FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AIR & PERSEKITARAN

MAKMAL KEJURUTERAAN AIR

Kod M/Pelajaran DAB 30403

Kod Ujikaji MKA – 01

Tajuk Ujikaji BASIC HYDROLOGY AND

INFILTRATION RATE TEST

Kod Kursus 2 DAB

 STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC
(SCE)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES

UTHM

We, hereby confess that we have prepared this report on our own effort. We also admit not to
receive or give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge that everything mentioned
in the report is true.

UNIT NAME MATRIC NO

1. NOR IZLYIN AMANI BINTI AZLAN AA131195

2 NUR’AINAH ARINA BINTI MOHD RAZIP AA130980
3. NUR AMIRA NATASHA BINTI ISMAIL AA130979
4. NURUL ADILAH BINTI MD YUSOF AA130983
5. NURUL HUDA BINT MUHAMAD FAUZI AA130373
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Hydrology is the science that encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement and
properties of the water of the earth and their relationship with the environment within each
phase of the hydrologic cycle. The hydrologic cycle is a continuous process by which water
is purified by evaporation and transported from the earth’s surface (including the ocean)to
the atmosphere and back to the land and ocean. All of physical ,chemical and biological
processes involving water as it travels its various paths in the atmosphere, over and beneath
the earth’s surface and through growing plants, ate of interest to those who study the
hydrologic cycle.

There are many pathways the water may take in its continuous cycle of falling as rainfall
or snowfall and returning to the atmosphere. It may be captured for millions of the years in
polar ice caps. It may flow to river and finally to the sea. It may soak into the soil to be
evaporated directly from the soil surface as it dries or be transpired by growing plants. it
may percolate through the soil to groundwater reservoirs (aquifers) to be stored or it may
flow to wells or springs or back to streams by seepage. They cycle for water may be short, or
it may take millions of years.

People tap the water cycle for their own uses. Water is diverted temporarily from one part
of the cycle by pumping it from ground or drawing it from a river or lake. It is used for a
variety of activities such as household, business and industries; for irrigation of farms and
parklands. After use, water is returned to another part of the cycle: perhaps discharge
downstream or allowed to soak into the ground.

Used water normally is lower in quality, even treatment, which often poses a problem for
downstream user. the hydrologist studies fundamental transport processes to be able to
describe the quantity and quality of water as it moves through the (evaporation, precipitation,
stream flow, infiltration groundwater flow, and components).
2.0 OBJECTIVE

To identify the relationship between rainfall and runoff.

3.0 THEORY

Runoff is generated by rainstorms and its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the
characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. The rainfall-
runoff process is extremely complex, making it difficult to model accurately. There are,
in addition, other important factors which influence the runoff generating process like
natural surface detention, soil infiltration characteristics and the drainage pattern formed
by natural flow paths. The soil type, vegetative cover and topography play as important
roles. Rainfall and runoff are very important hydrologic components because of their
direct relations with water resources quantity, flood, streamflow and design of dam and
hydraulic structure.
4.0 EQUIPMENTS

Basic hydrological instrument

Stop watch and Rain gauge

5.0 PROCEDURES
Case 1: Flat and sandy soils surface profile (without slope) .

1. The clock is set at the rain gauge.

2. Sand is flattened on the device.
3. Established tool in the horizontal (flat)
4. At the shower of rain, rain gauge tool is placed.
5. Packed plastic curtain to prevent the water from splash out.
6. The pump switch is turned on.
7. Switch on the pump and start the stop watch at the same time. Real time is
continuously recoded.
8. The reading of water level rise was recoded through a set every 30 seconds.
9. The reading is continuously taken until it has 3 of water level with same reading.
10. The pump switch is turned off.
11. The reading is continuously taken which is decline of water level until it reach zero or
it is approaching from the gain gauge.

Case 2: Flat and sandy soils surface with 1:100 slope profile

1. Adjust the rail at side of the catchment area to justify according the requirement for
case 1 (from upstream to downstream).
2. And then move the profile board to obtain the cross section at the upstream as in case
of flat and sandy soils surface from upstream to downstream.
3. Switch on the pump and start the stop watch at the same time.
4. Record the discharge every 30 seconds (during the rainfall). Also record the reading
from the rain gauge (mm).
5. At the shower of rain, rain gauge tool is placed.
6. Switch on the pump and start the stop watch at the same time. Real time is
continuously recoded.
7. The reading of water level rise was recorded through a set every 30 seconds.
8. The reading is continuously taken until it has 3 of water level with same reading.
9. The pump switch is turned off.
10. The reading is continuously taken which is decline of water level until it reach zero or
it is approaching from the gain gauge.
 6.0 RESULT
TABLE 6.1 Basic hydrological experiment results

CASE 1 CASE 2
TIME, t WATER
(S) DISCHARGE DISCHARGE RAIN GAUGE WATER DISCHARGE DISCHARGE RAIN GAUGE
LEVEL
(L/mm) (M3/S) x 10-5 READING (mm) LEVEL (mm) (LITER/MIN) (M3/S) x 10-5 READING (mm)
(mm)
30 1.5 3.33 0.8
60 2.9 1.72 0.9
90 3.5 1.43 2.4
120 3.5 1.43 3.1
150 3.5 1.43 3.6
180 3.0 1.67 3.7
210 2.5 2.0 3.7
240 2.0 2.5 3.7
270 1.8 2.78 3.6
300 1.5 3.33 2.9
330 1.3 3.85 2.5
360 1.1 4.55 2.2
390 1.1 4.55 1.9
420 1.1 4.55 1.6
450 1.1 4.55 1.4
480 1.1 4.55 1.4
510 1.1 4.55 1.3
540 1.0 5.0 1.3
570 1.0 5.0 1.3
600 1.0 5.0 1.3
630 1.0 5.0 1.2
660 1.0 5.0 1.2
690 1.0 5.0 1.2
720 1.0 1.2
DATA ANALYSIS

To convert discharge volume in L /min to m3 /s:

1𝐿 = 0.001 𝑚3

Example case 1:

Discharge, (L/min) = 2.3

Discharge, (m3/s) = 2.3 x 0.001 /60

= 2.30 x 0.001/60

= 3.83 x 10 -5 g m3/s

Example case 2

Discharge, (L/min) = 0.9

Discharge, (m3/s) = 0.9 x0.001/60

= 0.9 x 0.001/60

= 1.5 x 10 -5 g m3/s
 TABLE 6.2 Basic hydrological experiment results

Case 1 Case 2

Time, t Discharge Rain gauge reading (mm) Discharge Rain gauge reading (mm)

(s) (liter/s) (liter/s)

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

540

570

600

630
660

690

720

a) Time concentration

Time concentration, tc is the time when the discharge is at it is maximum.

Case 1:90 s < tc < 150 s

Case 2:180s < tc <240 s

b) Rain fall duration

 The rain fall duration is the duration from the beginning until the pump is
switched off.

Case 1 : 150 s

Case 2: 240 s

c) Peak Discharge

Peak discharge is when the curve of the graph is at the highest.

Case 1 = 150 second (discharge =333.33 m3/s)

Case 2 = 240 second (discharge =400.00 m3/s)

d) Runoff

CASE 1:

Q =V/t

V =Q X t

= 333.33m3/s x 60

= 19999.8 m3

CASE 2 :

Q =V/t

V =Q X t

= 400.00m3/s x 60

= 24000.00 m3

e) Rainfall intensity

Rain gauge maximum / rain duration:

Case 1:

Rain intensity = 27 mm/270 s = 0.100 mm/s

Case 2:

Rain intensity = 30.3 mm/300s = 0.101mm/s

 f) Storage volume

Storage volume is the area below the curve (bottom –half). To fine the area of the bottom-
half of the curve we count the table above.

Case1: Storage volume = 216.7 m3/s x 30 x 0.0270 m

=175.53 m3

Case 2: Storage volume = 206.7 m3 /s x 30 x 0.0303m

=187.89 m3

Case 1 Case 2
Time concentration 150s<tc <210 s 90<tc <150s
Rainfall duration 210 sec 150 sec
Peak discharge 180 sec 120 sec
(discharge =216.7m3/s) (discharge =206.7 m3/s)
Runoff volume 13002 m3 12402 m3
Rainfall intensity 0.100 mm/s 0.101 mm/s
Storage volume 175.53 m3 187.89 m3

From the table we can see that the time concentration, rainfall duration, runoff volume, peak
discharge, and the storage volume from case 1 is higher than case 2 while the rainfall intensity
from case 2 is higher than case 1.
7.0 DISCUSSION

From the experiment that have been analyze. Based on the graph for case 1is directly
proportional and for case 2 is increasing uniformly. Based on the graph plotted the time
concentration for case 1 is 150s < tc < 210 s meanwhile for case is 90s < tc <150s.next is the
rainfall duration for case 1 is 210 sec and the rainfall duration for case 2 is 150 sec. For peak
discharge in case 1 in 180 sec the peak discharge is 216.7m3/s and for case 2 in 120 sec the
peak discharge is 206.7m3/s. The runoff volume for case 1 is 13002m3 and 12402m3 runoff
volume for case 2. The rainfall intensity for case 1 is 0.100 mm/s and 0.101 mm/s for case 2.
The storage volume for case 1 is 175.53 m3 and case2 is 187.89 m3.

Case 1 which have flat and sandy soil surface profile (without slope) has larger in time
concentration than case 2.same goes with other three factor ,which is rainfall duration ,peak
discharge and runoff volume that have large value than case 2. Even though the vale for
rainfall intensity and storage volume for case 2 is larger than case 1.

In this experiment the type soil use is sandy soil it is because the result of the experiment will
influence base on the type of soil use. Slope and catchment size also influence the generation
of surface runoff. The moister of soil is also influence the result if the experiment is been
held continuously.
8.0 CONCLUSION

As the conclusion, we can conclude that without slope or flat surface it have larger value of
runoff volume. Meanwhile the surfaces that have slope produce the greatest value of rainfall
intensity and storage volume. There are a few things that we have to take as the precaution
step while doing this experiment.