Chapter 14 - Circle Geometry

Mathscape 10 ext.
- Ch14 Page 531 Friday, October 14, 2005 12:05 PM
Circle
geometry
14
This chapter at a glance
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
identify and name the parts of a circle
use correct terminology associated with circle geometry
use the chord properties to solve numerical problems
Circle geometry
use the chord properties to solve simple deductive problems, giving reasons
use the angle properties to solve numerical problems
use the angle properties to solve simple deductive problems, giving reasons
use the properties of cyclic quadrilaterals to solve numerical problems
use the properties of cyclic quadrilaterals to solve simple deductive problems, giving
reasons
use the tangent properties to solve numerical problems
use the tangent properties to solve simple deductive properties, giving reasons
use the further circle properties involving chords, tangents and secants to solve
numerical problems
use the further circle properties involving chords, tangents and secants to solve
simple deductive problems, giving reasons
write formal deductive proofs involving circle properties
531
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch14 Page 532 Saturday, September 24, 2005 12:46 PM
532 Mathscape 10 Extension
14.1 Circle terminology

The following table shows the various parts of a circle and lists their definitions.
Circumference: the boundary of a circle. Semicircle: half the boundary of a circle.
Arc: part of the circumference. The smaller Chord: an interval that joins two points on
arc is called the minor arc and the larger arc the circumference.
is called the major arc.
Diameter: a chord that passes through the Radius: an interval that joins the centre to a
centre. point on the circumference. It is half the
length of the diameter.
Sector: the area bounded by an arc and two Segment: the area bounded by an arc and a
radii. The smaller sector is called the minor chord. The smaller segment is called the
sector and the larger sector is called the minor segment and the larger segment is
major sector. called the major segment.
Secant: a line that cuts a circle in two

Tangent: a line that touches a circle at one points.
point.
Chapter 14 : Circle geometry 533
Some other important terms are:

Q
P
O
S
R
Concentric circles are two or more A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral in

circles that have the same centre. which all of the vertices lie on a circle.
The points P, Q, R, S are concyclic points.
Exercise 14.1
1 Name the parts of the circle shown on the diagrams below.

a b c d
O O
e f g h
i j k l
2 Name the following features that are shown on the diagram. A

F
a the interval OT b the interval AB C P
c the line PS d the interval AT
e the arc ADB f the line FG O
T
g the region OBET h the region ACT D
3 B C On the given diagram, name all the: B E

G S
a radii
O E b chords
A D
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch14 Page 534 Tuesday, October 4, 2005 2:51 PM
4 State the circle feature whose definition is given below.

a Half of the circumference.
b A section of the circumference.
c An interval that joins two points on the circumference.
d An interval that joins the centre of a circle to the circumference.
e A line that touches a circle in exactly one point.
f A chord that passes through the centre of a circle.
g The area bounded by a chord and the circumference.
h A line that cuts a circle in two points.
i The area bounded by two radii and the circumference.
■ Consolidation
5 A circle has a radius of length 12 cm.
a What is the length of the longest chord in the circle?
b What name is given to this chord?
6 ∆JOK is drawn in a circle with centre O. J
a Explain why OJ = OK.
b What kind of triangle is OJK?
c Which angles are equal? K
O
7 C and D are two points on a circle with centre O such that ∠COD = 60°. What kind of
triangle is COD? Why?
8 Two concentric circles have diameters 22 cm and 14 cm. How far apart are the circles?
9 The circles shown touch internally at C. The larger circle has centre
O. If the diameters of these circles are 20 cm and 7 cm, find OB.
A C
OB
10 Q R Name the angle at the centre of this circle that is:

a standing on the minor arc PQ
b subtended by the minor arc RS.
O
P S
11 a Name the 3 angles at the circumference standing on the arc: J K

i JK ii LM
b Name the 3 angles at the circumference standing on the arc:
L
i JM ii LN N
M
12 U a Name the 2 angles standing on the minor arc TW.

T b Name the angle standing on the major arc:
V i TW ii TV iii SU
S
13 PA and PS are the intercepts of the secant drawn to the circle A P

from P. Name the intercepts of the secant drawn from S
a G b X. N E
G
X R
C
14 B E ∠ABC is an angle in a semi-circle, since the angle is subtended

at the circumference by the diameter. Name two other angles
A C in a semi-circle.
O
D Q
P R
15 Is ∠PQR an angle in a semi-circle? Explain.
E F
O
16 D Find the size of each angle in the given diagram.

a ∠ODE
b ∠COD
30° c ∠OCD
C E d ∠CDE
O
Q
T
17 a Name the angle at the centre, standing on the minor arc PR. S
b Name all angles at the circumference, standing on the
O
minor arc PR.
P R
18 L a Are the points K, L, M, N concyclic points?

b What name is given to the quadrilateral KLMN?
K
c Which angle is opposite ∠K?
N
M
19 Is OXYZ a cyclic quadrilateral? Explain. Y

X
Z
O
20 PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. If PQ is produced to T, name the exterior angle at Q.
21 Two intersecting circles with centres O and C have a common chord AB. What kind of
quadrilateral is OACB if:
a the circles are the same size? b the circles are different sizes?
■ Further applications
22 Draw a circle of radius 3 cm and draw any chord in the circle. Using a ruler and compasses,
construct the perpendicular bisector of the chord. Does it pass through the centre of the
circle?
23 Draw a circle of radius 3 cm and any two non-intersecting chords. Outline the constructions
that could be used to locate the centre of the circle.
14.2 Chord properties of circles

The line drawn through the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the
chord.
Data: O is the centre, OM ⊥ AB.

Aim: To prove that OM bisects AB.
Construction: Join OA and OB.
O
Proof: In ∆s OAM, OBM
• ∠OMA = ∠OMB = 90° (OM ⊥ AB)
• OA = OB (equal radii)
• OM is a common side A M B
∴ ∆OAM ≡ ∆OBM (RHS)
∴ AM = MB (matching sides of congruent ∆s)
∴ OM bisects AB.
That is, the line drawn through the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the
chord.
The line drawn through the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.
Data: O is the centre, M is the midpoint of AB.

Aim: To prove that OM is perpendicular to AB.
Construction: Join OA and OB.
O
Proof: In ∆s OAM, OBM
• AM = MB (M is the midpoint of AB)
• OM is a common side A M B
∴ ∆OAM ≡ ∆OBM (SSS)
∴ ∠OMA = ∠OMB (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s)
But, ∠OMA + ∠OMB = 180° (adjacent ∠s on a straight line)
∴ ∠OMA = ∠OMB = 90°
∴ OM ⊥ AB.
That is, the line drawn through the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.
The perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle passes through the centre.
In the first proof above, it was proven that the perpendicular drawn through the centre O to a
chord bisects the chord. Hence, this line is the perpendicular bisector of the chord. Therefore,
the perpendicular bisector of the chord passes through the centre of the circle.
Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre and are equidistant from
the centre.
Data: O is the centre, AB = CD, OM ⊥ AB, ON ⊥ CD.

Aim: i To prove that ∠AOB = ∠COD.
ii To prove that OM = ON. A
O C
Construction: Join OA, OB, OC and OD.
Proof: i • OA = OD (equal radii) M
N
• OB = OC (equal radii)
• AB = CD (given) B D
∴ ∆AOB ≡ ∆DOC (SSS)
∴ ∠AOB = ∠DOC (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s).
That is, equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.
ii OM = ON (altitudes of congruent ∆s are equal).
Given any three non-collinear points, the point of intersection of the perpendicular
bisectors of any two sides formed by the three points is the centre of the circle through
all three points.
Data: ABC is any triangle, O is the point of intersection A

of OX and OY, the perpendicular bisectors of AB
and AC respectively.
Aim: To prove that the circle with centre O and radius
X Y
OA also passes through B and C.
Construction: Join OA, OB, OC.
O
Proof: In ∆s AOX and BOX
B C
• AX = XB (OX bisects AB)
• ∠AXO = ∠BXO = 90° (OX ⊥ AB)
• OX is a common side
∴ ∆AOX ≡ ∆BOX (SAS)
∴ OA = OB (matching sides of congruent ∆s)
In ∆s AOY and COY
• AY = YC (OY bisects AC)
• ∠AYO = ∠CYO = 90° (OY ⊥ AC)
• OY is a common side
∴ ∆AOY ≡ ∆COY (SAS)
∴ OA = OC (matching sides of congruent ∆s)
Now, OA = OB and OA = OC, ∴ OA = OB = OC.
Hence, the circle with centre O and radius OA also passes through B and C. That is,
given any three non-collinear points, the point of intersection of the perpendicular
bisectors of any two sides formed by the three points is the centre of the circle through
all three points.
When two circles intersect, the line joining their centres bisects their common chord
at right angles.
Data: O, C are the centres, AB is a common chord. A

Aim: To prove that AB bisects OC at right angles.
Construction: Join OA, OB, CA, CB.
M
Proof: In ∆s OAC and OBC O C
• CA = CB (equal radii)
• OC is a common side B
∴ ∆OAC ≡ ∆OBC (SSS)
∴ ∠AOC = ∠BOC (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s)
In ∆s AOM and BOM

• ∠AOC = ∠BOC (proven above)
• OM is a common side
∴ ∆AOM ≡ ∆BOM (SAS)
∴ AM = MB (matching sides of congruent ∆s)
∴ OM bisects AB.
Also, ∠AMO = ∠BMO (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s).
But, ∠AMO + ∠BMO = 180° (adjacent ∠s on a straight line).
∴ ∠AMO = ∠BMO = 90°
∴ OM ⊥ AB.
That is, when two circles intersect, the line joining their centres bisects their common
chord at right angles.
Example 1
EG a b A
+S
M
O
O B
P M Q
PQ = 12 cm. Find PM, OB = 15 cm and OM = 12 cm.

giving reasons. Find AB, giving reasons.
Solutions
1
a PM = --- PQ (line through centre perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord)
2
1
∴ PM = --- × 12 cm
2
= 6 cm
b i OB2 = MB2 + OM2 (Pythagoras’ theorem)
152 = MB2 + 122
MB2 = 81
∴ MB = 9 cm
ii AB = 2MB (line through centre perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord)
∴ AB = 2 × 9 cm
= 18 cm
Example 2
EG a M b B
+S
X N A
40°
O
7c
L O
m
C
P D
LM = NP and OX = 7 cm. AB = CD and ∠AOB = 40°.
Find OY, giving reasons. Find ∠COD, giving reasons.
Solutions
a OY = OX (equal chords are equidistant from the centre)
∴ OY = 7 cm
b ∠COD = ∠AOB (equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre)
∴ ∠COD = 40°
Exercise 14.2
1 a C b Q c X
S
M U
P
O P N O
O Y
A D
V
Q Z
B R
AB = CD and OP = 7 cm. OM = ON and PQ = 10 cm. OU = OV = 6 cm and
Find OQ. Find RS. XY = 9 cm. Find YZ.
d A e M L f I
Q R H
C
X
W G
O B D
O N O
K
S
J
QR = RS and OA = 6.5 cm. OW = OX = 9 cm and GH = IJ = 20 cm and
Find OB. KL = 25 cm. Find MN. OD = 8 cm. Find OC.
2 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these.

a b c
pm 11m
8m
x° 47° 47° O
O c°
52° O
8m
3 a C B b V c Q
W P
A D
O U X R
O O
T
Z
S
Y
AB = CD, ∠AOB = 110°, UV = 7 cm, YZ = 4 cm, PQ = QR = RS = ST = TP.
∠COB = 65°. Find ∠BOD. WX = 6 cm. Find VW, Find ∠PQR.
XY, UZ.
4 a b c Y
N
O O
B O
Z
P Q M
M
W X
A M
PQ = 10 cm. Find PM. AM = 7 cm. Find AB. OM = ON, YZ = 22 cm.
Find WX, WM.
d G e R f I
E L
X M
Q
S X
P H O J
U O
O N
Y
F K
T
EF = 15 cm, GQ = 7.5 cm, ∠ROS = ∠UOT, IJ = 20 cm, OM = ON,
OP = 9 cm. Find GH, OQ. UT = 13 cm. Find XS. LX = 4 cm. Find XN.
■ Consolidation
5 a b c
X M Y
O O
A B
O
C M D P M Q
OD = 13 cm, OM = 5 cm. PM = MQ = 20 cm, AB = 52 cm, OM = 10 cm.
Find MD, CD. OM = 21 cm. Find OP. Find XY.
d F e W f M
M A B
E M
C D
N
O O X
O
Y N Z
G
H
EF = 24 cm, FG = 30 cm. OM = 15 cm, YZ = 14 cm, AB = 80 cm, OD = 50 cm,
Find OM, HM. ON = 24 cm. Find CD = 96 cm. Find
OZ, WX. OM, MN.
g h i C
E M H
F G O M
O B
A
O
P R
M Q
FG = 12 cm, OG = 10 cm, OR = 39 cm, OQ = 25 cm, AB = 74 cm, BC = 70 cm.

OH = 17 cm. Find GH. OM = 15 cm. Find QR, PR. Find OM.
6 Two circles with centres O and C intersect at A and B as

A
shown. Let M be the point of intersection of the common
chord and the line joining the centres of the circles.
M
a If OC = 42 cm, OA = 20 cm and AB = 32 cm, find AC, O C
the radius of the larger circle.
b If OA = 29 cm, AC = 35 cm and AB = 42 cm, find OC,
the distance between the centres. B
7 A chord of length 18 cm is 12 cm from the centre of a circle. How far is a chord of length
10 cm from the centre? Answer in simplest surd form.
8 Two chords are drawn parallel to each other in a circle of radius 17 cm. The chords have
lengths 16 cm and 30 cm. Find the distance between the chords if they lie:
a on the same side of the centre b on opposite sides of the centre.
9 S In the diagram shown, TU = 120 cm, VW = 105 cm

V and OM = 36 cm. Find SV.
M
T U
O
W
10 Two circles with centres O and C intersect at P and Q. OC and PQ meet at M. If the circles
have radii of 25 cm, 26 cm and the centres are 17 cm apart, find the length of the common
chord PQ. [Hint: Let OM = x, PM = y.]
TRY THIS Circumcircle symmetry

XYZ is an equilateral triangle of side length x cm, drawn in a
X
circle centre O with radius r cm. Prove x 2 = 3r 2.
Y x Z
14.3 Angle properties of circles

The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the circumference, standing on
the same arc.
Data: O is the centre. B
Aim: To prove that ∠AOC = 2∠ABC.
Construction: Join BO and produce BO to P.
Proof: (In both figure 1 and figure 2)
In ∆AOB, let ∠OBA = α O
∴ ∆AOB is isosceles P
C
• ∠OAB = α (base ∠s of isosceles ∆, OA = OB) A
• ∠AOP = 2α (external ∠ of ∆ AOB) figure 1
In ∆BOC, let ∠OBC = β

• OB = OC (equal radii)
∴ ∆BOC is isosceles
O
• ∠OCB = β (base ∠s of isosceles ∆, OB = OC) P
• ∠POC = 2β (external ∠ of ∆BOC) β α B
Now, in figure 1, ∠ABC = ∠OBA + ∠OBC
=α+β A C
And, ∠AOC = ∠AOP + ∠POC figure 2
= 2α + 2β
= 2(α + β)
= 2∠ABC
Also, in figure 2, ∠ABC = ∠OBC − ∠OBA
=β−α
And, ∠AOC = ∠POC − ∠AOP
= 2β − 2α
= 2(β − α)
= 2∠ABC
That is, the angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the circumference,
standing on the same arc.
Angles at the circumference, standing on the same arc, are equal.
Data: O is the centre. B D

Aim: To prove that ∠ABC = ∠ADC.
Construction: Join OA and OC.
Proof: Let ∠ABC = α
• ∠AOC = 2α (angle at centre is twice angle at circumference) O
• ∠ADC = α (angle at centre is twice angle at circumference)
∴ ∠ABC = ∠ADC A C
That is, angles at the circumference, standing on the same arc, are equal.
The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
Data: AC is a diameter. B
Aim: To prove that ∠ABC = 90°.
Construction: Join AB and BC.
Proof: • ∠AOC = 180° (AC is a straight line)
• ∠ABC = 90° (angle at centre is twice angle at A C
O
the circumference)
That is, the angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
Example 1
EG Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these, giving reasons.
+S
a b c
c° k°
32° 25°
O
O
m°
Solutions
a c = 32 (angles at circumference standing on the same arc are equal)
b m = 50 (angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference)
c k = 90 (angle in a semi-circle)
Example 2
EG Find the value of all pronumerals in each of these, giving reasons.
+S
a b
g°
O f°
O h°
b° a° 52°
31°
Solutions
a • a = 31 (alternate angles in parallel lines)
• b = 62 (angle at centre is twice the angle at the circumference)
b • f = 90 (angle in a semi-circle is a right angle)
• g = 38 (angle sum of a triangle)
• h = 38 (angles at circumference standing on the same arc are equal)
Exercise 14.3

a b c
60°
e°
O O
a° 104° O
y°
d e f
73°
28°
12° w° b°
O q° O
O
g h i
n°
O 74° O
86°
d° O x° 66°
2 Find the value of each pronumeral.

a b c
40° m° z°
25° 118° c°
d e f
p° q° x° y°
e° f°
O
O
140° O
82°
55°
g h i
u° 37°
j° k° r° 28°
O O
42°
v° t°
s°

a b c
n° u°
a° O
O O
v°
■ Consolidation
4 Find the value of all pronumerals in each of the following.
a b c
m° t°
a° 50° 53°
n° 25° u°
45° b°
O 31°
d e f
x°
44°
O y° z°
h° O e°
O
g°
67° f°
15°
g h i 20°
65°
r° c°
s° O
O O
w°
28° d°
v°
j k l
b°
k° 31° w°
O 140° x° 57°
48°
j° O a° z°
y°
62°
m n o
a°
31° 36° r° s°
O b° O
v° 127°
w°
5 Find the value of all pronumerals.

a b c
z°
O
O 76°
w° 65°
27° q° 58°
d e f
16° 38°
x° 82°
t° s°
O 15° O
63° 68° 26°
6 Find values for a, b, c.

a°
O b°
25°
c°
73°
14.4 Cyclic quadrilaterals

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
Data: O is the centre, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. B

Aim: To prove that ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180°.
α
Construction: Join OA and OC.
Proof: Let ∠ABC = α and ∠ADC = β. A C
2β
• ∠AOC (reflex) = 2α (angle at centre is twice O
angle at circumference) 2α
• ∠AOC (obtuse) = 2β (angle at centre is twice
β
angle at circumference)
Now, 2α + 2β = 360° (angles at a point) D
∴ α + β = 180°
∴ ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180°
That is, the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.
Data: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AD is produced to E. B

Aim: To prove that ∠CDE = ∠ABC. α
Proof: Let ∠ABC = α. C
• ∠ADC = 180° − α (opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral are supplementary) A 180° – α
α
• ∠CDE = 180° − (180° − α) (adjacent ∠s on
=α a straight line) D E
∴ ∠CDE = ∠ABC
That is, the exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.
Example 1
EG Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.
+S
a b
p° 103°
147°
q°
65°
u°
Solutions
a • p + 65 = 180 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary)
∴ p = 115
• q + 147 = 180 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary)
∴ q = 33
b u = 103 (exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to interior opposite angle).
Example 2
EG Find the value of all pronumerals, giving reasons.
+S
a b
k° m°
O
48° n°
j° 114°
Solutions
a • j = 48 (base angles of an isosceles ∆)
• k = 48 (exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle)
b • m = 66 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary)
• n = 132 (angle at centre is twice the angle at the circumference)
Exercise 14.4

a b c
x°
115°
k° m°
50°
d e f
135° 96°
q° v°
52° 68° a° 104°
p°
127°
b° u°
g h i
t° y° 3y°
2y°
t° 75°

a b c
w° 48°
70°
e°
53°
g°
d e f
88°
(u –10)° 37°
(5r + 27)°
4k°
112°
■ Consolidation
3 a Is OABC a cyclic quadrilateral? Explain. B
b Are the opposite angles in OABC supplementary?
x°
c Find the reflex ∠AOC.
d Find the value of x. A C
150°
O
4 Find the value of the pronumerals in each of the following.

a b c
m° f°
O 164°
q° O
130° O p° 59°
n° e°
d e f
d° x° 135°
124° y°
r°
O s°
c° 72°
5 Find the value of all pronumerals.

a b c
b°
g° 41° v° 56°
O
72°
h°
65°
103° a°
w°
d e f
s°
116°
k°
51° q° s°
j°
t°
r°
62°
g h i
f° m°
O c°
23° O
54°
d° e°
n°
6 Find the value of all pronumerals in each of the following.

a b c
41° b°
55° 43° q°
p°
r° 65°
z° y° a°
x° 74°
c°
110°
d e f
75° 125°
O O a°
v° 27°
z° b°
u°
w° 43° x° y°
g g° h i
40° 47° b°
q°
39° 65°
O p° 34°
h° O s° a°
r° 116°
92°
j k l
c°
O O e°
O
16° 17°
d° 141° s°
d°
m n o
m°
23°
z°
O 118° O y°
y° 88°
x° 146° x°
39°
7 Find values for p and q.
p°
96°
q° 113°
D
8 ∠ABC = 2∠AOC. Find ∠ADC.

O
A C
B 114°
x°
9 Find values for w, x, y, z.
y°
z°
w°
TRY THIS Angle tangle

O is the centre of this circle. A
∠ABO = 5° and ∠OCB = 40°.
What is the value of x?
x°
B C
14.5 Tangent properties of circles

The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact.
Data: O is the centre, AB is a tangent to the circle at T.
Aim: To prove that OT ⊥ AB.
Proof: Let P be any point on the tangent AB, other than T.
O
Now, since P lies outside the circle, OP must be
greater than the length of the radius OT, for all
positions of P on AB.
That is, the shortest distance between O and the
tangent AB is OT. However, the shortest distance A T P B
between a point and a line is the perpendicular
distance. Therefore, OT ⊥ AB.
That is, the tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact.
The two tangents drawn to a circle from an external point are equal in length.
Data: O is the centre. PA and PB are tangents.
A
Aim: To prove that PA = PB.
Construction: Join OA, OB, OP.
Proof: In ∆s OAP and OBP
• ∠OAP = ∠OBP = 90° (tangents PA, O P
PB are perpendicular to radii OA, OB)
• OP is a common side
∴ ∆OAP ≡ ∆OBP (RHS) B
∴ PA = PB (matching sides of congruent ∆s)
That is, the two tangents drawn to a circle from an external point are equal in length.
The angle between a tangent and a chord drawn to the point of contact is equal to the
angle in the alternate segment.
Data: TP is a tangent, O is the centre. C

Aim: To prove that ∠ATP = ∠ABT.
Construction: Draw in the diameter CT and the chord AC. B α
Proof: Let ∠ATP = α α
• ∠CTP = 90° (tangent is perpendicular to a radius) O A
• ∠CTA = 90° − α (adjacent angles in a right angle)
α
• ∠CAT = 90° (angle in a semi-circle)

°–
• ∠ACT = α (angle sum of ∆ACT is 180°) α

90
• ∠ABT = α (angles at circumference standing on

T P
same arc are equal)
∴ ∠ATP = ∠ABT
That is, the angle between a tangent and a chord drawn to the point of contact is equal
to the angle in the alternate segment.
When two circles touch, their centres and the point of contact are collinear.
A
Data: Two circles with centres O, C touch at T.
Aim: To prove that O, T, C are collinear points.
Construction: Construct the common tangent AB at T.
Proof: (for figure 1):
T
• ∠ATO = 90° (tangent is perpendicular to a radius) O C
• ∠ATC = 90° (tangent is perpendicular to a radius)
• ∠ATO + ∠ATC = 90° + 90°
= 180°
∴ O, T, C are collinear. B
figure 1
Proof: (for figure 2): A
• ∠ATO = 90° (tangent is perpendicular to a radius)
• ∠ATC = 90° (tangent is perpendicular to a radius)
• ∠ATO − ∠ATC = 90° − 90°
= 0°
∴ O, T, C are collinear. O T
C
That is, when two circles touch (internally or externally), their
centres and the point of contact are collinear.
B
figure 2
Example 1
EG Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons. PT and PS are tangents.
+S
a b c
S
P T
a° 65°
O
6 cm
T P
n°
S P
y cm
T
Solutions
a a = 90 (tangent is perpendicular to a radius)
b y = 6 (tangents drawn from an external point are equal)
c • PS = PT (tangents drawn from an external point are equal)
• n = 65 (base angles of an isosceles triangle)
Example 2
EG PT is a tangent. Find values for a and b, giving reasons.
+S a°
b°
Solutions
• a = 44 (angle in the alternate segment) 78° 44°
• b = 78 (angle in the alternate segment) P T
Example 3
EG Find values for x, y, z, giving reasons.
+S z°
75°
x°
Solutions y°
• x = 75 (angle in the alternate segment)
• y = 75 (base angles of an isosceles triangle)
• z = 105 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary)
Exercise 14.5
1 In each of the following, PT is a tangent at A. Find the value of each pronumeral.

a b c P A T
34°
O T
O
y° 52° e°
O
a° A
P A T P
2 PQ and PR are tangents. Find the value of all pronumerals in each of these.
a b c P
Q R 70°
w° Q
x cm g°
65°
P R Q R
12 cm
P
d Q e Q f P
15 cm
Q e°
t°
q° P P 46° f cm
v° O
u° 113°
53° O
R R
R
■ Consolidation
3 a Q R S b
A E
P T
B C D
QP, QR, SR, ST are tangents. QP = 7 cm BA, BC, DC, DE are tangents. BA = 6 cm
and QS = 18 cm. Find ST. and DE = 8 cm. Find BD.
c V d H
M
N
Z G
X
E
L
K
F
U Y W
UV, VW, UW are tangents. VZ = 5 cm, EF, FG, GH, EH are tangents. EK = 7 cm,
UY = 8 cm and VW = 14 cm. Find the FK = 5 cm, FG = 8 cm and the perimeter
perimeter of ∆UVW. of EFGH is 48 cm. Find HM.
4 In each of the following, PQ is a tangent at T.

a P T Q b
P T Q
OT = 12 cm and TQ = 35 cm. Find OQ. OQ = 26 cm and OT = 10 cm. Find TQ.
c d
Q
O R O
S
P
T
T
R
Q
P
PT = 36 cm and OP = 39 cm. Find PR. RS = 28 cm and PT = 48 cm. Find PS.
5 LM is a tangent at T in each of the following. Find the value of all pronumerals.

a b L c L
K
P
50° 52°
E 41° T
67° N T p°
49° 68°
x°
L M M
T M q°
Q
F
d T e M f M
L M
g° h°
T v° Y
u° 108° T I
C 82° f° e°
L 78°
44° 17°
D 64°
X L
J
g h R i L
G T
s°
M z° S M
114°
H U
c° T 12°
L M
T V
L
6 PT is a tangent in each of the following. Find the value of all pronumerals.

a b P c N
E M
a° T f°
F n°
e°
O
b°
132°
X
O T
53° 74°
P m°
T
L
Y P
d P e f G
T w° t°
C p° T
z° 12° s° O
x° P r° H
P O 81°
35° q° y° T
E
D
g Y h B i M
X
h° 123° y°
C
28° 15° b°
A 76° L 77°
g° z°
T
Z a° d°
c° x° T
P T
P
P
7 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these. PT, PS, QR are tangents.
a T b A c X P
b°
P 55°
47°
P
c°
O
D 71° Y 119° T
24° f° B
E T
Z
d P e K f F
T P Q k°
47°
G
E
33°
O T R
L t° m° 76°
H
85°
P
T
M
g h i D
T
R y° S
T 68°
78° P C
r° 46°
A 24°
S x° P
S T
P
j W k P l I
24°
80°
U
O v° 113° T J
25° T e°
j°
55°
X
70°
32°
P K
T W
V P
m n P o
A Y
X
E 74° 98°
s° 15°
T
B Z
T S W
19° 62° d°
P
a° O T
P D
C
U
■ Further applications A P B
8 A circle is inscribed in a right-angled triangle as shown. 5 cm
BQ = 5 cm and QC = 7 cm. Find the length of AC. Q
9 B R
D 7 cm
C 15°
C
x°
O PT and PS are tangents. Find the value of x.
S
P T Q
100° x°
A T P
U X
10 PQ is a tangent at T. Find the value of x.
V W
TRY THIS Length of a median

A
ABD is a right-angled triangle and C is the midpoint
of BD. If AB = 6 cm and AD = 8 cm, find the exact
length of AC.
B C D
14.6 Further circle properties

The product of the intercepts of two intersecting chords of a circle are equal.
Data: Two chords AB and CD intersect at P.
Aim: To prove that AP . PB = CP . PD A
Construction: Join AC and BD. D
Proof: In ∆s APC and DPB
• ∠CAP = ∠BDP (angles at circumference P
standing on same arc are equal)
• ∠APC = ∠DPB (vertically opposite angles)
∴ ∆APC ||| ∆DPB (equiangular) C B
AP CP
∴ -------- = -------- (matching sides of similar ∆s are in proportion)
PD PB
∴ AP . PB = CP . PD
That is, the products of the intercepts of two intersecting chords of a circle are equal.
The products of the intercepts of two intersecting secants to a circle from an external
point are equal.
Data: The secants PA and PC cut the circle at B and D A

respectively. B
Aim: To prove that PA . PB = PC . PD
Construction: Join AD and BC. P
Proof: In ∆s ADP and CBP
• ∠BAD = ∠BCD (angles at circumference D
standing on same arc are equal) C
• ∠APD = ∠CPB (common angle)
∴ ∆ADP ||| ∆CBP (equiangular)
PA PD
∴ -------- = -------- (matching sides of similar ∆s are in proportion)
PC PB
∴ PA . PB = PC . PD
That is, the products of the intercepts of two intersecting secants to a circle from an
external point are equal.
The square of a tangent to a circle from an external point is equal to the product of
the intercepts of a secant from the point.
Data: PT is a tangent, PA is a secant, which cuts the circle at B. T

Aim: To prove that PT = PA . PB
2
Construction: Join AT and BT.

Proof: In ∆s BPT and TPA P
• ∠PTB = ∠TAB (angle in the alternate segment) B
• ∠TPB = ∠TPA (common angle)
∴ ∆BPT ||| ∆TPA (equiangular) A
PT PB
∴ ------- = ------- (matching sides of similar ∆s are in proportion)
PA PT
∴ PT 2 = PA . PB
That is, the square of a tangent to a circle from an external point is equal to the product
of the intercepts of any secants from the point.
Example 1
EG Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following, giving reasons. PT is a tangent in (c).
+S
a C b B c T
3 a u
A m 4 P
B A
X 2 5
A
12 P
D 7 C 3 15
B
D
Solutions
a AX . XB = CX . XD (products of intercepts of intersecting chords)
∴ 4 × m = 3 × 12
4m = 36
∴m=9
b PA . PB = PC . PD (products of intercepts of intersecting secants)
2(a + 2) = 3(3 + 7)
2a + 4 = 30
2a = 26
∴ a = 13
c PT 2 = PA . PB (square of tangent is equal to the product of the intercepts of the secant)
u2 = 5(5 + 15)
u2 = 100
∴ u = 10 (u > 0)
Example 2
EG Find the value of t.
+S t
Solution 2
t(t + 2) = 4(4 + 8) 4
t2 + 2t = 48
t2 + 2t − 48 = 0 8
(t + 8)(t − 6) = 0
∴ t = −8, 6
But t > 0, ∴ t = 6.
Exercise 14.6

a b c
5 4 y u
8
m 12 5
8 3 6 10

a b
5
5
3
4
2
p j
3
c 6 d
6 5
4 15 4
c u
3 PT is a tangent in each diagram. Find the value of each pronumeral.

a T a P
b
R
5
Q 2
Q
6 4
P
R
t
T
c P d
4 T
Q
n
8
12
T R R w
Q
9 P
■ Consolidation
4 Find the value of each pronumeral. PT is a tangent in d and e.
a C E b W c L
Y G
9 y 6 10
n 24
A 15 6 8
B U p
x V 12 10
J
18 q 16 I
D Z m 4
H
F X K
d T e B
e
8 P
A D 16
10
6 A
B C s
9
f C
5
P
D T r
5 O and Z are centres, PA is a tangent to the circle with 24 cm P

centre O. PT is a common tangent to both circles. A
AP = 24 cm and PB = 18 cm. 18 cm
a How long is PT? Why? B
b Find the length of BC.
O
T
Z
6 R
C
3
S
5 a Q PT is a tangent. Find values for a and b.
4
b P
6 2
T
7 Find the value of each pronumeral. PT is a tangent in a and b.

a T b
6 a U 3
P
P V
n 2
R
5 T
Q N
M
c d
5 B
3 X
2 6.5
A
t 2
Y
C E F
c 3.5
L
P
8 In the diagram, PQ ⊥ RS, RS = 16 cm
and MQ = 4 cm. Find the length of the
radius.
O
R S
M
Q
9 PT is a tangent, PR = 4 cm and PT = 8 cm.

Q
Find the length of the radius:
a by using Pythagoras’ theorem
O
b by using a circle property
R
P
T
14.7 Deductive proofs involving

circle properties
The emphasis in this exercise is on the justification of each step in an argument. Full reasons
must therefore be given in all questions. O is the centre of the circle, unless otherwise stated.
Example 1
EG Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following, giving reasons.
+S
a B b B
x°
a°
A C
O
34° C
53°
A
T P
PT is a tangent.
Solutions
a OA = OC (equal radii)
∴ ∆OAC is isosceles
∠OCA = 34° (base ∠s of an isosceles ∆, OA = OC)
• ∠AOC = 112° (∠sum of ∆AOC)
• ∠ABC = 56° (∠ at centre is twice ∠ at circumference)
∴ a = 56
b • ∠TAC = 53° (∠ in the alternate segment)
• ∠ACT = 53° (alternate ∠s, AC || TP)
• ∠ATC = 74° (∠ sum of ∆ACT)
• ∠ABT = 106° (opposite ∠s of a cyclic quad. are supplementary)
∴ x = 106
Example 2 A
EG ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. E and F are points on AD and
+S BC respectively such that AB || EF. Prove that C, D, E, F are α B
E
concyclic points.
αF
Solution 180° – α
C
Let ∠ABC = α D
• ∠ADC = 180° − α (opposite ∠s of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary)
• ∠EFC = α (corresponding ∠s, AB || EF)
Now, ∠ADC + ∠EFC = 180° − α + α
= 180°
∴ CDEF is a cyclic quadrilateral
∴ C, D, E, F are concyclic points.
Example 3 P
U
EG US bisects ∠RST. Prove that UQ bisects ∠PQT.
+S T α
Solution α
Q
Let ∠TSU = α
α
• ∠USR = α (US bisects ∠RST) α
• ∠TQU = α (∠s at circumference standing on S
same arc are equal) R
• ∠PQU = α (external ∠ of cyclic quadrilateral QRSU is equal to interior opposite ∠)
∴ ∠TQU = ∠PQU
∴ UQ bisects ∠PQT
Exercise 14.7
1 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons. PT and PS are tangents.
a B b B c C 12°
D
x° e°
O O
O D
43° C
54° A p°
A C A B
d S e f B
c°
76° O P
A 69°
g° P 74°
56°
u°
T P
T D
g F h P i A
B A
A r°
M
112° a° 37°
E 51°
O T O B
D
C
m°
G
j B k B l
C R
S
A y°
44°
O O O
k°
D 126°
E C
f°
A D 28° T
P
m n B o Q
A B T
38° C
C
77° 45° z°
P
w° 52° A
86°
P T Q n° D
D
B
A
E
p q S r B
A B
117° s° A
n°
D C q° 78° P 0
Q C
T 26 °
P T Q
s B t B u
C A
140° B C P
72°
A v° C c°
O 21°
r°
96°
A T
D D
E
E
Q
v P w A x B
116°
B Q C
j° C D
A
T 36° u°
138° T t°
40°
70° C P
79° T
A
B Q
P QC is also a tangent
■ Consolidation
2 LM is a common tangent. LM, FG and EH meet at T, L
the point of contact of the circles.
F
a Explain why ∠FTL = ∠MTG.
b Hence, prove that EF || GH.
H
T
G
M
3 OM ⊥ AB, ON ⊥ BC and BM = BN.

A Prove that OM = ON.
C
O
M N
B
4 The circles shown are concentric and OM ⊥ PQ. P R M S Q
Prove that PR = SQ.
O
A
5 In the diagram shown, AB || CD.
P
Prove that ∆APB is isosceles.
D
C
B
M
6 Two circles with centres O and C touch internally at A.
Prove that M is the midpoint of AB. A O
C
7 T
P Q
O In the diagram shown, PQ is a tangent and PQ || RS.

Prove that TU bisects RS.
V
R S
U A C
8 Two chords AB and CD meet at P. PA = PC.

a Prove that ∆DPB is isosceles. P
b Hence, prove that AB = CD.
c Prove that AC || DB.
D B
9 Q In the diagram, PQ || RS.

Prove that ∠QTS = ∠PSR.
S
P
R
T
P
10 Two circles intersect at P and Q.
PA and PB are diameters.
Prove that A, Q, B are collinear.
A Q B
P
11 From an external point P, two secants are drawn to a circle as

shown. PA = PC. Prove that AB = CD.
A C
B D
12 In the diagram, TW = TX and ∠XOZ = ∠XTZ. W

Prove that ∠XOZ = ∠XTZ.
X
T
O
Y
13 B Two circles intersect at X and Y.

X AB and CD are straight lines.
A Prove that AC || BD.
C Y D
14 In the diagram, ∠CBD = ∠EFG. G

a Prove that ∠CBD = ∠EBA. D E
b Hence, prove that PD = PE.
P
F
A
B
15 D
PQ is a tangent and AB = BC.
C a Prove that AB bisects ∠CAQ.
b Prove that DB bisects ∠ADC.
P A Q
16 PT is a tangent and RT bisects ∠STQ. Prove that PR = PT. S
T P
17 B Two circles intersect at B and D.

AB and DC are tangents and AB || DC.
C Prove that BC || AD.
T P
A
D
R
O
18 PT and SQ are tangents. Prove that ∠TQS = ∠PRT.
Q
S
19 PT is a tangent.
AT bisects ∠CTP and TC ⊥ AB.
B Prove that AB is a diameter.
C
A
P
T
20 PT is a tangent and PT = TN. P
a Prove that PM = MT.
b Hence, prove that ∆MOT is equilateral. M
T O
21 AB is a tangent to both circles and PT is a

common tangent. Prove that A, B, T are
concyclic points.
A P B
22 PT is a tangent and CP bisects ∠BPT.

Prove that ∆TCD is isosceles.
T
D
B P
A
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch14 Page 574 Friday, October 14, 2005 10:18 AM
0FF OCU S O N O RKING M I CAAL LL LYY

O C U S O N W 0 R K I N G M AATTHHEEMMAATTI C
W
MATHEMATICALLY
AN INTERESTING PROOF OF THE SINE RULE USING

CIRCLE GEOMETRY
b
c
MATICALLY
O
F O C U S O N W O R K I HNE G
B
a
C
MAT WORKING
a = b = c
figure 1 sin A sin B sin C
Introduction
Circle geometry provides a very useful way to deepen your understanding of important
ON
trigonometric results. In the diagram above a triangle ABC has been drawn inside a circle
centre O. In this focus on working mathematically we will use two circle theorems to prove the
sine rule.
FOCUS
a b c
----------- = ----------- = -----------
sin A sinB sinC
In the process we will discover an interesting link between the sine rule and circle geometry.
2L EARNING ACTIVITIES
1 Copy figure 1 into your book. If you can, construct the diagram using Geometer’s
FOCUS ON WORKING MATHEMATICALLY

Sketchpad. This will enable you to drag the triangle around and get a better idea of why the
proof works no matter where A, B and C are on the circle. Instructions for this are set out
below.
2 We now need to draw some construction lines. Join B to O and produce the line to meet the
circle at D. Now join DC. Label the radius of the circle R. Your figure will now look like
this:
A
ICALLY
R
MATHEMAT
R O
figure 2 WORKING
3 What special name is given to the straight line BD passing through O?

4 Look at the shaded triangle BDC. What angle in this triangle is equal to angle A in triangle
ON
BAC? Why? What circle theorem did you use? Mark the equal angles on your diagram.
5 What do you notice about the size of angle BCD? Why? What circle theorem did you use?
FOCUS
Mark the size of the angle on your diagram.

6 Write down an expression for sinD in terms of a and R.
a a
7 Hence show that sin A = ------- and that ----------- = 2R .
2R sin A
b
8 Repeat the argument, this time showing that, similarly, ----------- = 2R . It is a good idea to
sinB
draw a new diagram. Decide what diameter you will need to draw. Discuss this in class.
c
9 Can you see that the method will work for ----------- ? Discuss this in class. Complete the proof.
sinC
MATHEMATICALLY
10 Complete this statement: in any given triangle ABC, each ratio in the sine rule
a b c
----------- = ----------- = ----------- represents …
sin A sinB sinC
8C HALLENGE ACTIVITIES
1 In the diagram on page 575, a = 10 cm and A = 60°. Calculate the diameter of the
circumcircle of the triangle ABC (leave the answer in surd form).
2 From the result of question 1, calculate the length of DC (leave the answer in surd form).
3 If angle ACD is 45° show that angle ABC is 75°. Give reasons for each step of your
argument.
4 Calculate b, the length of AC, and hence find the area of triangle ABC (answer to 2 decimal
MATICALLY
places).
Instructions for using Geometer’s Sketchpad

1 Drawing figure 1.
a Select the Square Grid from the Graph menu. Then hide the axes and reference points
F O C U S O N W O R K I HNE G
by selecting them and choosing Hide Objects from the Display menu.
b Use the Compass (circle) tool to draw the circle of radius 5 units. Select the point at
MAT
the end of the radius and hide it. Choose Hide Point from the Display menu.
c Select the circle and then choose Point on Circle from the Construct menu. Repeat to
create the points A, B and C on the circle. (relabel the centre and other points as
WORKING
necessary by double clicking on the label). Drag A, B and C around the circle to suitable
positions as shown. Then select A, B and C and choose Segments from the Construct
menu to construct the triangle.
d Select each side and use the Text tool to label the length of the sides a, b and c.
2 Drawing figure 2.
a Select B and then O (in that order) and choose Line from the Construct menu.
ON
b Select the circle and the line and choose Intersections from the Construct menu. Hide
the intersection point which appears next to B and label the other intersection point D.
FOCUS
c Now select and hide the line. As you drag B around the circle you will see that D moves
in the same way. It is always at the end of the diameter.
d Now select B, O and D and choose Segments from the Construct menu. B, O and
D are all in a straight line, so BD is a diameter. Now join D to C. Select and label the
radii R.
e Finally select the points D, B and C and choose Triangle Interior from the Construct
menu. Choose a colour from the range in the Display menu.
FOCUS ON WORKING MATHEMATICALLY

f Drag the points A, B and C around the circle to see the effect on the diagram. What
geometrical properties remain constant? Can you see that the result is true no matter
where A, B and C are on the circle?
E L ET’S COMMUNICATE
In no more than half a page, summarise what new mathematics you have learned from this
activity. Use a diagram to illustrate.
%R EFLECTING
Did it surprise you that the sine rule is so closely connected to the diameter of the circumcircle
of the triangle? Why is trigonometry so closely linked to geometry?
1 Draw a diagram to clearly illustrate the 2 Why is it so much easier to draw the
meaning of each of the following: angles above rather than describe them in
a An angle at the centre of a circle words? Are there times when the English
b An angle at the circumference of a language actually appears to be a
circle hindrance in communicating
c An angle in a semicircle mathematical ideas?
d An angle between a tangent and a 3 Do you think it is possible for
chord mathematicians who speak different
e An angle in the alternate segment languages, such as English and Chinese,
to communicate mathematically? Why?

CHAPTER RE
O is the centre of the circle in all questions, b Q

unless otherwise specified.
cm
1 B
P
4
E
G O R
A D ∠POQ = ∠ROS.
C O P
S Find RS.
T
c Y
H
F W
N
Name the following parts of the circle.
a the interval OE 3 cm
M Z
b the interval CD O
c the interval CF
d the line AB WX = YZ.
X Find ON.
e the line PT
VIEW
f the region EODG d

g the region CFH
h the curved interval EGD
2 a Explain why O
OA = OB.
b What kind of O GM = 5 cm.
triangle is OAB? G M H Find GH.
c Which angles are
equal? A B
e
3 What are concentric circles? R
4 Is OPQR a cyclic Q
quadrilateral? O M
Explain. OR = 13 cm,
P R OM = 5 cm.
O S Find RS.
5 a f
B
C W Z
O
A 42°
D M N OM = ON,
O WX = 14 cm.
AB = CD. Find NZ.
X Y
Find ∠COD.
CHAPTER REVIEW
VIEW
6 Find the value of each pronumeral. c
a D C
j° 66°
T 138° (2g + 12)°
3h°
79° 100°
A
CHAPTER RE
B d
b 45°
p°
O (7k –18)°
6j °
8 Find the value of all pronumerals. PT and

c PS are tangents.
a
74°
O
O
c°
k°
7 Find the value of all pronumerals. T P
a b T
110°
125°
m
u° zc
v° P 52°
y°
9 cm
b S
113° c
136°
59°
f° p°
e°
63°
q°
CHAPTER REVIEW

CHAPTER RE
9 Find the value of each pronumeral. PT is e E

a tangent.
a C
C 10
3
A 9
5
X B u
D
x 6
B
8
A
D
f
b X
I 6
q N W
K k
12 8
V
p 5 Y
9 3 Z
L
VIEW
M 16
10 Find the value of all pronumerals, giving
J reasons. PT and PS are tangents.
a A
c
R
17°
15 O
Q
5 B
P n°
T n
T P
d P b
4
6 Q C
t O
82°
T
R
e° B
A
CHAPTER REVIEW
VIEW
c A 11 a Q
O T
P S
g° B
57°
• PQ || RS
CHAPTER RE
T P R
Prove that ∆RST is isosceles.
d b
T
T
P
A 48° m° P
Q R S
S • PT is a tangent
• PT = PR
Prove that TR bisects ∠QTS.
e T c B
P u°
A C
77°
A B
O
O
• O is the centre
f B D • OABC is a rhombus
i Prove that ∠AOC = 2∠OAB.
ii Find ∠AOC.
d T
O
P
65° r°
A 111° C
D Q
S
• PT, PS are tangents
• TS bisects ∠QTP
i Prove that TQ || PS.
ii Prove that ∆QST is isosceles.
CHAPTER REVIEW

Chapter 14 - Circle Geometry

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Chapter 14 - Circle Geometry

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Mathscape 10 ext.

- Ch14 Page 531 Friday, October 14, 2005 12:05 PM

532 Mathscape 10 Extension

14.1 Circle terminology

Circumference: the boundary of a circle. Semicircle: half the boundary of a circle.

Secant: a line that cuts a circle in two

Chapter 14 : Circle geometry 533

Some other important terms are:

Concentric circles are two or more A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral in

1 Name the parts of the circle shown on the diagrams below.

2 Name the following features that are shown on the diagram. A

3 B C On the given diagram, name all the: B E

534 Mathscape 10 Extension

4 State the circle feature whose definition is given below.

10 Q R Name the angle at the centre of this circle that is:

11 a Name the 3 angles at the circumference standing on the arc: J K

Chapter 14 : Circle geometry 535

12 U a Name the 2 angles standing on the minor arc TW.

13 PA and PS are the intercepts of the secant drawn to the circle A P

14 B E ∠ABC is an angle in a semi-circle, since the angle is subtended

16 D Find the size of each angle in the given diagram.

18 L a Are the points K, L, M, N concyclic points?

536 Mathscape 10 Extension

19 Is OXYZ a cyclic quadrilateral? Explain. Y

20 PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. If PQ is produced to T, name the exterior angle at Q.

14.2 Chord properties of circles

Data: O is the centre, OM ⊥ AB.

Chapter 14 : Circle geometry 537

Data: O is the centre, M is the midpoint of AB.

The perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle passes through the centre.

Data: O is the centre, AB = CD, OM ⊥ AB, ON ⊥ CD.

538 Mathscape 10 Extension

Data: ABC is any triangle, O is the point of intersection A

Data: O, C are the centres, AB is a common chord. A

Chapter 14 : Circle geometry 539

In ∆s AOM and BOM

PQ = 12 cm. Find PM, OB = 15 cm and OM = 12 cm.

540 Mathscape 10 Extension

Chapter 14 : Circle geometry 541

2 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these.

542 Mathscape 10 Extension

FG = 12 cm, OG = 10 cm, OR = 39 cm, OQ = 25 cm, AB = 74 cm, BC = 70 cm.

6 Two circles with centres O and C intersect at A and B as

Chapter 14 : Circle geometry 543

9 S In the diagram shown, TU = 120 cm, VW = 105 cm

TRY THIS Circumcircle symmetry

14.3 Angle properties of circles

544 Mathscape 10 Extension

In ∆BOC, let ∠OBC = β

Angles at the circumference, standing on the same arc, are equal.

Data: O is the centre. B D

The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

Chapter 14 : Circle geometry 545

1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these.

546 Mathscape 10 Extension

2 Find the value of each pronumeral.

3 Find the value of each pronumeral.

Chapter 14 : Circle geometry 547

548 Mathscape 10 Extension

5 Find the value of all pronumerals.

6 Find values for a, b, c.

14.4 Cyclic quadrilaterals

Data: O is the centre, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. B