Pharmacy and Biotechnology

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology

Pharmaceutics I
PHTC 311

Tutorial 2: Pharmaceutical Solutions

Course Instructors:
Prof. Dr. Samar Mansour
Dr. Salma Tammam
Dr. Mai Rady

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Outline / ILOS

• Solutions
• Aqueous Solutions
• Types of water used in pharmaceutical prepatations

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 Solutions
Solutions are homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in
a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.

Aqueous Non-
Aqueous

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 Choice of Solvent for Pharmaceutical Solutions

Non- Aqueous
Aqueous
Alcohols- Glycerin
Water
- Propylene Glycol
Aromatic water
Oils- ether

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 Choice of Solvent for Pharmaceutical Solutions

WATER
Water is used both as vehicle and as a solvent for the desired
flavoring or medicinal ingredients.
Advantages:
Tasteless, odourless, lack of pharmacological activity, neutral and very cheap

Types of water as a Solvent for Pharmaceutical Solutions:

•Tap Water
•Freshly Boiled and Cooled Water
•Mineral Water
•Purified Water , USP
•Water for Injections (WFI)
•Aromatic Water

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 Types of water used in pharmaceutical preparations

Tap Water
Why it is not permitted to be used or the dispensing of pharmaceutical dosage forms?

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 Types of water used in pharmaceutical preparations

Freshly Boiled and Cooled

Water
Why it is not permitted to be used or the dispensing of pharmaceutical dosage forms?
Boiling is used to destroy vegetative bacteria.
But:

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 Types of water used in pharmaceutical preparations

Purified Water , USP

Why it is permitted to be used or the dispensing of pharmaceutical dosage forms?

•Free from anions, cations and microorganisms

•Used as a vehicle or solvent for the active ingredient or flavors.
•Used for most pharmaceutical operations and in all the manufacturing process tests and assays.

Such water is prepared by:

Ultraviolet energy, heat or filtration (Millipore filtration) can be used to remove or kill the microorganisms
present in the water.

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 Types of water used in pharmaceutical preparations

Water for Injections (WFI)

Why it is permitted to be used or the dispensing of parentral dosage forms?

Pyrogen-free distilled water, sterilized immediately after collection and is used for parenteral preparations.
( Apyrogenic water)

It is obtained by sterilizing pyrogen-free distilled water.

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 Types of water used in pharmaceutical preparations

Sterile Water for Injections

(SWFI)
Sterile water for injection
Water for injection is sterilized by autoclaving (heating) in sealed containers to prevent the development of
bacteria from which pyrogens are derived .

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 Methods of preparation of purified water

1- Distillation
The first amount of distillate is discarded as it contains volatile
substances

The last amount in the still is discarded as it contains heavy

metals.

Water

To be sterile, it must be subjected to sterilization process e.g.,

UV energy Heat Millipore Filtration
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 Methods of preparation of purified water

2-Ion exchange (Deionization or demineralization)

Passage of water through two columns of

cation and anion exchangers, consisting of
water insoluble, polymerized Resins of high
molecular weight.
I- Cation, or acid exchange resins, which
permit the exchange of the cations (Ca++,
iron, Mg) in the tap water with hydrogen ion
from the resin
II- Anion, or base exchange resins, which permit the
removal of anions. To produce (pure water- H2O)

To be sterile, it must be subjected to sterilization process e.g.,

UV energy Heat Millipore Filtration
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 Methods of preparation of purified water

3- Reverse osmosis
Pressure exceeding the
osmotic pressure exerted by
solutes in water.

Solute is
retained on Pure solvent is
the pressurized allowed to pass
side of the
membrane

To be sterile, it must be subjected to sterilization process e.g.,

UV energy Heat Millipore Filtration
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Measuring Systems Metrology

• All measurements in the health care system should be written in the metric
system as recommended by The Joint commission and the FDA.

• Until prohibited, you will encounter units from the old system “Apothecary”.

• Apothecary and household measurements are commonly used in home care

settings instead of hospitals and health care organizations.

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Measuring Systems Metrology

Metric Apothecary Household

Measure of Weight: “Gram”

1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 g 1 centigram (cg) = 0.01 g
1 hectogram (Hg) = 100 g 1 milligram (mg) = 0.001 g
1 decagram (Dg) = 10 g 1 microgram (μg) = 0.000,001 g
1 decigram (dg) = 0.1 g 1 nanogram (ng) = 0.000,000,001 g

Measure of Volume: “Liter” Measure of length: “Meter”

1 kiloliter (Kl) = 1000 l 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 m
1 hectoliter (Hl) = 100 l 1 hectometer (Hm) = 100 m
1 decaliter (Dl) = 10 l 1 decameter (Dm) = 10 m
1 deciliter (dl) = 0.1 l 1 decimeter (dm) =0.100 m
1 centiliter (cl) = 0.01 l 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m
1 milliliter (ml) = 0.001 l 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m
1 microliter (μl) = 0.000,001 l 1 micrometer (μm) = 0.000,001 m
1 nanometer (nm) = 0.000,000,001 m

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Measuring Systems Metrology

Metric Apothecary Household

Apothecaries Weight
measures
Apothecaries Fluid
measures

Apothecary measurements are considered to be approximate measures and

rarely used due to confusion and errors.

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Measuring Systems Metrology

Apothecary
Weight Measurements Liquid Measurements

Grain (gr.) Minim (m.)

Scruple (℈) Fluid Drachm (fʒ )

Drachm (ʒ ) Fluid Ounce (f℥ )

Ounce (℥ ) Pint (pt.)

Pound (lb) Quart (qt.)

Gallon (gal.)

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Measuring Systems Metrology

Metric Apothecary Household

For instructing patients on how to take a medication utilizing measuring devices at home

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Measuring Systems Metrology

Household
Volume Measurements
Weight Measurements
Gallon (gal.)
Pound (lb)
Quart (qt)
Ounce (oz)
Pint (pt)
Grain (gr)
Cup
Gram (g)
Fluid ounce (Fl oz)

Tablespoon (Tbsp)

Teaspoon (tsp)

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Measuring Systems Metrology

Metric
Household Volume
Volume
Gallon Quart (qt) Pint (pt) Cup Fl oz Tbsp tsp Ml
1 4 8 16 128 256 768 3840
1 2 4 32 64 192 960
1 2 16 32 96 480
1 8 16 48 240
1 2 6 30
1 3 15
1 5

Household Weight Metric Weight

Pound (lb) Ounce (oz) Grain (gr) Gram (g)
1 16 7000 454
1 462 30
(1 Kg = 2.2 lb) 1 0.065
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Practice Problems Administration

1. A formula for cough syrup contains 1/8 grains of codeine phosphate per teaspoon. How many grams
of codeine phosphate should be in preparing 1 pint of the cough syrup?

2. If a liquid medicine is to be taken three times daily and if 180 mL are to be taken in 4 days. How
many tablespoon should be prescribed for each dose?

3. A physician prescribes tetracycline suspension for a patient to be taken in doses of 2 teaspoon 4

times a day for 4 days and then 1 teaspoon 4 times a day for 2 days. How many milliliter of the
suspension should be dispensed to provide the quantity for the prescribed dosage regimen?

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Practice Problems Administration

4. A nurse administering 2 teaspoons of oral liquid Tylenol every 4 hours to 6 children with fever. You
have on hand a 4 fl.ounce bottle of liquid children’s Tylanol. How many full doses available in the
bottle? How many doses can be given to each child? Which dosage measuring tool should be used
for administration?

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 Thank you
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