BIOSTAT Q#1 REVIEWER b) POPULATION - bigger; NOT

accurate; time consuming; NOT

practical.

• PARAMETER - are numbers that

summarize data for an entire
A. NUMERICAL/ QUANTITATIVE
POPULATION.

1. DISCRETE - counting numbers

2. CONTINUOUS - measurements
• STATISTICS- Is a numerical descriptorive
measure calculated for a SAMPLE
B. CATEGORICAL/ QUALITATIVE
A. DESCRIPTIVE- summarizes and
describe the important chars. Of 1. MULTINOMIAL - many
measurement.
categories
2. DICHOTOMOUS - only 2;
B. INFERENTIAL - HYPOTHESIS answerable by yes or no

testing -> Inference or conclusion.

- For the POPULATION, even if the DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES:

data is taken from the sample. • QUESTIONNAIRE

• INTERVIEW

STEPS:
• EXPERIMENT

• OBSERVATION

1. SPECIFY the questions to be • REGISTRATION (** for SECONDARY data)

answered & identify the

population of interest.
DATA PRESENTATIONS:

2. DECIDE how to select the sample

• PIE CHART

3. SELECT the sample and analyze • BAR GRAPH

its information. • LINE GRAPH

4. USE these info to make and • SCATTER PLOT

inference about the population. • STEM & LEAF PLOT

5. DETERMINE the reliability of the • PICTOGRAM

inference.
SAMPLING METHODS:

STATISTICS INVLOVES: [ P. A. I. C. O. ] RANDOM or PROBABILITY SAMPLE

• P - PRESENTATION
a) SIMPLE - - calcu random #
• A - ANALYSIS
b) SYSTEMATIC
• I - INTERPRETATION
c) STRATIFIED
• C - COLLECTION
d) CLUSTER
• O - ORGANIZATION

• MANIFEST - observable/ measurable (ex:

*** DIFFERENTIATE inferential (HAS length)
conclusion) from descriptive statistics (W/O • LATENT - cannot directly measure (ex:
conclusion).
satisfactory rating)

• VARIABLES - is a characteristic that

CHANGES over time.

 
• DATA - set of measurements; can be
either SAMPLE or POPULATION.  

- are numbers that summarize data from

a sample

a) SAMPLE - RANDOM SAMPLING;

part/ portion/ representative of the
population; supplies your data.
SCALES/ LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS:

SCALE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE IN STAT

• Distance

• Height
• Coefficient of
R ⇢ RATIO TRUE zero
• Measured variation
amounts

NOT true zero;

interval between • °F
• MEAN
I ⇢ INTERVAL
nos. is • Year of birth • Standard dev
meaningless

• Satisfactory
O ⇢ ORDINAL
ORDER; label + rating
• MEDIAN
ranking • Label of • Percentiles
rooms

• Gender

LABEL;
• Race
• No. Of cases

N ⇢ NOMINAL represents a
• Scantron
• MODE
category/ number
• Bar codes

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (numerical data):

1. Get the RANGE (R)
2. Get the CLASS WIDTH (CS)
3. The CS will be the INTERVAL.

example:
HEIGHT (in):

68 60 68 67 66 62 61 63 64

65 66 66 63 65 65 62 63 64

61 71 56 65 61 64

*** AT MOST - - ≤
← 0.5 0.5 →
How many? Class interval ↓ (+) ↑ (+)
MIDPOINT/ <
RELATIVE BOUNDARIES > SUM
HEIGHT TALLY FREQUENCY CLASS CUMULATIVE R.F. %
FREQ. LL- UL FREQ.
MARK FREQ.

56-58 I 1 4.35 57 55.5 - 58.5 1 4.35 23

59-61 IIII 4 17.39 60 58.5 - 61.5 5 21.74 22

62-64 卌- III 8 34.78 63 61.5 - 64.5 13 56.52 18

65-67 卌- III 8 34.78 64 64.5 - 67.5 21 91.30 10

68-71 II 2 8.70 69.5 67.5 - 71.5 23 100 2

= 23 = 100 ORIGINAL=23