Crackiitjee in Phy Ch21 PDF

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in
Wave & Wave Motion

Wave:
A wave is simple disturbance which propagates energy (momentum)

from one place to the other without the transport of matter.
The quantities like amplitude, wavelength, frequency & phase are used
to characterize wave which have no meaning for a particle.
The most important characteristic of a wave that differentiates it from
in
a particle is diffraction. Diffraction is a convincing proof of wave nature.
e.
Wave Motion:
The process of energy transmission in which disturbance propagate

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energy by affecting the medium without the actual transport of matter.

iit
Characteristic of Wave Motion:

k
ac
(i) In wave motion, medium particle do not leave their position

but vibrate along their equilibrium position.
cr
(ii) Medium does not travel.
(iii) Transfer of energy & momentum in a medium takes place.
(iv) Phase of different particles of medium charges continuously.
Essential property for transmission of wave in a medium:
(i) Medium must have the property of inertia, i.e. the property
to oppose the change in the position.
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(ii) The property of elasticity after replication of force

displacement must take place and after removal body should
recover the initial position).
(iii) Resistance of the medium should be small.
(iv) Displacement of medium particle takes place for an in.
The characteristic of elasticity involves that if after application of force

displacement takes place then it a removal of force the particles should
regain its initial position.
in
The motion of particles remark simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) that is
e.
restore force remains directly proportional to displace from mean
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position and always directed toward mean position.
iit
Difference between wave motion & SHM:

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In wave motion all the particles performing. S.H.M. but phase of

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different particles remain different.
Various types of waves and differences between them:

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(i) Depending on the necessity of medium–
Wave are classified as–
(a) Mechanical &
(b) Non-mechanical waves
(a) Mechanical or elastic waves like sound waves:

A wave may or may not require a medium for its

propagation. The waves which do not require medium for
their propagation are non-mechanical e.g., light, heat &
radio-waves are non-mechanical as they propagate throw
vacuum.
Infact all electro-magnetic waves such as -rays X-rays or

micro-waves are non-mechanical.
On the other hand the waves which require medium for their
in
propagation are called mechanical waves.
e.
Ex. Waves on strings & springs, seismic waves or sound waves.
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One can not listen to his companion on the moon, or sound from the
sun does not reach the earth because there is no medium for its
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propagation.
k
ac
Apart from mechanical (elastic) and non-mechanic (electro magnetic

waves) waves there is also another kind of waves called 'matter waves'.
cr
The represent wave like properties of particles and a governed by the

laws of quantum physics.
Waves are of two types:
(i) Longitudinal waves.
(ii) Transverse waves.
Transverse wave:

If the particles of the medium vibrate at right angle to the direction of

wave motion or energy propagation the wave is called transverse
wave. These are propagated as crests and troughs.
Waves on strings are always transverse.
diagram here
Longitudinal waves:
in
If the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction of waves motion,
e.
the wave is called longitudinal. These are propagated as compressions
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and ????????? and also known as pressure or compressional waves.
iit
Waves on springs or sound waves in air are examples of longitudinal

k
waves.
ac
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diagram here
The transverse or longitudinal nature of a wave is decided by

polarization, as transverse wave can be polarized while a longitudinal
wave can not be polarized.
Number of dimensions in which they propagate energy:
One-Dimensional Two-Dimensional Three-Dimensional

Waves propagated in Waves formed on the Waves propagated in sky

tord string are one- water surface are two- in the form of light and
dimensional waves. dimensional waves. sound wave are three-
dimensional waves.
When propagation of wave takes place in one-dimension, two-

dimension & three-dimension then waves are said to be one-
dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional waves
respectively.
in
e.
Note:
All non-mechanical waves are transverse, this ??????? implies that–

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If a wave is longitudinal it is mechanical but if a wave is mechanical it

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may or may not be longitudinal.

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ac
If a wave is non-mechanical it is transverse but if a wave is transverse it

may or may not be non-mechanical.
cr
Mechanical waves in different media–
(i) In strings, mechanical waves are always transverse that to

when string is under a tension.
(ii) In gases and liquids mechanical waves are always

longitudinal.
For example:

Sound waves in air or water. This is because fluids can not

sustain sheer.
(iii) In solids mechanical waves can be either transverse or

longitudinal depending on the mode of excitation. he speeds
of two waves in the same solid are different longitudinal
wave travels faster than the transverse wave.
For example:
If we strike a rod at right angle, figure (a the waves in the rod
in
will be transverse while if the rod is struck at the side or is
e.
rubbed with a cloth. The waves in the rod will be longitudinal
as shown in figure (b).
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Audible or Sound Waves:

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These are longitudinal mechanical waves which lie with in the range of
k
ac
sensitivity of human ear typically 20 hertz to 20 kilo hertz. These are

generated by vibrating modes. Such as tuning for vocal cords, stretch
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strings or membranes.
Infrasonic waves:
The longitudinal mechanical waves whose frequencies lie before 20

hertz are called infrasonic waves, l is greater than 16.6 meter.
Infrasonic waves are created by earth quakes, p-waves i.e. pressure
waves, volcanic eruptions, ocean waves and elephants and wells.
Perodic motion such as of a pendulum at frequency lesser than 20
hertz. 20 hertz also produces these waves.

Ultrasonic waves:
Longitudinal mechanical waves having frequencies greater than 20 kilo

hertz are called ultrasonic waves. Here  is less than 1.66 cm. Though
human ear can not detect these waves certain creatures such as
mosquito, fish, dog and bat show response to these. These waves can
be produced by the high frequency vibrations of a quartz crystal under
an alternating electric field, peso electric field.
Velocity of Sound:
in
When a sound wave travels through a medium such as air, water or
e.
steel it will set particles of medium into vibrations as it passes through
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them. For this to happen the medium must position both inertia i.e.
mass density so that kinetic energy may be stored and elasticity so that
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potential ones is stored. These two properties of matter determine the

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velocity of sound i.e. velocity of sound the characteristic ??? the

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medium in which wave propagates. In one medium velocity of wave

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remains constant. Though velocity of particles making simple harmonic

motions are different though velocity of particular, performing simple
harmonic motion during propagation of wave remains different at time
but the velocity of wave always remains constant in one medium.
When medium change then only velocity of wave changes. Velocity of
sound in medium of elasticity e and density  given by:
e
V= …(i)


(a) As solids are most elastic while gases at least that is modulus
of elasticity for solid remains more than for liquids remains
more than for gases.
E s > Ee > E g
So, velocity of sound is maximum in solids and maximum or

minimum in gases.
Se > 
Velocity of sound in a steel is more than velocity of sound in
in
a water is more than velocity of sound in air.
e.
Normally velocity of sound in steel is approximately 5000 m
je
while velocity of sound in water approximately 1500 m/s
iit
while velocity of sound in air is approximately 330 m/s.

k
(ii) Propagation of sounds in solids:

ac
Y
Vsolid =

cr
B
and Vliquid =

B
Vliquid or Vgas =

where B = Bulk Modulus.
(iii) Newton's formula:

When sound propagates through air temperature remain

constant i.e. process is isothermal Bulk modulus of elasticity
= E = P.
So velocity of sound in air, according to Newton
P
Vair =

 P = 1.01 × 105 N/m2
 = 1.3 kg/m3
in
e.
so velocity of sound in air
1.01  105
je
=  279 m / s
1.3
iit
While experimental value is 332 m/s.

k
ac
Laplace's correction:
According to Laplace, propagation of sound in air is not

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isothermal, but it is a adiabatic process that means quantity

of heat remains constant. So bulk modulus of elasticity for a
adiabatic process is = P.
Where  is ratio of specific heat to constant pressure. Ratio

of specific heat at constant pressure to specific heat at
constant volume.

CP 1  2
so   
CV F
Where F is degree of freedom.
For monoatomic gases F = 3,
so  = 1.67
For diatomic gases F = 5,
so  = 1.4
in
and For polyatomic gases F = 6,
e.
so  = 1.33
je
P
In this way, we can find velocity of sound in gases V = .

k iit
In case of gases
ac
P
V=

cr
 PV
=
Mass
 RT
=
Mass
 RT
=
M

mass

molar mass
3RT
so Vrms =
M
so ratio of V and Vrms
V 
i.e. 
Vrms 3
So V < Vrms, i.e. velocity of sound in a gas is of the order of
in
the speed of gas molecules and lesser than it.
e.
(vi) Velocity of gas at constant temperature depends on nature
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of gas that is atomicity  and molecular weight. Lighter is the
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gas greater will be the velocity.

k
(viii) Effect of temperature:

ac
 RT
In a gas V =
M
cr
V T
V' T'
so 
V0 T
Here temperature T is taken to be in Kelvin
273  T
=
273

1/2
1  t
=
 273 
When 't' is very small, we can write
V' = V0 + 0.61 T
Here T is in °C.
If temperature in increases by 1°C. Velocity of sound

increases by approximately 0.6 m/s.
in
(viii) Effect of humidity: e.
Since,
P
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V=

iit
with the increase in humidity.

k
ac
 density decreases, so speed of sound increases, with rise

in humidity velocity of sound decreases. So with rise in
cr
humidity velocity of sound increases. Therefore sound

travels faster in humid are in rainy season than in dry air in
summer season at the same temperature.
(ix) Effect of pressure:
Since,
P
V=


 RT
=
M
Pressure as no effect on velocity of sound in a gas as long as

temperature remains constant.
Equation of plane progressive wave:
The velocity of the oscillating particles are different indifferent states

of oscillations but the velocity of disturbance remains constant and
depends only upon the nature of the medium. If we produce waves in a
in
medium continuously the particles of medium oscillates continuously
e.
with a constant amplitude. In this condition the disturbance produce in
the medium is called a plane progressive wave.
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When a plane progressive wave propagates a medium then at any

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instant all the particles of the medium oscillates in the same way but
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the phase of oscillation changes from particle to particle. If on the

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propagation of a wave in a medium the particles of the medium

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perform simple harmonic motions than the wave is called a simple

harmonic progressive wave.
Figure shows the y – x curve for the wave, when wave is propagating in
x-direction and 'y' is the displacement of medium particles at different
positions. Particle location are also shown 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 at different
positions.

Let the time be counted from the instant when the particle-1 situated
at the origin starts oscillating. If 'y' is the displacement of this particle
after time 't' seconds then:
i = R sin wt
The displacement of the particle 6 at a time 't' will be the same as that
x
of the particles 1 at that time second earlier.
V
Since V is the speed of disturbance which remains constant.
So can write: in
e.
 x
Y = R sin  wt 
 V 
je
iit
where 2  2n
k
= angular frequency
ac
x
so y = A sin 2nt 
V
cr
V
since n 

 2 
so y = A sin  Vt  x
 l 

V  n 
T

 2  t 
y = A sin   x
  T 
 t x
y = A sin 2  
 T  
This is the equation of plane progressive wave propagating in +X

direction. Now we can write the equation of plane progressive wave
propagating in –X direction, as
 t x
y = A sin 2  
 T  
in
e.
If  be the phase difference between the above wave travelling along
je
the +X direction and an other wave then the equation of that wave will
iit
be:
t x
k
 
y = R sin  2   
 T  
ac
If at any point X in the medium we draw a plane perpendicular to the

cr
X-axis then all the particles on the plane will have the same
displacement 'y' at the same instant 't'. Such a wave is called a plane
wave.
Phase of particle:
The quantity which expresses at any instant the position of the particle
and its direction of motion is called the phase of particle.
Relation between phase difference and path difference:

Since equation of a simple harmonic progressive wave travelling in +X

direction instantaneous displacement of a medium particle at a
distance x from the origin.
 t x
y = A sin 2  
 T  
 t x
Here, phase of particle is 2   .
 T 
Suppose at any instant t, 1 and 2 are the phases of two particles
in
whose distances from origin are x1 and x2 respectively then;
e.
t x 
1  2   1 
T 
je
iit
t x 
2  2   2 
T 
k
ac
2
 1  2 

 x2  x1 
cr
2
   x

2
so, phase difference = path difference ×

if x  
then   2
Relation between phase difference and time difference:

Suppose the phase of particle distance X from the origin is 1 at time t1
and 2 at time t2 then:
t x
1  2  1  
 T 
t x
2  2  2  
 T 
2
So, 1  2 
T
 t1  t2 
so,  
2
t
in
e.
T
je
if t  T
iit
then   2
k
This means that after one time period the phase of oscillation of a
ac
particle become the same as in the beginning.

cr
Time displacement graph of a particle in progressive wave as shown in

figure.
One side particle displacement y is shown and on other side time t is

plotted.
In second graph 'distance displacement' graph is shown. Distance is

plotted in the direction or propagation of wave and displacement is on
one axis as shown in figure.
Example:

A particular wave is given by
y = 0.2 sin (0.5 x – 8.2 t), then find the amplitude wave propagation
factor K wavelength, frequency time-period and value of
displacement at x = 10 m and t = 0.5 sec.
Solution:
Amplitude (a) = 0.2 m
2
K=

K = 0.5
in
e.
2
  4
je
K
iit
w
frequency (n) =
2
k
ac
= 1.31 hertz
1
cr
time-period (T) =
n
= 0.77 sec.
w
Speed (V) =
K
= 16.4 m/s
displacement
y = A sin (Kx – wt)

y = 0.156 m.
Example:
A progressive wave of frequency 500 hertz is travelling with a velocity

of 360 m/sec. How far apart are two points 60° out of edge?
Solution:
V

n
= 0.72 m
2m in
e.
   x

je

so, x   
2
k iit
0.72 
so, x  
ac
2 3
= 0.12 m
cr
Example:
The equation of a simple harmonic progressive wave y = 0.3 sin (314 t

– 1.57 x) where t, x and y are in second, meter and cm respectively.
Calculate the frequency and wave-length of the wave? y can be
written as–
Solution:

0.3
y= sin 314 t – 1.57 x meter
100
x
y = 0.003 sin 2 50t 
4
so, time period
1
t= sec.
50
n = 50 sec–1
   4m
in
e.
V

n
je
2
iit

K
k
ac
Relation between particle velocity and wave velocity:
The velocity of particles of medium in which a sound wave is

cr
propagating is given by V particle.
dy
=
dt
= wA cos wt – Kx …(i)
so, maximum value of particle velocity is wa.
The wave velocity of the sound is however fixed for a given medium

w
V  n 
K
Strain in a medium:
The strain in a medium in which compression rarefaction of sound

wave are travelling is given by
y
strain = 
x
= kA cos wt – kx
Thus, the maximum strain is

in
e.
y
 max.  k
je
x
Vparticle
iit
w
 
strain K
k
ac
= wave velocity
Particle velocity = wave velocity × strain in the medium.

cr
Wave equation for a sound wave is represented by
y = A sin (wt – kx)
Condition:
For any function to represents the wave
2y 2 2y
 V
t2 x2

w
where V =
k
= wave velocity
Characteristics of Sound:
Sound has three characteristic–
(i) Loudness
(ii) Pitch
in
(iii) Quality e.
(i) Loudness:
je
The loudness which differentiates a faint sound with an

iit
intense sound is known as loudness yellow color in this

k
wood.
ac
Differentiate between loudness and Intensity:

cr
Loudness Intensity
Loudness is related to Intensity is not related to
sensitivity of ear. sensitivity of ear.
For intensity its physical
For loudness its physical measurement can be done.
measurement can not be
done.

loudness  intensity.
loudness  density of medium.
loudness  amplitude.
1
loudness  .
square of distnace of point
(ii) Pitch:
This property differentiates a sharp sound with a grave
in
sound. Buzzing of mosquito ha higher pitch than barking of
e.
dog. Pitch provides sensation of sharp and grave sound while
frequency gives its measurement.
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(iii) Quality:
iit
Quality is the property which differentiate between the two

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sounds of same frequency and same intensity.

ac
Pitch of a sound is that sensation by which be differentiate a buffalo

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voice, a male voice and a female voice.
This sensation depends on the dominant frequency present in the

sound. Higher the frequency higher will be the pitch and vice-versa.
The dominant frequency of a buffalo voice is smaller than that of a
male voice which intern is smaller than that of a female voice.
Echo:

Sharp sounds created in front of distance walls or clips that reflected

and after sometime we hear back hour own sound as reflected from
these obstacles. These reflected sounds are called echo's.
For hearing echo, two important factors must be taken into a account–
(i) The reflecting body or the obstacles must be quite large is

compared to the wavelength of sound.
(ii) Hour persisting of hearing. The sound persists 0.1 sec. even
after the sounding body has stopped vibrating. This time of
in
0.1 sec. is called the persistence of hearing.
e.
So, if want to here a distant echo the reflected sound must come after
je
the 0.1 sec. in a small room whose walls are less than 16.5 m away no
echo's are possible.
iit
In this case original sound merges with the reflected sound and sustain
k
ac
sound reverberation is heard.
Power and Intensity:

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If a sound wave is given by
y = A sin wt – kx
is propagating through a medium the particle velocity V particle
dy
= = Rw cos wt – kx
dt
so, If  is the density of medium. Kinetic energy of the particle per unit
volume

2
1  dy 
=  
2  dt 
1
= w2a2 cos2 wt  kx
2
Kinetic Energymax. = Potential Energymax.
= Eenergy density
1
U= w2a2
2
So, the energy associated with a volume Sx

in
e.
E = U + V
je
1 2 2
a w Sx
iit
=
2
k
So, power rate of transmission of energy

ac
E
P=
T
cr
1
= Vw2a2 S
2
In case of sound wave displacement amplitude is related to pressure
amplitude as–
P0 = VRw
So, intensity can be written as–

P02
I=
2V
When sound wave propagate in air the amplitude, displacement 'y' of

the particles of air is of the order 10–6 m or less.
Hence, in order to draw the yx curve for sound wave a very large scale
is selected for y.
Intensity of wave:
In wav motion the energy is propagated from one place to anther place
through oscillations.
in
e.
Thus the direction of propagation of a wave in a medium is the
je
direction of flow of energy. The amount of energy flowing per unit time
iit
through unit area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the

wave is called the intensity (I) of the wave. Its unit is Joule/meter2
k
ac
second.
I = 22n2R2V
cr
where R is amplitude of oscillations of the particles of the medium for a

given medium.
The density  is constant and for a given wave the speed V is constant.
 I  a2
and I  n2
Relation between Intensity and distance from the source:

Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of distance from the

source for a point source.
The intensity (I) at a point due to waves coming from a point source is
inversely proportional to the square of distanced 'r' from the source.
1
So I 
r2
Provided no energy is absorbed by the medium. If the wave source is
cylindrical then:
I
1
in
e.
r2
je
Intensity is also called energy flux or power density.
E
iit
I=
S T
k
E
ac
U=
V
cr
I E V
so,  
U ST E
I E ST
so,  
U ST E
V  ST
L
V
T

I=U×V
so, Intensity = Energy density × Velocity.
In case of electro-magnetic waves that is light waves
EV
I=
0
E
c
V
1
c=
0
.
in
e.
where µ0 is absolute magnetic permeability of free space or vacuum
je
and 0 is absolute electric permeability of free space or vacuum.
iit
E2
I=
k
c 0
ac
I = c0 E2
cr
Remember P0 = VRw
the pressure wave is 90° out of edge with respect to displacement

wave. i.e. when displacement will be maximum then pressure will be
minimum and vice-versa.
A sound sensor detect pressure changes. The phase diagram for

pressure wave and displacement wave are shown in figure. For
displacement wave, if

y = A sin t – kx
then, for pressure wave
P = P0 cos wt – kx
which indicates that pressure wave is 90° out of edge with respect to
displacement wave.
Loudness:
A normal human ear can just hear a sound of frequency 1 kilo hertz
having the intensity of 10–12 watt/m2.
in
i.e. threshold of hearing. Sensation of loudness L remains directly
e.
proportional to logarithm of intensity of sound.
je
L  log I
iit
L = K log I
k
ac
This is known as waver phasional equation.
Intensity of sound is nothing to do with the sensitivity of the ears.

cr
Intensity of sound defines quantity and can be measured. On the other

hand the loudness of sound is as sensation of hearing produce own our
ear.
Musical interval:
The ratio of the frequencies of two pure sound nodes is known as

musical interval between the two nodes.

Whenever two nodes are sounded in succession then they produces a

different effect smoothing or jerking to the ear.
This effect depends upon the musical interval between the nodes,
whatever be there frequencies. Those intervals whose effect on the ear
is pleasant or soothing have been given special name–
For unison – 1:1
For octave – 2:1
For fifth – 3:2
For fourth – 4:3 in

e.
For major third – 5:4
je
For minor third – 6:5

iit
For major six – 5:3

k
For minor six – 8:5

ac
For major tone – 9:8

cr
For minor tone 10:9
For seventh – 15:8
For semi tone – 16:15
Decibels:
The loudness of a sound is heard by the human ear is not directly

proportional to the intensity of the sound but rather is proportional to

the logarithm of the intensity. The human ear can hear sounds of
intensities as low.
I = 10–12 watt/m2.
This value is called the threshold of hearing. The human ear can hear
sounds of intensities as high as 1 W/m2. This is known as threshold of
pain.
so, sound level  is 10
in
log10
Io
e.
Sound level is measured in decibel (dB).
je
1
Decibel is of Bel (B which was named to honour Alexander.
10
k iit
At an intensity of 20 decibel (dB), a frequency of 1000 hertz can easily

ac
be heard but a frequency of 100 hertz count not be heard at all. To

hear 100 hertz the intensity level is to be increased to 35 decibel to
cr
hear is sound of frequency 2000 hertz. The intensity level would have
to be increase to 40 decibel.
Ultrasound:
Ultrasounds are sounds with frequencies above 20,000 hertz. Birds and
dogs can hear ultrasounds and bats use them for navigation.
The S.I. unit of intensity is watt/m2. Since human ear response to

sounds intensities over a white range that is from 10–12 watt/m2 and so

instead of specify intensity of sound in watt/m2. We use a logarithm

scale of intensity called the sound level defined as sound level.
I
SL = 10 log10
Io
Where Io is threshold of human ear = 10–12 watt/m2.
A sound of intensity Io as
I
dB = 10 log10
Io
= 0 decibel.
in
e.
While sound at the upper range of human hearing called threshold of
je
pain, as a intensity of 1 watt/m2.
iit
1
For, sound level (SL) = 10 log10
1012
k
ac
= 12 decibel.
We also use dB as a relative measure to compare different sounds with

cr
another rather than with reference intensity as
For two intensities I1 and I2 as
I1 I
SL1 – SL2 = 10 log10  10log10 2
I0 I0
I1
So, SL1 – SL2 = 10 log10
I2

I1
If, 2
I2
then, SL1 – SL2 = 3 dB.
Remember ratio of two intensities co-responds to the difference in

their sound levels.
Example:
What is the maximum possible sound level in decibel of sound waves

in air. Given that density of air equal to 1.3 kg/m3. V = 332 m/s and
atmospheric pressure = 1.01 × 105 N/m2.
in
e.
Solution:
je
For maximum possible sound intensity pressure amplitude of wave will
iit
be equal to the atmospheric pressure.

k
P0 = P
ac
= 1.01 × 105 N/m2

cr
P02
I=
2V
1.01  10 
2
5
=
2  1.3  332
= 1.16 × 107 watt/m2
I
 Sound level = 10 log10
Io

107
= 10log10
1012
= 190 dB.
Example:
The power of sound from the speaker of a radio is 20 miliwatt by

turning the knobe of volume control. The power of sound is increased
to 400 milliwatt.
(a) What is the power increased in decibel as compare to the

original power.
in
e.
(b) How much more intense is an at decibel sound then at a 20
je
dB whisper.
iit
Solution:
k
I2
(a) SL2 – SL1 = 10 log10
ac
I1
P2
cr
= 10 log10
P1
400
= 10 log10
20
So, change in sound level (SL) = 13 decibel.
I2
(b) SL2 – SL1 = 10 log10
I1

I2
so, 80 – 20 = 10 log10
I1
I2
6 = log10
I1
I2
so,  106
I1
Example:
A dog while barking delivers about 1 miliwatt of power, if this power
in
is uniformly distributed over a hemispherical area. What is the sound
e.
level at a distance of 5m. What would the sound level be if instead of
je
one dog, five dogs start barking at the same time each delivering 1
milliwatt of power?
iit
Solution:
k
ac
P
I
S
cr
P
=
1
 4r2
2
103
=
2  2
= 6.37 microwatt/meter2
I
Sound level (SL) = 10log10
Io

6.37  106
= 10log10
1012
= 10 log 6.37 + 6
= 6.8 decibel
If there are five dogs barking at the same time and same level.
I2 = 5I1
I2
SL2 – SL1 = 10 log10
I1
5I1
in
e.
SL2 – SL1 = 10 log10
I1
je
SL2 – SL1 = 10 log10 5

iit
so, SL2 = 68 + 10 × 0.7

k
75 decibel.
ac
Principle of Superposition of Waves:

cr
According to principle superposition of waves, when two or more than

two sound waves propagates in a medium then resultant,
displacement of a medium particle at a given is equal to vector sum of
displacement of that particle due to individual independent waves at
that time.
y = y1 + y2 + y3 ……

This is known as principle of superposition of wave. Propagation of

wave characteristics like frequency, wave l etc. do not get change i.e.
each wave produces its effect independent way.
Beats:
When two sounds wave of nearly same frequency propagates in a

medium in same direction then intensity of resultant wave at a
particular place varies periodically with.
The variation in an intensity of sound in known as ????? one waxing
in
and one manning of sound forms one beat an number of beats heard
e.
per second is known as beat frequency.
je
Let us assume that two sound waves of amplitude a are propagating in
same direction having frequencies n1 and n2 respectively and
iit
displacement produces by then at time 't' are y1 and y respectively.

k
ac
y1 = A sin w1t
= A sin 2n1t
cr
y2 = A sin w2 t
= A sin 2n2 t
n 1 > n2
From principle of superposition
y = y1 + y2
y = A sin 2n1t + A sin 2n2t

y = A2 sin  (n1 + n2) t cos  (n1 – n2) t
= 2A cos  (n1 – n2)t sin  (n1 + n2)t
if, A = 2A cos  (n1 – n2) t
then, y = A sin  (n1 + n2) t
So, maximum amplitude = + 2A
minimum amplitude = 0
A = 2A cos  (n1 – n2) t
So, maximum value of amplitude

in
e.
cos  (n1 – n2) t + 1
je
  (n1 – n2) t = k
iit
where, K = 0, 1, 2, 3
k
K
ac
so t =
n1  n2
cr
1 2 3
, , etc.
n1  n2 n1  n2 n1  n2
 The time interval between any two consecutive maximum intensity

1
sound is sec.
n1  n2
Hence, in one second we hear maximum intensity sound for (n 1 – n2)

times.

For minimum value of amplitude
cos  (n1 – n2) t = 0
k
 n1  n2  t 
2
where K = 1, 3, 5….
k
t=
2 n1  n2 
1 3 5
t= , ,
in
2 n1  n2  2 n1  n2  2 n1  n2 
, ...
e.
So, the time-interval between any two consecutive minimum intensity
je
1
sound is sec.
iit
n1  n2
k
Therefore, in one second minimum intensity sound a heard (n 1 – n2)

ac
times.
cr
In one second both minimum and maximum intensity sound are heard
for (n1 – n2) times.
So, beat frequency is n1 – n2.
Application of Beats:
To find the frequency of unknown timing fork:
The method ?????? is either load a tuning fork or filing a tuning fork.
On loading a tuning for after putting some wax on the tuning fork its

frequency decreases and after filing a tuning fork its frequency

increase.
How to calculate the frequency of unknown tuning fork by waxing a

tuning fork:
n1 is known and n2 is unknown. After sounding two tuning fork let x

beats are Hz per second. So frequency of unknown tuning fork must be
either n1 + x or n1 – x.
Since after waxing frequency must decrease, if after waxing, number of
in
beats Hz. fter waxing be once again sound to two tuning fork together
e.
if after waxing number of beats per second increases than beats
frequency is n1 – x. If after waxing number of beats Hz per second
je
decreases then beats frequency is n1 + x. In this way we can find the
iit
frequency of unknown tuning fork.

k
Comparison between progressive and stationary waves:

ac
(i) These waves advance in a medium with a definite velocity

cr
while stationary waves remains stationary between two

boundary in the medium.
(ii) In progressive waves all particles of the medium vibrate and

the amplitude of vibration is same for all of them. While in
stationary waves except nodes all other part of the medium
vibrate but the amplitude of vibration different from one
particle to the other particle. The amplitude is zero at the
nodes is maximum at the ???????.

(iii) At any instant, the phase of vibration varies continuously

from one particle to other particle in progressive waves in
case of stationary waves at any instant, the phase of all
particles between two succession nodes is the same.
In stationary waves at any instant the phase of all particle

between two successive nodes is the same but phase of
particles on one side of a node is opposite to the ??? of
particle on he other side of the node.
(iv)
in
In progressive waves at no instant all the particles of ????
e.
medium pass through their mean position simultaneously
while in case of stationary waves all particles of the medium
je
pass the their mean position simultaneous twice in lack time-
iit
period.
k
(v) In longitudinal progressive waves all the particles of the ???

ac
suffer in succession the same variation in pressure and

density. ???? in case of stationary waves in longitudinal
cr
stationary wave the variation in pressure and density is

maximum at ?????? and minimum at antinodes.
(vi) In case of progressive crest and trough in transverse

progressive wave a centres of compression and rarefactions
in longitudinal progressive waves advance with a definite
velocity who in case of stationary waves crest and trough in
transverse stationary waves and centres of compression and

rarefactions in longitudinal stationary waves occur

alternately at definite place and do not advance.
(vii) In case of progressive waves, these waves transmit energy in

the medium while stationary waves do not transmit energy
in the medium.
Reflection of pulse from rigid and free support:
Whenever any displacement wave gets reflected from rigid end its
suffers by a phase change of  as shown in figure, but when
in
displacement wave is reflected from the free end phase change do not
e.
take place i.e. from free end compression returns in the form of
je
compression and rarefactions returns in he form of rarefactions. While
from rigid and compression returns in the form of rarefactions and
iit
rarefaction returns in the form of compression.

k
Formation of Stationary Waves:

ac
When two waves of same frequencies and same amplitude travels in a

cr
opposite direction and same speed their superposition gives rise to a

new type of waves called stationary waves or standing waves.
Equation of progressive wave propagation in + Y direction is
y1 = A sin (wt – kx)
If this wave is reflected from the free and then the equation of
reflected displacement wave is
y2 = A sin (wt + kx)

The resultant equation is
y = y1 + y2
y = 2A cos kx sin wt
y = Ax sin wt
where A is amplitude of standing wave = 2A cos kx
Which is not a constant but varies periodically with position. Node with
time as in beats.
in
Nodes: e.
Nodes are the point where amplitude is maximum.
cos kx = 0
je
i.e. kx =
iit
 3 5
k
So, x = , , are the positions of form of nodes. Remember

4 4 4
ac
displacement node remains the ????? of pressure antinodes i.e. at

cr
nodes displacement is ???? and pressure change is maximum.
Position of Antinodes:
Antinodes are point where amplitude that is displacement amplitude

maximum. the point where displacement amplitude is maximum
pressure remains minimum. So pressure node correspond to
displacement antinode and pressure antinode correspond to
displacement node. So position of antinode can found by rating cos kx
= + 1. So kx = , , 2.

 2 3
So x = 0, , , , ...... are the positions ????? antinodes which
2 2 2
are shown in the figure.
Example:
The standing wave y = 2A sin (kx cos wt) in a ??? organ pipe is the
resultant of superposition of y1 = A sin wt – kx and y2 = …… Find y2?
Solution:
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + (sin A – B)
so, y = 2a sin (kx cos wt)

in
e.
= A sin (kx + wt) + A sin (kx – wt)
je
y = y 1 + y2
iit
y1 = A sin (wt – kx)

k
= – R sin (kx – wt)

ac
y2 = y – y1
cr
= A sin (kx + wt) + 2A sin (kx – wt)
y2 = A sin (wt + kx) – 2A sin (wt – kx)
Example:
Sound waves of frequency 660 Hz. Force normally ???? perfectly

reflecting wall the shortest distance from wall at which the air
particles have maximum amplitude of vibration is …… Find this value?
(V = 330 m/s)

Solution:
At rigid and node is formed and free end antinode is formed.

So, at the distance between consecutive antinode and normal is .
4
330

660
= 0.5 metre.
So, the shortest distance where particle have minimum distance is
0.125 m i.e.

in
which is the distance between consecutive antinode
e.
4
and node.
je
Vibrations of air columns:

iit
An organ pipe is a cylindrical ???? of uniform diameter which is used to

k
ac
produce sound.
Organ pipes are of two types:

cr
(i) Open organ pipe.
(ii) Closed organ pipe.
Open organ pipe is open at both the ends while closed organ is open
only at one end. In organ pipe the close and reflects the longitudinal
wave like a rigid boundary i.e. the state of compression in the form of
compression and the state of rarefaction in the form of rarefaction,
because the rigid boundary for pressure wave phase change do not

take place. The open end of the pipe reflect the longitudinal wave like a
free boundary i.e. its reflects state of compression in the form of
rarefaction and the state of rarefaction in the form of compression. In
organ pipe longitudinal stationary waves are formed.
Vibrations of air column in closed organ pipe:
Always remember that is the ????? end displacement node is formed

and at the free displacement antinode is formed.
In terms of pressure node or pressure antinode at rigid end, pressure
in
antinode is formed while at free end pressure node is formed but we
e.
are looking figures only in the terms of displacement wave. The three
figures have been shown for fundamental node, first on tone and
je
second over tone.

iit
Overtones:
k
ac
Tones of frequencies higher than the function mental tone are known
as overtones.
cr
Fundamental Frequency:
The minimum frequency ??????? which can be produce in a ????? is

known as fundamental frequency. Any frequency which is n times of
the fundamental frequency is ???? name nth harmonic.
In fundamental mode of vibration at rigid end node will ???? formed

and at free end antinode will be formed.

Length of the organ pipe is l and the distance between antinode and

node is . So, fundamental mode vibration
4
V
n1 =
1
V
=
4L
This n1 is the fundamental tone or first harmonic of ??? pipe.
Calculation for first overtone:

in
e.
32
L
4
je
4L
iit
2 
3
k
V
ac
n2 
2
cr
3V
n2 =
4L
n2 = 3n1
This n2 is known as first over tone of the closed pipe or third harmonic
because n2 is the three times of the fundamental frequency.
Similarly in a closed organ pipe for 2nd overtone–

5 3
n=
4
4L
so, 3 
5
5V
n3 =
4L
= 5n1
This is known as second over tone or fifth harmonic.
n1 : n2 : n 3 = 1 : 3 : 5
in
e.
A closed organ pipe produces only odd harmonic.
je
Vibrations of air columns in open organ pipe:
iit
In free ends antinodes are formed. An organ pipe produces both the
k
even and odd harmonic.

ac
If temperature of air is increases than speed of sound in air is also

increases. Therefore frequency of nod of the organ pipe also increases.
cr
Figure shows the diagram for fundamental mode of vibration, first

overtone and second over for displacement waves.
1
L=
2
1  2L
V
n1 =
2L

This is known as lowest frequency or fundamental tone ??? first

harmonic of the open organ pipe.
For 1st overtone–
2 2
L=
2
2L
2 
2
V
n2 
2
in
e.
2V
n2 =
2L
je
n2 = 2n1
iit
This is known as 1st overtone or 2nd harmonic.

k
ac
For 2nd overtone–
3 3
cr
L=
2
2L
3 
3
V
n3 
3
3V
n3 =
2L

n3 = 3n1
This is known as 2nd overtone or 3rd harmonic. So open organ pipe:
n1 : n 2 : n3 = 1 : 2 : 3
End corrections:
According to Lord Rayleigh, in an organ pipe the antinode is not formed

exactly at the open end but slightly outside because the particles of
??????? completely free to move in a every direction. Therefore
vibrations of the air particles in the pipe are not restricted to the open
in
end but occur outside also. The antinode is formed at a place slightly
e.
outside the open. Thus the length of vibrating air columns become
je
slight greater than the length of the pipe. The distance of antinode
from the open end is called the end correction. End is usually
iit
represented by the letter 'e'.

k
ac
In fundamental mode of vibration, for closed organ
V
cr
n1 =
4 L  e
For open organ pipe–
V
n1 =
2 L  2e
e = 0.6 r
where, r is the radius of pipe.
Resonance tube:

Closed organ pipe having an air column of variable length.
If the length of air column is varied until its natural frequency equals
the frequency of the fork than the column resonates and emits a loud
node. In this condition the air column of the tube is called the
resonance column. The resonance tube is one metre long and five cm
in diameter made up of brass or glass. When the pronk of tuning fork
goes from A to B hen a wave of compression travels downward in the
air column. This wave of compression is reflected from the water
in
surface as a wave of compression and returns into the open and of the
tube.
e.
Where it is reflected as a wave rarefaction exactly at this moment
je
pronk of fork after completing its half vibration begins to returns from
iit
B to A. Adjacent in the tube a wave of rarefaction. The two waves of

k
rarefactions be in same phase force each other.

ac

1st resonance length L1 =
4
cr
3
and 2nd resonance length L2 =
4

L 2  L1 
2
  2  L2  L1 
2  1  L2  L1


=
2
 = 2 × (L2 – L1)
so, velocity (V) = n
= 2n (L2 – L1)
Velocity at 0°C = velocity at t°C – 0.60, if temperature variation is small.

Now applying end correction.

L1  e 
4
in …(i)
e.
3
L2  e  …(ii)
je
4
iit
After solving these equation,

k
L 2  3L1
e=
ac
2
IInd resonance length is more than three times of Ist resonance length,
cr
if end correction is considered.
If end correction is not considered than IInd resonance length is three

times of the Ist resonance length.
Doppler Effect in Sound:
The apparent change in the frequency of the source due to a relative

motion between the source and the observer is know as Doppler
effect.

Case-I:
when sound source is moving and observer is stationary. Let the source
is emitting n waves per second if the source is stationary then these n
V
waves will spread in the distance V, so   , but, since source is
n
moving so in one second distance covered by the source is Vs, so n
waves will now spread in distance V – Vs.
V  Vs
' 
n
where ' is the apparent wave length. in

e.
V
je
n' 
'
iit
V
n' 
k
V  Vs  n
ac
n' > n
cr
' < 
Always remember apparent wavelength will change only when source

will move, if source is not moving than apparent wavelength will not
change at all.
Case-II:
When observer is moving and source is stationary. Let source is

emitting n waves per second and observation speed is Vo.

Vo
n'  n 

Vo
=n n
V
V  Vo
n'  n
V
'  
Case-III:
in
Figure shows that both source and observer are moving towards each
e.
other with speeds Vs and Vo respectively.
je
'V' the speed of sound.
iit
Imagine that is only source were moving than the apparent frequency
heard by observer would be n1,
k
ac
V
n1 =
V  Vs  n
cr
Since observer is also moving,
V  Vo
So, n' =
V  n1
V  Vo
n' =
V  Vs  n
This is the ????????????????????????.
Case:

When source is moving towards the hill. Figure shows two observers at
point A and point B and source is moving with speeds Vs. Let V is wave
velocity and 'n' is the frequency of sound source.
For the observer situated at A in between the source 'S' and wall. The
observed frequency of the waves receipt directly from the source
receding.
V
n' =
V  Vs  n
in
Observed frequency of reflected waves will also be
e.
V
n' =
V  Vs  n
je
but for the observer situated at location B behind the source, the
iit
observed frequency of the waves received directly from the source will
k
be source receding
ac
V
n' =
cr
V  Vs  n
but the observed frequency of the reflected wave
V
n' =
V  Vs  n
diagram here

Remember some important points about doppler's effect:
(i) Doppler effect in sound in not symmetrical in nature.
(ii) Doppler effect is not symmetrical with respect to the

position of the observer and motion of the source. The
change in apparent frequency is more when the source is
moving.
(iii) Transverse Doppler effect.
The Doppler effect in sound does not take place in transverse

direction.
in
e.
(iv) Then a speed of source is more than speed of sound then
je
source gets a hate of sound so Doppler effect do not take
iit
place.
k
(v) If speed of observer is more than speed of sound than the

ac
sound waves will never reach the observer.
So, once again Doppler effect will not take place. Also when
cr
both source and observer are moving in a same direction

than also Doppler effect will not take place.
Find the speed of transverse wave in a stressed string:
A figure shows a wave pulse of length dl. The direction of tension

acting on the pulse have been shown:
2T sin  = 2T 
where,  is small

dl
2T sin  = T 
r
dl
d 
r
dm = µdl
where µ is mass per unit length.
For circular motion,
V2 Tdl
in
dm 
r r
e.
V2 Tdl
µdl 
r r
je
iit
T
V=

k
ac
So, speed of transverse wave is not a wave function of wave

characteristics. It is a function of tension in a string and mass per unit
cr
length.
T
V

For fundamental node or Ist harmonic we can write frequency.
1
n=
T
2L


In general, we can write possible frequency of vibration of string:
P
FP =
T
2L

where µ is mass per unit length of string.
Vibrations of String:
When a string capable of vibrating that is under tension is set into

vibration transverse harmonic waves will propagate along it. If the
in
length of string is finite reflected wave will also exists and so due to
e.
multiple reflection standing waves of large amplitude called resonant
je
standing waves will be produced i.e. the waves in a tord string of finite
length are transverse stationary. The strings will vibrate in such a way
iit
that fixed. Points of string are nodes as the string a these point is not
k
free to move while the points of plucking or free end is an antinode as

ac
here displacement will be maximum.

cr
Figure shows, the fundamental node, 1st overtone 2nd overtone,

figure shows the 1st harmonic, 2nd harmonic and third harmonic
figure. Vibrations corresponding to 1st harmonic, 2nd harmonic and
3rd harmonic have been shown in figure.
In tord string:
The fixed end are nodes than correspond to 1st harmonic we can write:

n=
2

  2L
V
n=

V
n
2L
The higher possible frequencies are called overtones with f 2 be second
harmonic or f3 be third harmonic or second overtone. Regarding
frequency of a vibrating string it is birth noting that–
in
(i) As a string has many natural frequencies all integral
e.
multiples of fundamental frequency so when it is excited
with a tuning fork or a vibrating body the string will be in
je
resonance with the given body.
iit
If any one of its natural frequency coinside with that of body.

k
ac
(ii) Meysan's Law of Vibration:
1
F
cr
L
If T and µ are constant
F T
If L and µ are constant
1
F

If T and L are constant,

If M is the mass of string and length L than
M

L
so, we can write
1
f=
T
2L

1
=
2L
T
M in
e.
L
je
1
=
iit
T
2
ML
k
ac
1
=
T
2L
cr
r2
1
=
T
2Lr

Viscosity and Newton's law of viscous force:
In case of steady flow of a fluid when a layer of fluid slips or tense to

slip on a adjacent layer in contact the two layers adjust tangential force

on each other, which tries to destroy the relative motion between

them.
The property of a fluid due to which it opposes the relative motion in

its different layers is called viscosity or fluid friction or internal friction
and the force between the layers opposing the relative motion is called
viscous force.
Viscosity:
The property of a fluid due to which it opposes the relative motion

in
between its different layers is called viscosity or fluid friction or
e.
internal friction. Newton found that viscous force 'F' acting on any
layer of a fluid is directly proportional to it’s a and to the velocity
je
dV
it
gradient at the layer.

dy
ki
AdV
ac
So, F 
dy
cr
so, F is .
AdV
dy
where  is coefficient of viscosity or simply viscosity of fluid.

Here negative sign (–) shows that viscous forces on a fluid layer X in a
direction, which opposes the relative velocity i.e. relative motion.
dV
Figure shows the that is velocity gradient.
dy
Regarding viscosity of a fluid it is birth noting that it depends only on

the nature of fluid and is independent of area considered or velocity
gradient.
(ii) Its dimensions are M L–1 T–1 and its unit is poisewile (PI) in S.I.
in
unit while in C.G.S. unit it is dyne sec/cm2 called poise (P).
e.
1 poisewile = 10 poise
je
(iii) In case of liquid viscosity increases with density while for

gases it decreases with increase in density for with increase
it
ki
in temperature viscosity of liquids decreases while that for

gases increases.
ac
(iv) With increase in pressure the viscosity of liquid except water

cr
increases while that of gases in practically independent of

pressure.
Stoke's law and terminal velocity:
When a body moves through a fluid, the fluid in contact with the body
in dracked with it.

This establishes relative motion in fluid layers near the body due to
which viscous force starts operating the fluid exerts viscous force on
the body to oppose its motion.
The magnitude of the viscous force depends on the shape and size of
the body is speed and the viscosity of the fluid. Stokes established that
if a sphere of radius r moves with velocity v through a fluid of viscosity
. The viscous force opposing the motion of the sphere is
F = 6 rv
This law is called Stoke's law. in

e.
Now if sphere is drop in a fluid its weight
je
W = mg
iit
4 3
= r 
k
3
ac
X vertically downwards while upthrust
4 3
cr
Th = r g
3
and viscous force 6 rv at vertically upwards. Initially v = 0 and  > g,
 >  so, the body will be accelerated downwards because of the

acceleration the velocity will increase and hence viscous force also
starts increasing. At a certain stand hen viscous force F will balance the
net downward force W – Th, then acceleration will become zero and

the body will fall with constant velocity. This constant velocity is called
terminal velocity. So if Vt is terminal velocity.
Find the Terminal velocity in the following way:
Figure shows the spherical ball, weight of the ball is acting in vertically
downward direction, upthrust force is acting in vertically upward
direction and viscous force is also acting in vertically upward direction
in equilibrium.
Thrust + viscous force = W
So in equilibrium,
in
e.
F = W – Th
je
so, 6rvt = W – Th
iit
4 3
= r      g
k
3
ac
Terminal velocity (Vt)
2 2   
cr
= r : g
9 
Terminal velocity  r2
 (  – )
g
and graph shows the velocity with time or distance of the fall of
spherical ball.

Reynold Number:
Vcr
NR =

Reynold number is dimensionless
 is density of fluid
Vc is critical velocity
r is radius of tube
 is coefficient of Visocity.
in
e.
Critical velocity:
je
Critical velocity is the maximum velocity upto which flow of fluid
remains study in nature.
iit
Example:
k
ac
Two equal drops of water are falling through air with a steady
velocity, if the drops coalesce than find the velocity of new drop?
cr
Solution:
2 r2  
Vt  g …(i)
9 
diagram here

the drops are coalesce.
Final radius is R, so volume of one bigger drop will e equal to volume of

two smaller drops.
4 3 4 3 4 3
So, R  r  r
3 3 3
r = R = 21/3 × r
Final terminal velocity (Vt)
2 
=
9
 21 / 3r2 

g in …(ii)
e.
Vt '
 2
2 /3
je
Vt
iit
Vt' = (2)2/3 × V
k
Final terminal velocity will become (2)2/3 times of the initial terminal
ac
velocity.
Example:
cr
An air bubble of radius 1 mm is allowed to rise through a long

cylindrical column of a viscous liquid of radius 5 cm and travels a
steady rate of 2.1 cm/sec. If the density of liquid is 1.47 gm/cm 3. Find
its viscosity? (g = 980 cm/sec2)
Solution:

Here, due to force of buoyant the bubble will move up and so viscous
force which opposes the motion will act downward and as weight of
bubble is zero in dynamic equilibrium.
Thrust = viscous force
diagram here
4 3
i.e.
3
r g  6rVt
in
e.
where Vt is terminal velocity.
je
2 r2g

iit
9 Vt
k
2 1.47  0.1  980

2
ac

9 2.1
cr
 = 1.524 poise.
Example:
A spherical ball of radius 1 × 10–4 m and density 104 kg/m3 falls freely
under gravity through a distance h before entering at tank of water. If
after entering the water, the velocity of the ball does not change.
Find h the viscosity of water is 9.8 × 10–6 N-s/m2.
Solution:

After falling a height h, the velocity of the ball will become
V= 2gh
After entering the water, this velocity does not change so this velocity
is equal to terminal velocity (Vt) i.e., 2gh
diagram here in
2 2
2gh  r g
e.
9 
je
2
 
2
so, 2gh   104  104  103  9.8  106
9
iit
20  20
k
h=
2  9.8
ac
= 20.41 m.
cr

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Wave & Wave Motion

A wave is simple disturbance which propagates energy (momentum)

The most important characteristic of a wave that differentiates it from

The process of energy transmission in which disturbance propagate

energy by affecting the medium without the actual transport of matter.

Characteristic of Wave Motion:

(i) In wave motion, medium particle do not leave their position

(ii) Medium does not travel.

(iii) Transfer of energy & momentum in a medium takes place.

(iv) Phase of different particles of medium charges continuously.

Essential property for transmission of wave in a medium:

For more Study Material and Question Bank visit www.crackiitjee.in 1

(ii) The property of elasticity after replication of force

(iii) Resistance of the medium should be small.

(iv) Displacement of medium particle takes place for an in.

The characteristic of elasticity involves that if after application of force

Difference between wave motion & SHM:

In wave motion all the particles performing. S.H.M. but phase of

different particles remain different.

Various types of waves and differences between them:

(i) Depending on the necessity of medium–

Wave are classified as–

(a) Mechanical &

(b) Non-mechanical waves

(a) Mechanical or elastic waves like sound waves:

For more Study Material and Question Bank visit www.crackiitjee.in 2

A wave may or may not require a medium for its

Infact all electro-magnetic waves such as -rays X-rays or

Apart from mechanical (elastic) and non-mechanic (electro magnetic

The represent wave like properties of particles and a governed by the

Waves are of two types:

(i) Longitudinal waves.

(ii) Transverse waves.

For more Study Material and Question Bank visit www.crackiitjee.in 3

If the particles of the medium vibrate at right angle to the direction of

Waves on strings are always transverse.

Waves on springs or sound waves in air are examples of longitudinal

The transverse or longitudinal nature of a wave is decided by

Number of dimensions in which they propagate energy:

One-Dimensional Two-Dimensional Three-Dimensional

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Waves propagated in Waves formed on the Waves propagated in sky

When propagation of wave takes place in one-dimension, two-

All non-mechanical waves are transverse, this ??????? implies that–

If a wave is longitudinal it is mechanical but if a wave is mechanical it

may or may not be longitudinal.

If a wave is non-mechanical it is transverse but if a wave is transverse it

Mechanical waves in different media–

(i) In strings, mechanical waves are always transverse that to

(ii) In gases and liquids mechanical waves are always

For more Study Material and Question Bank visit www.crackiitjee.in 5

Sound waves in air or water. This is because fluids can not

(iii) In solids mechanical waves can be either transverse or

If we strike a rod at right angle, figure (a the waves in the rod

Audible or Sound Waves:

sensitivity of human ear typically 20 hertz to 20 kilo hertz. These are

The longitudinal mechanical waves whose frequencies lie before 20

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Longitudinal mechanical waves having frequencies greater than 20 kilo

potential ones is stored. These two properties of matter determine the

velocity of sound i.e. velocity of sound the characteristic ??? the