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pathways

The official publication of the New York State Outdoor Education Association
Spring 2004

This Place Long Island


by John Turner, co-founder of the Pine Barrens Society and current board member,
on the occasion of the Society’s 25th Anniversary

Paradise Found: This place, Long Island, with its hidden, un-
This place, Long Island, with its basement of derground aquifers more than a thousand feet deep,
450 million year old schist bedrock dating back to the containing incomprehensible amounts of water - 70
Silurian Period of the Paleozoic Era; a time when the trillion gallons- enough to fill all of Manhattan Island
land was first invaded by vascular plants, when the first to the height of the top of the Empire State Building; if
jawed fishes plied primordial oceans; your thirst is quenched from the Lloyd aquifer, the deep-
This place, Long Island, where along the base est one, you’re drinking water that fell from rain clouds
of its North Shore bluffs ooze cretaceous clays that formed a thousand years before the birth
containing leafy imprints of trees a Long of Christ;
Islander would hardly recognize — This place, Long Island, home
cinnamon, magnolia, gingko, euca- thousands of years ago to species of
lyptus, sequoia, and fig trees — im- the boreal forests - red spruce, arc-
prints in materials laid down in tic willow, and crowberry, and
a vast delta upon the basement mastodons — yes, mast-
of bedrock from the eroding odons!— whose sets of mo-
Appalachian Mountains; lar teeth have been unearthed
This place, Long Is- by bottom draggers fishing the
land, a million acre sandbox Atlantic. And maybe, just
on permanent loan from maybe, the skies over Long
New England, sculpted by Island during this time held the
two continental ice sheets, 500 shadows of California condors,
feet high along their moving whose bones have been found
fronts, pocked by kettleholes, within cavesin eastern New York;
rounded by kames and moraines, with This place, Long Island, that in
two bony fingers that jut into the briny foam 1609 Robert Juett, who was Henry Hudson’s first
wash of the Atlantic; mate, exclaimed as his ship, the Half Moon, slipped in
This place, Long Island, whose outwash plain New York Harbor, “we found a land full of great oaks,
during the ice age extended to the edge of the conti- with grass and flowers, as pleasant as ever has been
nental shelf, where rushing braided streams fed from seen.” Daniel Denton, 61 years later had this to say,
the melting ice sheets cascaded as waterfalls into the “The greatest part of the Island is very full of Timber,
lowered Atlantic;
Continued on page 3
NYSOEA
Executive Board PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
By Foster Portzline
President
LOOKING AHEAD… ENJOYING THE MOMENT
Foster Portzline
Spring! The disappearance of snow and ice coinciding with more
VP Administration
daylight hours. Returning birds! Popping flowers. I love the changing
Kathy Ambrosini
seasons! There is so much to enjoy and share with others. Each week
brings something new. While the world is re-awakening all over New
VP Communication
York State there has been something brewing… something that seems
MaryLynne Malone
“ SO far down the road” – The annual conference in early November!
Conference preparations under the dedicated leadership of co-chairs
VP Human Resources
Elaine Young and Sue McGuire have been going on for months! Before
Tom Vitti
you know it, you will be receiving the “New York’s Flowing Waters –
Connecting People, Places & Time” conference book. A phenomenal
VP Program
conference has been orchestrated, full of opportunities! Start making
Midge Monat
arrangements now to attend this confer-
ence and bring many friends and col-
Secretary
leagues! November! Ah yes, plan ahead,
Patricia vonMechow
but enjoy the moment!
Treasurer
Sharon Kennelty-Cohen

President Elect
Mary Anna Russo

Regional Directors
Jim D'Angelo, Central
Frank Benenati, Central
Reba Laks, Eastern Materials Submissions
pathways (ISSN 1077-5110) is published
Elaine Young, Metro Anyone interested in contributing to
four times a year by the New York State Out-
Rhonda Jacobs, Northern pathways is encouraged to submit ma-
door Education Association and is mailed
Patty Jaeger, Western terial to the NYSOEA pathways c/o
to NYSOEA members. Opinions expressed
MaryLynne Malone, P.O. Box 39,
by contributors are theirs solely and not nec-
Southfields, NY 10975 or E-mail:
2004 Conference essarily those of the Editorial Board of path-
malone@highlands.com. Materials
ways or of NYSOEA. Advertisements in-
Committee Chairs should be typed. Please include a short
cluded in pathways should not be inter-
Elaine Young biographical section about the author of
preted as endorsement of the product(s) by
Sue McGuire the article. References cited in the ar-
NYSOEA.
ticle should be listed at
the end of the ar-
Office Services Advertising in pathways
ticle, APA style.
George Steele pathways welcomes advertisements which
418 Merry Road, will be of interest to the membership of
Amsterdam, NY 12010 NYSOEA. If you have a product, service,
518-842-0501 Office equipment, resources, programs, etc. that
518-842-1646 Fax you would like to share with our member-
ship via an advertisement, please contact
E-mail: nysoea@aol.com
MaryLynne Malone (845 351-2967.
2
as Oaks, white and red, Walnut-trees, Chest- of the Hempstead Plains gone, to make
nut-trees, which yield store of mast for way for modern day suburbia that
swine…also Maples, Cedars, Saxifrage, spread post World War II and where
Beach, Birch, Holly, Hazel, with many 95% of the coastal salt marshes fring-
sorts more…the Countrey itself sends ing Nassau County’s South Shore
forth such a fragrant smell that it may be have been filled or bulkheaded;
perceived at Sea before they can make This place, Long Island, where half of the
the land.” Pine Barrens have been lost, where more
This place, Long Island, than half of our fertile farmland is gone, and where a
where the plaintive echoes of the Eskimo Curlew once suite of invasive plant species - like purple loosestrife,
ringed across unbroken expanses of salt marsh and Asiatic bittersweet, Japanese knotweed and barberry,
whose forests filled with the howls of timber wolves garlic mustard, and porcelainberry - threaten the eco-
and the whistling of wings from logical integrity of the places we care about;
countless passenger pigeons and This place, Long Island, where 2.6 million Long
whose thickets of scrub oak ech- Islanders work, live, and play above their water sup-
oed with the booming mating calls ply and due to this unique relationship have a ground-
of the heath hen; water system degraded by contamination from a host
This place, Long Island, which once knew black of chemical acronyms enough to make the makers of
bear, mountain lion, beaver, cricket frogs, and timber alphabet soup proud including MTBE, the latest bad
rattlesnake; actor to explode on the scene; methyl tertiary butyl
This place, Long Island, saw the last known La- ether — the name sounds cool but its
brador duck pass through the veil of extinction, as a impact to our water supply most cer-
young male mortally wounded by a gunner, crashed tainly isn’t;
into the wavelet waters of the Great South Bay in 1875;
This place, Long Island, was once the osprey Paradise Redux:
capital of the world with more than one hundred of the And while diminished, this
their jumble stick nests on Gardiner’s Island alone and place Long Island today still provides
an estimated 2,000 nests on eastern Long Island; home and hotel accommodations to
This place, Long Island, boasted the largest more than 300 species of resident and migratory birds,
some of which are hemispheric globetrotters passing
prairie east of the Mississippi River; it is still called the
Hempstead Plains but it is a tiny, tiny fragment of the through on their magical journeys that connect their
sea of grasses that once graced central Nassau County breeding and wintering grounds (it reminds me of the
and gave rise to the communities of Plainedge and classic surfing movie in search of perpetual summer);
Plainview; and the Plains merged with the dense shrubby a spectacular example is the blackpoll warbler, which
oak thickets of the Oak Brush Plains at a place later to in breeding plumage is reminiscent of a black-capped
chickadee. In the fall the overwhelming majority of
be called Island Trees - where islands of pitch pine stood
surrounded by prairie grass; individuals of this species, which weigh less than an
This place, Long Island, where hessel hairstreak ounce, move east to the Canadian Maritimes, New
butterflies once danced in the shadowy swamps of At- England and Long Island, some having flown as much
lantic white cedar lining tea colored streams which as 3,000 miles from Alaska. And then in a 2,300 mile
drained the interior pine forests that provided water to leap of faith these feathered puffs, (as one writer has
productive cranberry bogs that made Suffolk County noted you could mail one using a single postage stamp)
the third largest cranberry producing area in the US a launch out in favorable weather conditions (a high pres-
century and a half ago; sure system with winds from the northwest) into the
hostile Atlantic. At first they head to the southeast stay-
Paradise Reduced: ing the course until about Bermuda where they pick
This place, Long Island, with the all but 40 acres up the trade winds that redirect them to the southwest
3
making landfall typically in Venezeula or Guyana bors tigers in the night, as in tiger salamanders; if
some 72 hours later. That’s right folks — after lift- you doubt this go then on a warm and dank late
ing from Long Island they fly non–stop for as much winter night when the scent of pine is strong
as three days straight. During this time they will have and you can watch these magnificent
flapped their wings an estimated 3 million times, never ambystomid salamanders – the mole sala-
more than a second or two rest between flaps, and as manders as charismatic as any amphibian
one researcher noted if they burned gasoline instead can be - engaged in an eons old urge to
of stored fat they would get about 720,000 miles to reproduce as they crawl down to their
the gallon. vernal ponds in search of a mate;
This place, Long Island, whose coast still of- This place, Long Island, where
fers nurturing habitat for dozens of beach-dependent the striped skunk hangs on by its fingernails and the gray
species including piping plovers - 62 new youngsters fox by the tips of its fingernails;
growing up on Southampton beaches this year alone This place, Long Island, whose citizens led the
- tens of thousands of sea beach amaranth Amaranthus successful fight to end the DDT madness, who passed a
pumilus, a modest plant if ever there was one, and county bottle bill which catalyzed a state bottle law, who
where earlier this year at Orient Point State Park banned sudsy detergents, who have voted for 19 out 20
seabeach purslane, Sesuvium maritimum, was redis- ballot measures to protect land, and who dedicated its
covered after an absence of 90 years; four rivers to the state’s river protection program; whose
This place, this crowded Long Island, still bays and estuaries – the Peconic Bay, Moriches and Great
boasts whales frolicking off shore and harbor seals South Bay, and LI Sound are the focus of curative mea-
onshore and where at the mouth of the Peconic sures to restore their ecological health and vitality;
Bay harbors large rafts of sea ducks in This place, Long Island, which has spent more
the winter – the vocal long-tailed than half a billion dollars to protect its wild places and
ducks with their bubblegum-pink open spaces and has the only federally designated wil-
bills, the red-breasted mergan- derness area in New York State – on that most fragile
sers with their punk rocker and dynamic strand of sand called Fire Island. This, in
haircuts, and the countless a state that boasts the Adirondack and Catskills
number of stout-bodied forest preserves;
scoters - white-winged This place Long Island, reaching from
scoters, the clownish the shadow of the great metropolis, has pro-
surf, and the not so com- tected nearly 60,000 acres of land in the Pine
mon common scoter; one Barrens; do the math and we’re talking nearly 100 square
flock of scoters I counted, miles of land; a big enough place for you to get lost in
more than a decade ago, from the pavilion at Montauk the woods, large enough for you to be able to walk from
Point State Park contained 35,000 birds and where Rocky Point to the Shinnecock Canal, your feet never
last winter I was privileged to watch as a thousand leaving public parkland, that’s your land and that’s my
gannets dropped like torpedos from 100 feet, send- land; and it’s the land of the prairie warbler and Mr.
ing up ten foot plumes, as they participated in a full- Drink-your-tea.
fledged feeding frenzy preying on a school of herring This place Long Island where on the 13,000 acre
estimated to contain 400 million fish; Montauk Peninsula, from the Napeague strip east, two-
This place, Long Island, which still boasts thirds of all the land is publicly-owned parkland;
nearly three dozen species of native orchids. And lurk- Here on Long Island we have lost much but we
ing in the wetlands, now pull in your fingers and toes achieved so much. Perhaps we needed loss to under-
- are plants that eat animals – more than half a dozen stand what we wanted to gain. So let’s give due to the
bladderworts, the unmistakeable pitcher plant and great and lasting work of Long Island’s great conserva-
three species of sticky sundews (beautiful but deadly!); tionists and naturalists – people such as Dennis Puleston,
This place, this crowded Long Island, still har- Gil Raynor, Roy Latham, Leroy Wilcox, Edwin Way
4
Teale, and Robert Cushman Murphy who was
the first to advocate for the establishment of a
Pine Barrens preserve “urging governmental of- A New Way to Bird
ficials to make it a really big preserve.” Let’s A great new teacher tool
appreciate the ongoing and tireless efforts of & family bird activity
folks like Paul Stoutenburgh, Art Cooley, Jim
Tripp, Steve Englebright, Dick Amper, Marilyn The Taconic Outdoor Education
England, Dan Morris, and many, many others. Center has created a unique tool to
Most importantly, let’s continue to marvel at and help teach birding skills to children and
revel in the magic of the natural world as it un- adults. All About Birds solves
folds around us, in infinite variety and expres- the one big challenge faced by all
sion every day. Like ripples in a pond caused by educators – how to identify mov-
a tossed pebble let’s carry our efforts forward ing birds using binoculars.
and outward to convince others to protect those
places so special to us and lets continue to re- All About Birds includes a 28
veal to our fellow Long Islanders by informing, page curriculum activity guide,
educating and advocating, and most of all cel- Peterson First Guide and 12
ebrating, the very special natural treasures that color life sized birds.
collectively comprise Long Island. Fill your
pockets deeply with pebbles and toss often. For further information, contact the
Thank you. Taconic Outdoor Education Center at 75
Mountain Laurel Lane, Cold Spring, NY
10516 (845)265-3773.
The 2004
Conference
Committee Extra!
would like Extra!
you to nysoea.org up
explore: and running
This place,
Long Island Please visit us there and send your friends. Feel
join us in free to send announcements for affiliate pro-
November! grams and regional events. This just in! You
can now renew membership and register for the
2004 conference online-- check it out!!

Share your Experiences,


Go out on Observances
a limb! or Unique Lessons!
pathways seeks your writing. Some folks never
write unless they’re asked. Consider this your
invitation.

5
We all made our way what might happen. The goal was
across the Catwalk with- to take a leap and forget about the
out tripping, but the next fall, to jump off without a care, and
challenge was more reach for that bar.
frightening than ever. I held my breath and wiped
The Pamper Pole… a away the rain on my face.
telephone pole, 45 or 50 One…I counted in my head
feet up in the air. Climb- and ignored my thoughts telling me
ing up it didn’t seem so I was stupid to jump off a pole,
difficult, but finally at the Two…Thought that I
top, I noticed the earth would die, or hurt myself
so far down below me. I Three…I jumped off and
was told to get both feet saw the ground zooming in at me,
on top of this 6-inch wide round the bar jumped away from my
High Ropes surface…with nothing to hold on to reach like it had a mind of its own,
Adventures With or give me support. I remember there and my eyes locked shut. I was si-
was grit in my mouth, and I was lent and smiling but my head was
Mom grinding it between my teeth. There screaming and telling me how
were soggy wood chips on my jeans, senseless I was. Then the rope
It was an early Saturday and my pants were too tight to let caught me and my mind was
morning and my mother and me me bend easily. The rain was pound- proved wrong. Lowered to the
were going to spend the day at ing on my head and dripping into my ground I had missed the trapeze,
Sharpe Reservation. They were eyes, I couldn’t see, but I felt the but felt accomplished that I had not
hosting the Maple Festival and there views of every single person down missed this experience.
were many activities to sign up for. below. Their necks bent back as far
I begged my mom to try out the high as they could go, all staring up at me, Bayla Laks, age 13
ropes – something that I had never all silent. Bayla is the daughter of Reba
done before. She was resistant, but I focused on the wood circle, Laks, Easter Region Director
soon found herself in the middle of I focused so hard on it that the rest
the woods wearing a harness and of the world blurred out and the
helmet. I was right besides her. platform became the ground. For
The first course was the if it were so, then lifting my feet
“Catwalk” about 35 feet up in the up a foot or so, would not be as
air. It was a 20-foot long, wet, slip- hard or scary.
pery, bumpy, giant log, tree trunk It seemed like forever, to
that we had to walk across. There slowly straighten my legs, the cold
was nothing to hold onto and we water dripping down my back.
spread our arms out like a bird to The wind started blowing and the
balance. The rain was so distract- pole was shaking, I was standing
ing and the first step was the hard- still and stiff like a statue, trying
est decision ever. To let go of your to keep my balance, I was stand-
only thing to hold onto, to pretend ing on top of a telephone pole.
there’s nothing to catch you if you Turning to the side, I looked out
fall, to move your foot, the simplest through the fog. There was a tra-
little motion, and once you let go, peze suspended in the air, and it
there’s no going back, you have to creaked whining sounds with the
keep your place. wind. I looked at it and imagined
6
Sharpe Environmental Center’s “Maple Celebration” a Sweet Success
Sharpe Environmental Cen- Sharpe Reservation, Taconic Out- year were announced:
ter held its first annual “Maple Cel- door Education Center, Ashokan Best Overall Taste: Taconic
ebration” on March 6-7. The con- Field Campus, Teatown Lake Res- Outdoor Education Center
ference was a huge success, with ervation, and Museum of the Best Color/Texture: Sharpe Envi-
over 75 people in attendance for the Hudson Highlands, as well as “Fish ronmental Center
workshops, activities, entertain- Family Suburban Sap,” produced by Most Attractive/Creative Packag-
ment, and fun. Educators from sev- a young man named Jacob Fish. ing: Sharpe Environmental Center
eral Hudson Valley environmental Several of the producers themselves All participants received a
centers took advantage of the op- were in the audience, including the handsome certificate, and the highly
portunity for professional develop- “Maple Ambassador” of the Hudson communicable “Maple Syrup Bug”
ment, and participated in a variety Valley, John Stowell. continued its ferocious spread, fu-
of educational programs. The ac- The setting for the compe- eling producers to work even harder
tivities of the weekend included, tition was the Hidden Valley Dining on their syrup for next year’s com-
among many others, Project WILD Hall, and the anticipation of the au- petition.
and Aquatic WILD training by the dience mounted as the five judges Tim Stanley, organizer of “A
New York State Department of En- approached their tasting stations. Maple Celebration,” would like to
vironmental Conservation, maple Methodically, the judges worked thank all who attended, as well as
sugaring tours of Sharpe Reserva- their way through tasting each of the those who donated their time and
tion and two other local operations, unlabeled six syrups, cleansing their skills to be workshop presenters.
a wolf program by the Wolf Con- palates when necessary with bread Indeed, “A Maple Celebration”
servation Center, and a performance and water. The only sound was that proved to be another successful and
by bluegrass trio “Two Dollar of sugar-rich blood coursing productive event sponsored by the
Goat.” through the veins of the judges as New York State Outdoor Education
The event culminated in the they made their final decisions, rat- Association!
Maple Syrup Competition, held at ing each of the syrups on a score
breakfast on Sunday. There were sheet. The tension grew as the re- Article by: Nathan Keefe
six syrups entered from independent sults were tabulated by the contest March 8, 2004
producers in the Hudson Valley: officials. Finally, the winners for this

Journey Through the 20th Century


Memoirs
By Helen Ross Russell
Published Through Xlibris

Paperback $22, 1-4010-8327-7; Hardcover $32, 1-4010-8328-5; as a


NYSOEA member, if you contact Helen directly she will sign it for you.
44 College Drive, Jersey City, NJ 07305, Call 888-795-4272 ext. 276 on
line at www.xlibris.com, www.barnsandnoble.com, www.amazon.com
or visit your local bookstore.

7
Intertidal Zones – Living on the Edge
By Sharon Kennelty-Cohen

There is a many other reasons why the Inter- can come suddenly or slowly but
world be-tween the ocean and the tidal zone is important. As a food there is always change.
land. The creatures and the plants resource, plankton is the lowest As the gateway to the
that live there cannot live anywhere rung on the food chain and floats to ocean, pollution from the land first
else. Life survives the frozen days the shore constantly. Thousands of shows its ugly head in the Intertidal
of February and the static heat of panktonic plants and animals are zone. Similarly the strength and
August without leaving the zone. microscopic but some aren’t. rage of the ocean first impacts the
Sometimes people run Seaweeds are plankton and anyone land on the shore.
through the zone splashing in who enjoys ice cream or sushi or If you look at the world
tidepools, skimming across the rip- McDonald’s shakes has eaten it. map, note the coastline. Life thrives
pling waves. Sometimes, people Crabs, oysters, clams and at the edge of the sea, but it can be
hide shivering in the storms, lashed scallops thrive in protected areas of a hard and short life.
by lightning and blown by hurricane the coastline. All are wonderful both Some of the zones are
force winds. as food for people and for birds. steep and rocky, some
But always the mole owls Horseshoe crabs mate in stretch for miles of
burrow, the Irish moss holds fast to shallow water just like they did mudflats. All of
the rock base, the sea jellies float in when dinosaurs walked past. them are fasci-
the tide. The Intertidal zone is also a nating and
I turn to this zone for inspi- primary indicator of problems and worth a look.
ration. Survival against the odds, things to come. When species are Visit an Inter-
life on the edge. But there are so threatened the zone reacts. Change tidal zone and
see.

Planning For Green: being re-developed. The Friday


Hudson Valley night picnic will be held at the
Perspectives Wallace Center at Hyde Park, home
of FDR. (A life-sized statue will
many workshop speakers will in- allow conference-goers to have a
The 2004 New York ReLeaf clude Robert Pirani of Regional Plan picture taken with the late President
Conference will be held at Marist Association, Carol Ash of Palisades and Fala!)
College in Poughkeepsie on July 8- Park Commission, John Schwartz of This will be an affordable
10, with an emphasis on preserving NYC Department of Environmen- conference, as always, with regis-
and creating green space in the midst tal Protection Watershed Program trations at $50 for Council Mem-
of active development. It will be co- and representatives of Scenic bers and $60 for non-Members.
sponsored by Hudson Valley ReLeaf, Hudson and the Institute for Eco- Dorm accommodations at Marist
the NYS Urban and Community For- systems Studies. Other speakers College are available and
estry Council and NYS Department will represent local planners and Poughkeepsie may be reach by
of Conservation’s Urban Forestry land conservation organizations. AMTRAK or Metro North. For
Program. Tours to IES and Quaker Hill Na- more information, call Nancy Wolf
Keynoter will be Randall tive Plant Garden will be featured, at (718) 834-4589 or e-mail her
Arendt, a well-known authority on as well as one to the Newburgh jlnwolfinc@aol.com.
sustainable development and the waterfront, where a brownfield is Nancy Wolf
8
37th Annual Conference
New York’s Flowing Waters
Connecting People, Places & Time
November 4-7, 2004
Montauk Yacht Club Resort and Marina
Montauk NY

NYSOEA’s 2004 annual conference will be held at the


easternmost part of our state, the very tip of Long Island
Montauk! It will take place at the Montauk Yacht Club
Resort and Marina.
As the title implies, the waters of New York connect us all and at the conference, we
will explore this theme further, from water cycles to maritime history to marine
biology and more! Conference workshops will support New York State & National
Learning Standards. The conference facility sits directly on the Montauk Harbor and
within a short distance we have access to the ocean, bays, estuaries, rivers, ponds,
sand dunes, woods, glacial morraines, pine barrens and many other outdoor “class-
rooms”.

Please contact one of the conference co-chairs to


see how you can help:
Sue McGuire: samcguire@hotmail.com
Elaine Drazin Young: elaine114@aol.com

9
Who We Are We assist our members in
Established in 1968, the As- expanding their knowledge and
sociation is the leading professional skills in using the environment for New York's
group supporting outdoor educa- responsible education purposes. Flowing Waters
tion, environment education and in- We act as a unified voice Connecting People,
terpretive services in New York supporting the fields of environmen- Places and Time
State. tal education, outdoor education, in-
Our membership includes terpretation and outdoor recreation.
classroom teachers, environmental Benefits of Membership
educators, college professors, natu- Annual Conference
ralists, interpreters, youth leaders, Regional Events
administrators, students, parents Publications
and others interested in the out- Awards
doors. Scholarships
Our Goals Membership Fees
We promote public aware- Individual $45.00 Come join us!
ness of the value of outdoor and Family $550.00 November 4-7
environmental education and inter- Retired $350.00 See details inside or check
pretation. Student $25.00 out the web at nysoea.org
We foster a lifelong appre- Affiliate A $60.00
ciation and sense of stewardship to Affiliate B $90.00
enrich curricula and programs. Library $30.00

The New York State Outdoor Education Association, Inc. is a not-for-profit professional organization
dedicated to lifelong learning in and about the outdoors. Outdoor Education is a method which embraces
multiple subject areas, including development of an appreciation of nature and the total environment.
Membership services, in addition to pathways, include the annual conference which provides opportunities
to share and learn, regional activities, annual award presentations and scholarships.

New York State Outdoor Education Association, Inc.


418 Merry Road
Amsterdam, NY 12012
E-mail: nysoea@aol.com

Printed on recycled paper.


Address Correction Requested

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