose carefully.

Fe e d ca pa ci ty (k t/ ye ar ) CA PEX (M MF$ )
20 36
40 63
60 86
80 108
100 129
120 149
140 168
160 187
180 205
200 225
220 240
240 260
260 275
280 290
300 305
320 325
340 340
360 355
380 370
400 385

Construction time: 2 years

Cost distribution:1st year: 60%

2nd year 40%

16
Claus Unit

Most crude oil contains varying amounts of sulfur. Hydrotreating various distillates from these crudes generate hydrogen
sulfide (H2S), which is converted to elemental sulfur in the Claus Unit to minimize atmospheric pollution. In the absence of
sulfur recovery, the only option would be to burn this gas in refinery furnaces, releasing huge amounts of sulfur dioxide into the
atmosphere. A new government law will come into force in 2020 imposing a serious penalty on H2S burning: 30000 F$/t.

The throughput of the Claus Unit is always determined by the H2S production of the hydrotreaters.

Pr o d u c t Y i el d (wt % ) Pr o d u c t d e s t i n a t i o n
Sulphur 84.8 Forsale
Losses 15.2

Products of the Claus Unit

OPEX & CAPEX

U t i l i t y( U O M ) Cons um ption
Fuel (GJ/kt) 810
Electricity(MWh/kt) 100
Cooling water (m3/t) 40
Steam(GJ/kt) -3500
Catalyst(F$/kt) 1200

Utility consumption of the Claus Unit

Total Investment Cost:

Before constructing the unit, you can choose between different maximum capacities. You can see your options in the table
below. After your initial choice, there is no possibility to expand capacity, so choose carefully.

Fe e d ca pa ci ty (k t/ ye ar ) CA PEX (M MF$ )
10 51
20 69
30 82
40 92
50 102
60 110
70 117
80 124
90 130
100 136
110 142
120 147
130 152
140 157
150 162
160 166
170 170
180 175
190 180
200 185

Construction time: 2 years

Cost distribution:1st year: 60%

2nd year 40%

Gasoline Blending
Motor gasoline has to be blended from different streams to fulfill the environmental and quality regulations. It is your task to
blend marketable gasoline by setting up the splitters correctly. Excess amount of blending components will be sold as Base
Gasoline for a lower price. If the blended gasoline does not meet the requirements, it will also be sold as Base Gasoline.

17
Gasoline Blending is not possible until all the components are available.

SPG (kg/ RVP Olefin

RON MON Aromatics (%)
dm3) (kPa) (%)
FCC Gasoline 0.75 93.5 82.5 56 27 26
Reformate 0.83 103 92 30 0 81
Isomerate 0.68 90 85 80 1 0

Gasoline blending components and their properties

Pr o p e r t y Mi n i m u ms p e c . Ma x i m u ms p e c .
SPG (kg/dm3) 0.73 0.77
RON 95
MON 85
RVP (kPa) 45 60
Olefin (%) 18
Aromatics (%) 35

Requirements for motor gasoline

The properties of blended gasolines are calculated from the weighted average of the blending component properties. The
calculation is volume based (in V/V%).

Example for calculation:

70%(V/V) FCC naphtha + 15%(V/V) Reformate + 15%(V/V) Isomerate

RON = 0.7 * 93.5 + 0.15 * 103 + 0.15 * 90 = 94.4

Final Scoring
40 teams are going to get to the creative round. Ten teams who scored best in the Upstream part of the game, ten teams with
the best scores in the Downstream part, and twenty teams with the best overall score (apart from the teams already qualified
with the US or DS parts). Scores are calculated as follows: After the 18th turn there will be a automaticly simulated 19th turn,
when the players will not be able to make any kind of decision (to allow the cashflow of the 18th turn to be completed). After that
we rank the teams according to how much cash they have on their account and substract the amount of credit they currently
own. Then we rank the teams of US, DS and overall preformance.

18