ELEMENTS OF

GEOMATICS
Dr. Martin Candanedo

Observation Equations
Gauss-Markov
Earth Ellipsoid

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

Earth Ellipsoid is obteined from the Surface produced by a plane
ellipse which rotates in it minor axis

Elements of Geomatic
2
 Earth Ellipsoid

Elements of Geomatic Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

 Basic Knowledge

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

• Measurement units
• Lineal = Meter (m)
• Area = acres (Ha) = 10000m2
• Volumen = Cubic meter(m3)

Elements of Geomatic
• Angular = Degree, Minutes y Seconds (GG°MM’SS’’)
• Degree = 60’ (sixty minutes)
• Minute = 60’’ (sixty seconds)

4
 Frequent Error on Topography

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

• Sistematics Errors
• Lack of equipment calibration
• Bad equipment location
• Random Errors

Elements of Geomatic
• Change of temperature
• Equipment malfunction
• Steam presence
• Solar reflaction
* This errors are corrected by matemathics
5
 GAUSS – MARKOV MODEL

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

• Y = Ax + e n = # of observations
m = # of parameters
• Y = Observation vector
• A = Design matriz Gauss-Markov condition

Elements of Geomatic
n>m
• x = Parameter vector which
# of observation > # of parameters
describe the observation
n=m
• e = Errors vector n < m (Indeterminate)

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FORM WITH MATRIX DIMENSIONS

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

𝑌 = 𝐴𝑛𝑥𝑚 𝑋𝑚𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑛𝑥1

Solution:

Xˆ   A PA 
T 1 T
A PY

Elements of Geomatic
Where:
P = weight stadistic nxm matrix dimension
AT = A Transpose
𝑋෠ = Solution vector (mx1)
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SOLVING

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

𝑋෠ = (𝐴𝑇 𝑚𝑥𝑛 𝑃𝑛𝑥𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑥𝑚 )−1 𝐴𝑇 𝑚𝑥𝑛 𝑃𝑛𝑥𝑛 𝑌𝑛𝑥1
𝑛𝑥𝑚 nx1
𝑚xm 𝑚x1

Elements of Geomatic
𝑋෠ = (𝐴𝑇 𝑃𝐴)−1 𝑚𝑥𝑚 𝐴𝑇 𝑃𝑌
𝑚x1

𝑋෠ = (𝐴𝑇 𝑃𝐴)−1 𝐴𝑇 𝑃𝑌
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SOLVING

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

Y  AXˆ  e
e  Y  AXˆ

Elements of Geomatic
T
e pe
o  adjustment accuracy
nm
 xx  A PA  o
1
= T Variance and
Covariance Matrix 9
 CLASS PROBLEM

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

X(n) Y(m)
1 1.499
2 2.008
3 2.502
4 2.995

Elements of Geomatic
5 3.490

An alignment of straigh line have been observe,

which is given in the data table. Determine the
straigh line parameters that described the
phenomenon seen using the GAUSS-MARKOV 10
Model.
 SOLVING

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

6

5 • Equation
1.499  m(1)  b
4
2.008  m(2)  b

Elements of Geomatic
3
2.502  m(3)  b
2
Y = mx+b
2.995  m(4)  b
1
3.490  m(5)  b
0
a b c d e
11
 SOLVING

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

• How many are the numbers of observations?
• How manu are the numbers of parameters?
n=5
n>m
m=2
1.499  1 1  e1 

Elements of Geomatic
 2.008  2 1 e  P=1 Unleast it shows the
    m  2 contrary
 2.502    3 1  b    e3 
         2x5 A5x 2 
AT

 2.995  4 1 X2x1 e4 

2x2
3.490   5 1  e5 
Y5x1 A5x2 e5x1
12
SOLVING

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

Solution:
Xˆ   A PA  T 1 T
A PY

Elements of Geomatic
A Traspose:
1 1
2 1

T 1 2 3 4 5
A  3 1  A  
  1 1 1 1 1 
4 1
 5 1
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SOLVING

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

55 15 55 15 1 0
( A A)  
T ( AT A) 1   | 1 
5    15 5 0
15 2x2  15 1 
1 0
55 15  55 | 55
1  
T

5 
( A A) 15 5 0 1
15  15 1 

Elements of Geomatic
1 0
55 55
 | 
15 
10 15
1
 11 55 
 15 1 
 1 0 
55 55
 | 
15  10 15
1
 11 55 
 1 3
1 0 10 
10  14
 | 
 0 1

3 11 
 10 10 
 SOLVING

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

1.499 
 2.008 
1 2 3 4 5  
T
( A Y ) 2 x1    2.502 
1 1 1 1 1  
2x5  2.995 
 3.490 
 42.451

Elements of Geomatic
(A Y)  
T

5x1

12.494  2 x1

 1 3
 10  
Xˆ  
10
 
 42.451
ˆ  0.497 
 3

11   12.494  2x1 X  

 10

10  2x 2
 1.008  15

m  0.497; b  1.008
 SOLVING

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

 1 1 1.499 
 2 1  2.008 
   0.497   
e   3 1     2.502 
  1.008   
 4 1  2.995 

Elements of Geomatic
 5 1  3.490 
1.502  1.499   0.006 
 2.002   2.008   0.006 
     
e   2.499    2.502    0.003   e ((residual
errores errors)
residuales )
     
 2.996   2.995   0.001 
 3.493   3.490   0.003 
16
 SOLVING

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

  0.006  
  0.006  
   
 0.006 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.003  0.003 

Elements of Geomatic
  
 0.001 
 
n 2
  0.003  
o 
52
n2
 o  9.1x105  3.03x105  0.00003 (adimensional)
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 Variance and Covariance Matrix

Dr. Martín E. Candanedo G.

n2
 xx   o ( N ) 1

 1 3
 10  10 
 0.00003  
 3 11 

Elements of Geomatic
 
 10 10 
 0.000003 0.000009 
 
 0.000009 0.000033 

m  0.497  0.000003 18

b  1.008  0.000033