Page 1 Instructions for using the L8 Fractional Factorial

General: MAKE A BACKUP COPY!

This workbook will allow the design of an experiment using the L8 Fractional Factorial. It will also analyze the
results using conventional ANOVA, graph the results of the Main Factors, graph the results of all the two factor
interactions, and allow Predictions with what-if scenarios. You can have as many as 7 factors, with no
interactions, or less factors with some interactions included. You will not be able to include more than 3
interactions in this design.

There are 6 worksheets included in this workbook. 1) This "Instructions" worksheet (which should be printed for
ease of use), 2) The "Column Assignments" worksheet which helps you design the experiment, 3) "Data Entry &
Analysis" this worksheet does all the analysis. All you need to do is enter the experimental data. 4) "Anova &
Response Graphs" This worksheet has all the Anova Results, and all the possible response graphs of main
factors and two factor interactions. There are more graphs than you need on this sheet. You will observe the
significant variables on the anova table, then delete all graphs that are not required. 5) "Mean Efffects"
worksheet, these data were used to create all te response graphs. It is there if you need it.
And finally, 6) "Summary & Conclusion" formatted cover page for your experiment report.

Worksheet 2: "Column Assignments"

This is where all the factors are assigned to the columns which in turn dictate the test combinations to be
executed. You should have done some homework to this point to identify specifically which interactions you
need to investigate. If you are unsure of your interactions - go back to Full Factorial Approaches.

The table on the Right - is where you enter the Factor Names. Also enter the Interactions in this area, after you
confirm you have the correct column for the interaction.

To confirm the interaction column, use the table on the Left. For example; suppose I have a variable "Holding
Pressure" and have assigned it to Column 1. I have another factor "Melt Temp." and have assigned it to column
2. If I enter the number 2, next to column 1 - the third column over will indicate the column in which the
interaction will be found - 3.

After you have confirmed the proper location of all variables and interactions, be sure to enter all the Variables
Names, Columns Interacting, and the Levels (settings) of the variables on the table on the right. These entries
will be carried over to a number of other areas in the other worksheets.

Worksheet 3: "Data Entry & Analysis"

1. All the columns have been labeled by Variable Names and the interactions you specified on the prior
worksheet. Each column with a variable at the heading indicates the times when the variables need to be
changed. You will see eight trials, so there are 8 combinations of your variable settings to be tried. The
interaction columns are simply there to help examine the interactions without obstruction. Interaction
columns do not indicate settings to be adjusted. Only the Variables Columns indicate test combos to run.

2. Enter your data in the fields identified as "R1" through "R5" adjacent to the appropriate test
combination. You can have a maximum of 5 samples per test. It is not required to have equal
sample sizes for each test combination, but to get a better esitmate of experimental error, two
repetitions per test (at least) is recommended.

3. If you wish to randomize the order of the test trials, you can indicate the Run Oder (sequence)
 of tests in the cells located to the left of the design.

Worksheet 4: "Anova & Response Graphs"

1. Enter the Percent Confidence Desired in cell C1. This value must be entered as a decimal.
For example, if you want 95% confidence enter 0.95. For 99% Confidence enter 0.99 and so on.

2. The Names of the Variables, have been copied from the "Data Entry & Analysis" worksheet, and
pasted adjacent to the related columns of the L9 array.

3. If you have some Insignificant Variables, you may pool their effects into the error by typing the
number "1" in the cell adjacent to the Insignificant Variable. Pool only Insignificant Variables.

4. Response Graphs. Towards the bottom of the printable page, there are 7 response graphs that
show the effect of each variable and / or interaction in the 7 columns. The x axis represents the factor
settings, the y axis represents the output results. The Average Result for each Factor Level are the values
being graphed. You should delete any graph of an Insignificant Variable. You should Edit the
graphs of significant variables with specific names, settings, and other specific information
suitable for your situation.

NOTE: This worksheet should have no more than 7 response graphs by the time you are finished with your
analysis. The first seven graphs you see are the graphs of the seven columns. They will be appropriate for
Main Effects of Variables, but not for columns used for your interactions. The remaining pages (scroll down
and you will see to page 6) illustrate every possible two factor interaction from this design. Find the
interaction of interest, and drag it up into position to replace the invalid interaction graph.

When you print this page - it should be 2 pages long.

Higher order interactions (three or more variables interacting) are not charted on this spread sheet.
It is recommended this be done with three dimensional graphing software.

5. PREDICTED OUTPUTS TABLE: What-if Scenarios - This is a good tool. You can
propose any combination of the variables you choose, and the Result of that combination is
Predicted for you. For example if you would like to know what would happen if you ran the
combination of Variable 1 at level 1, Variable 2 at level 2, Variable 3 at level 1, Variable 4 at level 2,
Variable 5 at level 2, 6 at level 1 and 7 at level 1, then just enter the number "1" in the appropriate level row,
under the Variables' columns. As you do so, the result of that combination appears in cell F31.

Worksheet 5; "Mean Effects"

This worksheet contains the average outputs for every variable level, and every two factor combination. These
data are referenced by numerous equations and graphs. The data can be used to graph an interaction in a
different orientation if so desired. The data is there for your interests.

Worksheet 6: "Summary & Conclusions"

Results of experiments should be documented. This worksheet is really just a form that prompts
you to fill in information regarding the experiment, its results, and confirmation of improvement.
This summary page, a copy of the Anova Main Effects page, and data from the Confirmation Run
as a minimum should be part of the DOE documentation.
 Interaction Column Assignment Worksheet

Final Column Assignments. Be sure to use the

interaction table to identify appropriate columns to be
FINDING INTERACTIONS
labeled interactions. Only 1 variable or interaction per
column.
(1) Column (2) Interacts (3) They
assignment for with a variable interact Level 1 Level 2
the variable in this column. Here! Col. # Variable Name
Setting Setting
1 NA 1 2x3
2 3 1 2 Fill Speed 1.5 2.5
3 2 1 3 Melt Temp 250 280
4 NA 4 3x7
5 NA 5 2x7
6 NA 6 Mold Temp 180 280
7 3 4 7 Hold Pressure 200 400

For columns that will be representing Interactions,

This table will help you determine which simply label them by column #s. For instance, if
columns to assign for interactions. To use column 3 is going to be used to measure the
the table; A) Determine which variables have interaction between the variables in columns 1 and 2,
an interaction. B) Assign one of the variables then simply enter; 1 x 2 as the "Variable Name".
to a column of the array (col. 1 above). C)
Enter a column number for the other variable
(col. 2 above). D) The interaction column
appears in col. 3 above.
 L8 Array: Experimental Layout & Data Entry

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
Run Mold Hold
Trial # 2x3 Fill Speed Melt Temp 3x7 2x7
Order Temp Pressure
1 0 1.5 250 0 0 180 200
2 0 1.5 250 0 0 280 400
3 0 2.5 280 0 0 280 400
4 0 2.5 280 0 0 180 200
5 0 1.5 280 0 0 180 400
6 0 1.5 280 0 0 280 200
7 0 2.5 250 0 0 280 200
8 0 2.5 250 0 0 180 400

If you wish to randomize the order of

the experiment, indicate the randomized
run order here.

Sums of effects of Factors

Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7
Level 1 274 314 378 302 376 238 372
Level 2 316 276 212 288 214 352 218
Total 590 590 590 590 590 590 590

Sample Sizes at each Factor Level

Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7
Level 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Level 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Total 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
 Enter Data Here
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
56 65
42 25
35 25
12 14
5 6
57 58
65 45
30 50

N= 16

Total = 590

C.F. = 21756.25
 Desired Confidence = 0.9 Page 1

Enter "1" A N O V A T A B L E: All Main Effects

to Pool Variable
Factors Names Source SS DF V F-Ratio F-Table
1 2x3 Col. 1 110.25 1 NA NA NA
1 Fill Speed Col. 2 90.25 1 NA NA NA
Melt Temp Col. 3 1722.25 1 1722.25 21.59561 3.457919
1 3x7 Col. 4 12.25 1 NA NA NA
2x7 Col. 5 1640.25 1 1640.25 20.5674 3.457919
Mold Temp Col. 6 812.25 1 812.25 10.18495 3.457919
Hold Pressure Col. 7 1482.25 1 1482.25 18.58621 3.457919
You should only pool error 638 8 79.75
insignificant factors (Pe) 850.75 11 77.34091
Total 6507.75 15

Read This
PREDICTED OUTPUTS TABLE
Read This for Predictions
Involving Interactions Fill Melt Mold Hold
2x3 3x7 2x7
Speed Temp Temp Pressure
Mean at Level 1 34.25 39.25 47.25 37.75 47 29.75 46.5
Mean at Level 2 39.5 34.5 26.5 36 26.75 44 27.25

Level 1
Level 2
T-bar 36.875

Predicted Output = NA

RESPONSE GRAPHS

2x3 Fill Speed

40
40
39
39
38
Output Measurements

Output Measurements

38
37
37
36
36
35
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
31
2.5
1.5

Factor Settings Factor Settings

 34
34

Outpu

Outpu
33
33
32
32
31

2.5
1.5
Factor Settings Factor Settings

Page 2
Response Graphs Continued.

Melt Temp 3x7

50 38
45
40 37.5
Output Measurements

Output Measurements
35
30 37
25
20 36.5
15
10 36
5
0 35.5
0 0
25 28 35
Factor Settings Factor Settings

2x7 Mold Temp

50 50
45 45
40
Output Measurements

Output Measurements

40
35
35
30
30
25
25 20
20 15
15 10
10 5
0
5
0 0
0 18 28
Factor Settings Factor Settings

Hold Pressure
50
45
40
Output Measurements

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0
20 40
Factor Settings
 10

Outp
5
0
0 0
20 40
Factor Settings

Page 3
Response Graphs For Interactions. Find those that are appropriate Below, and Substitute them for the
Interaction graphs above (page 1 & 2). The interaction graphs below reveal more useful details. ONLY
USE THOSE INTERACTIONS THAT WERE DESIGNED INTO THE EXPERIMENT!

Interaction Col. 1 x 2 Interaction Col. 1 x 3

50 50
47 47.5 47 47.5
45 45
Output Measurements

Output Measurements
40 40
35 35
30 31.5 30 31.5
Fill Speed 1.5 Melt Temp 250
25 25
21.5 21.5 47.5 21.5 21.5 31.5
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
Col. 1 Factor Settings Col. 1 Factor Settings

Interaction Col. 1 x 4 Interaction Col. 1 x 5

60 60

50 50
Output Measurements

Output Measurements

48.75 48.75
45.25 45.25
40 40
3x7 2x7
30 30.25 30 30.25
23.25 48.75 23.25 30.25
23.25 23.25
20 20

10 10

0 0
Col. 1 Factor Settings Col. 1 Factor Settings

Interaction Col. 1 x 6 Interaction Col. 1 x 7

60 60
56.25 56.25
50 50
Output Measurements
Output Measurements

40 40
36.75 36.75
31.75 Mold Temp 180 31.75 Hold Pressure 200
30 30
31.75 56.25 31.75 22.75
22.75 22.75
20 20

10 10

0 0
Col. 1 Factor Settings Col. 1 Factor Settings
 31.75 Mold Temp 180 31.75 Hold Pressure 200

Output Meas

Output Meas
30 30
31.75 56.25 31.75 22.75
22.75 22.75
20 20

10 10

0 0
Col. 1 Factor Settings Col. 1 Factor Settings

Page 4
Response Graphs For Interactions. Find those that are appropriate Below, and Substitute them for the
Interaction graphs above (page 1 & 2). The interaction graphs below reveal more useful details. ONLY
USE THOSE INTERACTIONS THAT WERE DESIGNED INTO THE EXPERIMENT!

Interaction Col. 2 x 3 Interaction Col. 2 x 4

50 50
47 47.5
45 45 45.5
42.5
40 40

Output Measurements
Output Measurements

35 35
31.5 33
30 30
25 Melt Temp 250 25 26.5 3x7
20 21.5 20
31.5 21.5 45.5 26.5
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5
Col. 2 Factor Settings Col. 2 Factor Settings

Interaction Col. 2 x 5 Interaction Col. 2 x 6

70 50
45 45.5
60 59 42.5
40
Output Measurements
Output Measurements

50 35
33
40 30
35 2x7 25 26.5 Mold Temp 180
34
30 20
19.5 34 45.5 42.5
20 19.5 15
10
10
5
0 0
1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5
Col. 2 Factor Settings Col. 2 Factor Settings

Interaction Col. 2 x 7 Interaction Col. 3 x 4

70 70

60 59 60 57.75
Output Measurements

Output Measurements

50 50

40 40
35 Hold Pressure 200 36.75 35.25 3x7
34
30 30
19.5 35 36.75 35.25
20 19.5 20 17.75
10 10

0 0
1.5 2.5 250 280
Col. 2 Factor Settings Col. 3 Factor Settings
 Output Measure

Output Measure
40 40
35 Hold Pressure 200 36.75 35.25 3x7
34
30 30
19.5 35 36.75 35.25
20 19.5 20 17.75
10 10

0 0
1.5 2.5 250 280
Col. 2 Factor Settings Col. 3 Factor Settings

Page 5
Response Graphs For Interactions. Find those that are appropriate Below, and Substitute them for the
Interaction graphs above (page 1 & 2). The interaction graphs below reveal more useful details. ONLY
USE THOSE INTERACTIONS THAT WERE DESIGNED INTO THE EXPERIMENT!

Interaction Col. 3 x 5 Interaction Col. 3 x 6

60 60

50 50.25 50 50.25

Output Measurements
Output Measurements

44.25 43.75 44.25 43.75

40 40

30 2x7 30 Mold Temp 180

44.25 9.25 44.25 43.75
20 20

10 9.25 10 9.25

0 0
250 280 250 280
Col. 3 Factor Settings Col. 3 Factor Settings

Interaction Col. 3 x 7 Interaction Col. 4 x 5

70 60

60 57.75 50
Output Measurements
Output Measurements

48.75
50 45.25
40
40
36.75 35.25 Hold Pressure 200 2x7
30 30 30.25
36.75 17.75 30.25 23.25
23.25
20 17.75 20
10
10
0
250 280 0
Col. 3 Factor Settings Col. 4 Factor Settings

Interaction Col. 4 x 6 Interaction Col. 4 x 7

50 70
45 45.5
42.5 60 57.75
Output Measurements
Output Measurements

40
35 50
33
30 40
26.5 Mold Temp 180 36.75 Hold Pressure 200
25 35.25
42.5 45.5 30 17.75 36.75
20
15 20 17.75
10
10
5
0 0
Col. 4 Factor Settings Col. 4 Factor Settings
 40

Output Measureme

Output Measureme
35 50
33
30 40
26.5 Mold Temp 180 36.75 Hold Pressure 200
25 35.25
42.5 45.5 30 17.75 36.75
20
15 20
17.75
10
10
5
0 0
Col. 4 Factor Settings Col. 4 Factor Settings

Page 6
Response Graphs For Interactions. Find those that are appropriate Below, and Substitute them for the
Interaction graphs above (page 1 & 2). The interaction graphs below reveal more useful details. ONLY
USE THOSE INTERACTIONS THAT WERE DESIGNED INTO THE EXPERIMENT!

Interaction Col. 5 x 6 Interaction Col. 5 x 7

60 70

50 50.25 60 59

Output Measurements
Output Measurements

43.75 44.25 50
40
Mold Temp 180 40 Hold Pressure 200
30 35 34
43.75 44.25 30 35 19.5
20
20 19.5
10 9.25 10

0 0
Col. 5 Factor Settings Col. 5 Factor Settings

Interaction Col. 6 x 7
60
56.25
50
Output Measurements

40
36.75
30 31.75 Hold Pressure 200
22.75 22.75 31.75
20

10

0
180 280
Col. 6 Factor Settings
 M E A N E F F E C T S, Factors & Interactions

Mean Effects from each column of the array; Best used for Factors
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7
Level 1 34.25 39.25 47.25 37.75 47 29.75 46.5
Level 2 39.5 34.5 26.5 36 26.75 44 27.25
T-bar 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875

Mean Effects: Simple, Two Factor Interactions

Col. 1x2 Col. 1x3 Col. 1x4 Col. 1x5 Col. 1x6 Col. 1x7 Col. 2x3
Combo 1 1 47 47 45.25 45.25 36.75 36.75 47
Combo 1 2 21.5 21.5 23.25 23.25 31.75 31.75 31.5
Combo 2 1 31.5 47.5 30.25 48.75 22.75 56.25 47.5
Combo 2 2 47.5 31.5 48.75 30.25 56.25 22.75 21.5
T-bar 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875

Col. 2x4 Col. 2x5 Col. 2x6 Col. 2x7 Col. 3x4 Col. 3x5 Col. 3x6
Combo 1 1 33 59 33 59 57.75 50.25 50.25
Combo 1 2 45.5 19.5 45.5 19.5 36.75 44.25 44.25
Combo 2 1 42.5 35 26.5 34 17.75 43.75 9.25
Combo 2 2 26.5 34 42.5 35 35.25 9.25 43.75
T-bar 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875

Col. 3x7 Col. 4x5 Col. 4x6 Col. 4x7 Col. 5x6 Col. 5x7 Col. 6x7
Combo 1 1 57.75 45.25 33 57.75 50.25 59 36.75
Combo 1 2 36.75 30.25 42.5 17.75 43.75 35 22.75
Combo 2 1 35.25 48.75 26.5 35.25 9.25 34 56.25
Combo 2 2 17.75 23.25 45.5 36.75 44.25 19.5 31.75
T-bar 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875 36.875
 Summary of Experiment Results
Date: DOE Lead Person:

Core Team, and Resource Providers:

Problem Description, or Purpose of the Experiment:

Method of Measurement:

Description of Factors:

Melt Mold Hold

2x3 Fill Speed 3x7 2x7
Temp Temp Pressure

Level 1 0 1.5 250 0 0 180 200

Level 2 0 2.5 280 0 0 280 400

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

Design of Experiment Layout: L8 Fractional Factorial

Experiment Results (attach hardcopy of "Anova & Response Graphs" worksheet):

Recommended best settings of variables (attach hardcopy of "Anova & Response Graphs" worksheet):

Results of Confirmation Run (attach data as needed):