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1985 - A Simulator For Gas Kicks in Oil-Based Drilling Muds
1985 - A Simulator For Gas Kicks in Oil-Based Drilling Muds
SPE 14182
rhis paper was prepared for preaentatiin st the 60fh Annusl Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in Las
Iegaa, NV September 22-25, 19S5.
~Is paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abatract submitted by the
mlhor(s). Contents of the paper, as presented, have not been reviewed by the Sociity of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the
mfhor(s).The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any positionof the S@ety of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or mambera. Papera
weeded at SPE meettnga are subject to publicafiin review by Ediiorial Committees of the society of Petroleum Engine&e. Permission to copy ia
astrictedto an abstract of not more than 200 words. Illustration may not be copied. The abstract shouldcontain oonapicuouaacktK@3dgmSfIt of where
md by whom the paper ia presanted. Write Publicetiins Manager, SPE, P.O. Sax SSSS36, Richardson, TX 7S06S-SS26. Telex, 7S09SS SPEDAL.
?J3STRACT
In theseequations,A is flow crossseCtiOn,&g Eq.s (l)-(3) and eq. (5)now constitutea quasi-
is rateof gas dissolution,
q is gas influx, ‘1 ‘s stationaryapproximation
to the full flowproblem.
the frictionalpressureloss tern and f2 contains
localizedpressuredrops. For further definitions,
In these4 equations,thereare 11 unknowns;a, Qm,
see nomenclature.
vm, bg, Qgl xl Vgt q, Pt fll ‘2” The set of equati-
ons must therefore be augmented with seven
When mud propertiesare changed, the simulator
constitutiveequations.or submodels, Normally,
treatsthisas an introduction
of a new mud. Several
these submodels each consists of one or a set of
muds nay be presentin the systemsimultaneously.
algebraicequations.From the literature,a number
Eachmud is treated individually.For claritY of
of formulationsis available for each submodel.
exposition,however,eq.s (1)-[4)have assumedthat
General functionalrelationshipsare listed and
only one mud is present, as will the discussionto
brieflydiscussedbelow.
follow.
‘= P9(P,T)....4............................ (7)
In the presentstudy,however,we are interestedin ‘9
~ dynamiceffects.Also,we will employ a
Giventhe type of gas, gas densityand viscosityare
finite difference method for the approximate
functionsonly of pressureand temperature.
solution of the governing equations.witinthis
background,the existence of soundwavesis very
Free gas velocityVg is modelledas
inconvenient.For an explicit finite difference
++iam“fi,,l~
method, the standardcFL stabilitycofid~..=..
----
=CoVm+Vs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :: s,,... (8)
readsAt ~ As/(v+c),whereAt is ti=e ~@l i As is ‘9
spatial increment,v is flow velocity and c is
velocityof sound.Usingtypicalvalues,this would whereCo dependson duct geometryand
imply a time step At in the orderof 0.1s.The
typicaltimespan of interestis in the order of vs =Vs(p,T,x,a,s)........................... (9)
. Th\us
hoiirs j unacceptablylarge computing times
wouldresult.Also,it was felt to be difficult to The first3 Parametersin ($) ififltiefi~e
Vs via f~~id
construct implicitmethodswith ordersof magnitude properties.s influencesvs via duct geometryand
betterstabilityproperties.Thus,we concludedfrom flow lineanglewith the vertical.SlipvelocityV$
the outset that hyperbolicpressure propagation is stronglyinfluencedby void fractiona.
effectsshouldbe removedfrom the equations.This
was done by deletingthe materialderivativefrom q= Q (P,s,t)............................... (lo)
the momentumconservation
equation,i.e. the first
and last terms in eq. (4).The resultingequation Inflow of gas from the reservoir is crudely
becomes mdelled, and will mainlydependon well pressure.
The dependenceon s and t is causedby the limited
and timedependentthicknessof the reservoir.
~s(Ap)= - Aft - Af9 +A{(l-a)@m+ aQg} g COS9 (5)
G
4 A SIMULATORFOR GAS KICKSIN OIL BASEDDRILLINGMUDS SPE 14182
zhg=Mg(p,T,x,a,vm,vg,S)
.................... (11) v =V = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (16)
m 9
Here,
‘dis is pump dischargepressure.B is pump Sg - positionof gas front,relativeto
parameter(s),
e.g. throttle position, speed, pump upstreamedge of grid blockno. 19
power.
These front variables are updated by moving the
At the outlet,with BOP or chokeopen, frontswith downstreamvelocity,e.g.:
In = 1:-1+ 1
9
Here, a’ = a:-’ Asi/S;-’ , i.e. real void fraction
behindgas front.Now 12 is computed to make mud
Sn = S; - ASIn-l ““””’’””””””””””””””-”(18) volumebetweenpoints1 and 2 in fig. 3 equalto AV.
9 ‘“
g
Let
n Atn ~ AS
assuming v n-1 ~ n-l+,
gIg +
9 Al = Max (O , S~-l -Asi +11+12) ......... (22)
n
11 ‘v~i+~t ”””””””’”””””””” ““”””””””””””-”- ’20) Gas inflowis computedas (compareeq. 10)
.
6 A SIMULATORFOR GAS KICKS IN OIL BASEDDRILLINGMUDS SPE 14182
can be substituted
back intothe mass conservation
..
where superscript n indicates that non-mass
variablesare taken at the advanced time level. Assuming p~_ to be known,p:+ can be foundby a
Superscript ‘ indicatesthat mass transportis not straightforwardintegration
of eq. (5
taken into account. Eq. (29) is a non-linear
ordinary differential
equation.Takentogetherwith p:+ = p:- - F;i ASi + (M;i+dgfijgcos~i;hi.
. (33;
the initialconditionsdescribedabove,W. (29) can
be integratedforwardin time.A numberof methods
is availablefor this task. Currently,a simple With gas frontpresentin the grid block,frictional
implicitmethodis implemented: pressuredrop is treatedseparatelyfor the one and
two phase regions, with totalfrictionalpressure
drop computedas the weighted sum of these two
R;;i = ?$~;+#r@fr4f1’. ) ................. (30)
9 ‘-gall’
contributions.
Superscript
n on Fli indicates that
advanced time ievei values of all variablesare
utilized.
Eq. (30)is a scalar non-linear‘~ation ‘n ‘~dl.
once it is solved,
With a localized pressure drop at the downstream
eifgeGf -*’A
~.1” hlneknQ,
“----- i: we have
5*= F$di-P$;: .......................... (31)
Corrector
step:
-------------
arisingfrom stabilityconsiderations.
Upstreamvaluesin
_____________ next grid
.===------- block:
---------
~1.lm
Pressure:
i.k=l
Vk
,~i+l-=
2. Guesspump dischargepressureP~- k
Ti+l, x:))
vmi+ AiPm(p~+JTif x~)/(Ai+lPm(p~+l.l
~. ~k = vP..
(Ji-,pn)(Pumpmodel,eq. (14)) ............................................. (37)
141-
4. Fori=l,Ndo (Spatialintegration
along k
5. If computedoutlet variables,p;+ ‘r ‘mN+ and
flow line) V:N+, as the case may be, approximategiven
boundary conditions within a prescribed
-1’ accuracy,time step is completed.If not
8 A SIMULATOR FOR GAS KICKS ItiGIL BNW? DRIH.JNG.M!!M SPE 14182
6. k=k+l
A . Flow line crosssectionalarea
c . velocityof sound
This computations constitutesa
sequence of
shooting method for the Frictionalpressureloss
predictor corrector ‘1’ ‘1 =
computationof advancedtime levelvariables. Localizedpressureloss
f2’ ‘2 =
9 . Accelerationof gravity
In eq.sand (37)we have assumeda constant
[36)
Ig . Grid block no. where gas front
over a localized pressure drop. This may be
inaccurate,but note that the velocitiesv~i+l. is positioned
and v~i+l_are used only in co~putingthe frictional parametersdefinedin
‘1’ 11’ 12 = Auxiliary
pressure tirop,ani nat fcx CQW~tatiQn of nass eq.s (20), (22) and fig. 3.
. .
transport.The algorithmdoes conservmass exactly.
mg, M Rate of dissolution
of freegas.
9
As = Spatialincrement(gridblocksize)
spE 14182 Ekrann,S. & Rommetveit,
R. 9
6t . Fractional
time SteP preparation.
T = Temperature
REFERENCES
AV . Auxiliaryparameterdefinedin eq. (21)
Supe=crMs
HermosaPublishers,
Albuquerque(1976)228-230.
k
.. . Iterationcount
6. n: ..”1.
DJ$ALlb, #i. , =n~ L&hlmliet
..-=..-””,-. c .. ●~r$
n . Time level
*
AB CWK GleerupBokf#rlag,Lund (1969)166.
. Indicatespredictorstep results
i . Grid blockno.
+ . Downstreamedge of grid block
. Upstreamedge of grid block
n
PUMP
D% H #BOP, CHOKE
R
..
Fig.
1 —Geomet~ of physicel system.
n
1 —.
‘N AsN
‘r
, — —-
sN-1
.—
-J
I
Si_f
i
h
-——
ASi
Si
Fig 2—Diecretizetion
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1GAS FRONT
.-
SPE 14182