CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Concept Map All Chapters

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280
ANION ANALYSIS
SALT + Dil H2SO4
Effervescence No Effervescence
Could be CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- SALT + Conc H2SO4 + warm

Effervescence
No Effervescence
Could be Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, CH3COO- Test using SCE

Continued in next page
Smell the gas Observe colour of the gas
Odourless; Smell of Smell of Colourless Colourless Reddish Black/ violet Light brown gas turning
could be burning hair; rotten gas turning gas giving Brown gas gas, could be dense brown on heating
CO32- could be SO32- egg; could brown could dens white could be Br-- iodide could be NO3-
be S2- be NO2- fumes with
ammonia ,
Passed the could be SCE + CHCl3/CCl4 + Cl2 Water Salt + Cu turnings +
Passed
gas through Passed the chloride conc H2SO4+ heat
the gas
1) acidified gas through
through Salt +MnO2 +
K2Cr2O7 Soln2) acidified
limewate conc H2SO4 + Δ Salt + K2Cr2O7 + in the organic
acidified lead acetate
r SCE + dil HNO3 conc H2SO4. Pass Brown gas and
KMnO4 soln solution layer
+ AgNO3 soln the gas evolved the solution
--Red/ brown
Greenish through water. turns blue,
colour
Acidify the water could be NO3-
Lead acetate yellow gas confirms Br-
Lime water K2Cr2O7 White ppt with acetic acid
soln turnsblack could be Cl- ----
violet colour
turns milky Soln soluble in and add lead
confirms S2- confirms I-
confirms turns NH4OH nitrate
CO32- green confirms Cl- SCE + FeSO4 Soln
confirms + dil H2SO4 +
SO32- Conc H2SO4
Reddish brown gas , turns water along the walls
n yellow, finally yellow ppt soluble in of the test tube.
KMnO4 sol is
NaOH con firms Cl-
decolourised
confirms SO32-
Brown ring at
the junction of
the two layers
confirms NO3-
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281
Salts that do not give effervesence with dil H2SO4/ Conc H2SO4
Preparation of SCE ie Sodium carbonate extract: Salt + same quantity of Na2CO3 + water + boil. Filter.
Filtrate is called SCE.
SCE + dil HCl + BaCl2 Soln White ppt insoluble in conc HCl confirms SO42-
SCE + dil HNO3 + Cranary yellow ppt confirms PO43-

Ammonium Molybdate

ANALYSIS OF CATIONS
ORIGINAL SALT SOLUTION + Dil HCl
White Ppt No Ppt
Pass H2S
Could be Pb2+
Black ppt No ppt

Dissolve in hot water
Could be Boil off H2S + Dil HNO3+
Pb2+ /Cu2+ NH4Cl Solution + NH4OH
+
Colorless Solution could be Pb2
Ppt no ppt
Dissolve in minimum
Could be
quantity of 50% HNO3
Divide into two parts Fe3+,Al3+, Mn2+
Blue Soln could be Cu2+ Gelatinou Gelatinous

Add Add Pass H2S
s Brown white
K2CrO4 KI could be could be
through the
Divide into three parts Fe3+ Al3+ above solution
Yellow ppt Yellow ppt

soluble in soluble in Add Add Pot Ferro Add
NaOH soln hotwater Dissolve ppt in minimum Black On the
confirms which
NH4OH Cyanide KI amount of HCl PPt next
Pb2+ reappears on could page
cooling as be Co2+
Deep blue Chocolate Dirty and
golden Fe3+ Al3+
yellow colouration brown ppt white ppt Ni2+
spangles Divide it Add
confirms Pb2+ into two NaOH
parts Soln and
Confirms Cu2+ a drop Disolve ppt in min
of amount of aqua regia
litmus and evaporate to
Add Pot Ferro Cyanide soln
Add Pot dryness
sulpho
Cyanide
Soln
Blood
Fe3+ confirmed red
color

Deep blue color Blue lake floating

in a colourless Blue
background residue
Yellow
confirms Al3+ could be
residue
Ni2+
could
be Co2+
From previouspage
No Ppt
White ppt
could be Boil off H2S. add
Zn2+ Na2CO3 Soln
Dissolve in dil HCl. White Ppt Individual test for Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+
Add NaOH soltion could be Ca2+,
Ba2+, Sr2+
White Dissolve ppt in

ppt minimum quantity of
soluble acetic acid and divide
in excess into three parts
of NaOH
confirms
Zn2+
Add K2CrO4
Add Amm Acetate Add Amm Carbonate
soln
No ppt no ppt
White ppt could
Yellow ppt White ppt could
be Ca2+
soluble in be Sr2+
NaOHcould be
Ba2+
Red colour
Brick red on flame
Green colour on flame test
test confirms Ca2+
on flame test comfirms Sr2+
confirms Ba2+

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
Amines
N sp3 hybridised --Lower aliphatic amines are --Basicity 2o>3o>1o ( in aqueous phase).
Classified as 1o, 2o and soluble in water—(H bonding). Ethanamine > NH3> Aniline
3o depending on no of H Solubility inversly proportional EDG  increase basicity
atoms replaced by alkyl to molecular mass. Aromatic EWG  decrease Basicity
or aryl groups in NH3. amines— insoluble in water --With alkyl halides alkylation
Common name: Alkyl --BP of amines 1o>2o>3o --1o and 2o amines react with acid chlorides,
amines amines. BP is α to inter acid anhydrides, esters by neucleophilic
IUPAC names Alkane molecular H bonding. substitution
amines and aryl amines Acids> Alcohols> Amines> -- Carbylamine reaction:1o amines on heating
Hydrocarbons with CHCl3 and KOH form isocyanides with
Cyanides
Chemical abnoxiuos smell.
Common name: Alkyl Cyanides
--1oAliphatic amines + NaNO2 + HCl Alcohol.
IUPAC name: Alkane Nitriles --Hydrolysis RCN RCOOH
1o aromatic amines + NaNO2  Diazonium
--RCN ( LiAlH4 or Na +
salts
--Lower members are liquids while C2H5OH) RCH2OH
--1o& 2o amines = C6H5SO2Cl(Hinsberge
higher members are solids. – --RCN(SnCl2 /HCl + H2O)
reagent)  sulphonamide
Solubility in water decreases as RCHO (Stephen’s reaction)
--electrophilic substitution occurs at –O-, -P-,
number of C atoms increases. -- --RCN + NH3 R—C—NH2
position
Soluble in Organic solvents. -- ǁ
--1o& 2o amines + RMgX  Alkanes.
Due to dipolar association BP is NH
higher than hydrocarbons
Diazonium salts Properties Chemical
Properties KI ArI
IUPAC name: Alkyl diazonium --Displacement of N
salt; Aryl Diazonium Salt Physical ArN2+X- HBF4/Δ ArF
CuCl/HClArCl
--Alkyl salts are more H2O/Δ H3PO2+ H2O

ArN2+X- CuBr/HBr ArBr Sandmeyer
soluble than aryl salts -
CH3CH2OH ArH
-Readily soluble in water, Cu/HCl Cu/HBr CuCN/KCN ArCN Reaction
but Benzene Diazonium ArOH HBF4ArN2BF4 ArF
Δ
floroborate is insoluble in ArCl ArBr
water. Diazo group is retained:(COUPLING
REACTIONS)
--soluble in solution and From colourless Diazonium salts to brightly
decomposes in dry state coloured azo compounds Ar-N=N-Arusing

NITRITES Containing –O—N=O group, isomeric to nitro alkanes

IUPAC Name Alkyl nitrites
Sn/HClROH + NH2OH
R–O—N=O
H2O/ H+ ROH + HNO2
NITRO Properties
IUPAC Name Nitro alkanes Physical Chemical
--colourless and pleasant smelling liquids. --Reduction: RNO2Sn/HClR—NH2

--less soluble in water but soluble in
Zn /NH4ClR—NH—OH
organic solvents.
--high boiling point
--Hydrolysis: RCH2NO2 + H2O HCl R—COOH
--high dipole moment
2R2CHNO2HCl 2R2CO
--Halogenation: RCH2NO2Br2/NaOH Di bromo derivative
R2CHNO2 Br2/NaOHMono bromo derivative
R3CNO2Br2/NaOHNo Reaction
ISOCYANIDES Properties
Common name: Alkyl isocyanides Physical Chemical
IUPAC Name: Alkyl Carbylamines
--Hydrolysis: R—NC H3O+RNH2 ( Primary Amines)
--Highly poisonous and
abnoxious smelling liquid --Reduction: R—NC LiAlH4RNHCH3 ( Secondary Amines)
--B P lesser than cyanides
-- R—NC + HgO  R—NCO + Hg ( Alkyl Isocyanate)
--insoluble in water
--R—NC Δ/250oC RCN ( Isomerisation)

287
Benzenediazonium Chloride
+ - NaNO 2 + HCl
Diazotisation
NH2
N2 Cl + NaCl + HNO 2
+ H2O
Benzenediazonium chloride
Benzenediazonium chloride is stable due to resonance.
Coupling do not H3PO2

Diazonium ion being a weak electrophile,can couple
occur in strong H2O

H + N2 + H3PO3 + HCl
acidic medium
with a strongly activated aromatic system.
+
NH2 NH3 CH 3CH 2OH
+
H + N2 + CH 3CHO + HCl
H
-
OH
CuCl / HCl
Less Cl + N2
activated
aromatic
system CuBr / HBr N2
OH O
- Br +
-
OH
+
H CuCN / KCN CN + N2
+ -
N N Cl Cu / HCl
Cl + N2 + CuCl
-+
O Na
In strongly alkaline medium, the concentration of
N
KI
diazonium ion ( act as electrophile ) decreases
N
I + N2 + KCl
and coupling reaction does not occur.
HBF4 -
+

NaOH N2 BF4 F + N2 + BF3
OH
N H2O
N
OH + N2
+ HCl
HBF4 + - NaNO 2
NaOH
N2 BF4
Cu 
NO 2 + N2 + NaBF4
N H OH
+
N -
N N OH ( Orange dye )
HO Coupling reaction
H NH2 N N NH2 ( Yellow dye )

-
HO Coupling reaction p-Aminoazobenzene

288
CHARACTERS OF AMINES
Basic strength in gaseous phase Et3N > Et2 NH > Et NH 2 > NH3
Basic strength in aqueous Et2 NH > Et NH2 > NH3 > PhNH2
Basic strength p-Toluidine > Aniline > p-Nitroaniline
PKb value PhNH 2 > PhNHCH 3 > Et NH 2 > Et2 NH
Solubility Et NH2 > Et2 NH > PhNH2
Basic strength Et2 NH > CH3NH2 > Ph N Me 2 > PhNH2
Boiling point Et OH > Et NH 2 > Et2 NH

Basic strength in Aqueous medium
C2H5
H5C2 NH H5C2 NH2 NH3
H5C2 N
C2 H5
2o 3o C2H5 1o
CH3
H3C NH H3C NH2
H3C N NH3
CH3
CH3
2o 1o 3o
CONTROLLED AMINES

289
Controlled Bromination O O
xx
NH2 H N C CH3 H N C CH3 NH2
( CH 3CO )2O Br2 - +
OH / H
Pyridine CH 3COOH
N-Phenylethanamide Br Br
( Acetanilide )
Controlled Nitration O
O
xx
H N C CH3 NH2
NH2 H N C CH3
( CH 3CO )2O
HNO 3 , H2SO4 , 288 K - +
OH / H
Pyridine
NO 2 NO 2
CONVERSIONS
Aliphatic Conversions
: For stepping up the series
HX alc. KCN LiAlH 4

R OH R X R CN R CH 2 NH2
Anhydrous ZnCl 2 Reduction
Alcohol Alkyl halide Nitrile Primary amine
HNO 2
X2 / UV Hydrolysis
( NaNO 2 & HCl )
+
Hydrocarbon H3O
LiAlH 4
R CH 2 OH RCOOH R CH 2 OH
+ Oxidation
Primary alcohol H3O Primary alcohol
Carboxylic acid
For stepping down the series

290
NH 3 Br 2 HNO 2
RCOOH RCONH 2 R NH 2
R OH
HX
R X
Carboxylic acid  Acid amide KOH Amine ( NaNO 2 & HCl )
Primary alcohol
Anhydrous ZnCl 2
Alkyl halide
Alkaline KMnO4 Aqueous KOH

R CH2 OH R CH2 X
Primary alcohol Alkyl halide
Aromatic Conversions
When the functional group contains

carbon atom
Cl OH CH3
NaOH , 623 K, 300 atm Zn dust CH 3Cl

+ Anhydrous AlCl3
H
H2 / Pd , BaSO4 , S SOCl2 Alkaline KMnO4

OHC ClOC HOOC
Boiling Xylene
When the functional group does not contain carbon atom

OH
Warm H2O
I
H3PO2
Zn dust
H2O
KI
+
N2 BF4- +
N2 Cl- Cl
HBF4
CuCl
HCl

Conc. HNO 3
H2SO4 , 333 K
CuBr
2
NO
F Br
HBr
Na
NaNO2
,
HCl
Cu
NO 2 NH2
Sn / HCl

292
CONCEPT MAPPING
COLLOIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS
Based on particles of dispersed phase
i)Multimolecular
ii)Macromolecular
iii)Associated
Based on nature of interaction
i)Lyophilic
ii)Lyophobic
Based on physical state
i)solid in solidi)liquid in solid iii) gas in solid
iv)solid in liquid v)liquid in liquid vi)gas in liquid
vii) solid in gas viii) liquid in gas
PREPARATION OF COLLOIDS
Chemical Method
Bredig’s Arc Method
Peptisation
PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
Tyndall effect
Brownian Motion
Electrophoresis
Colligative Properties
Charge on colloidal particle

Colour
Coagulation
PURIFICATION
Dialysis
Electrodialysis
Ultra filtration

CONCEPT MAPPING
CHAPTER 10
CLASSIFICATION OF HALOALKANES
On the basis of
No. of Halogen atoms On the basis of Hybridisation
Of Carbon atom On the basis of
o o o
1 ,2 &3 Carbon atoms
Haloderivative
Dihaloderivative Trihaloderivative Primary haloalkane Sec. halo Tert. Halo alkane

alkane
CHX3(Haloforms) CH3-CH2-X CH3-CH(X)-CH3 CHX3
CH2-X
CH2-X
ogen is bonded to Sp3 Hybridised C Allylic halides Vinylic Halides

CH3CH2CH2-X eg. CH2=CH-CH2-X CH2=CH-X

295
PREPARATION OF HALOALKANES
From alcohols From hydrocarbons From alkanes By halide exchange
CH2=CH2 +HX
ZnCl2
R-OH +HX RX +H2O CH3CH2-X
Cl2
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + CH3CH2CH(Cl)CH3
UV
Finkelstein Reaction Swarts Reaction
RX+NaI RI + NaX RX + AgF RF + AgF
(X=Cl,Br)
+KOH (aq.)NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF HALOALKANES
R-OH +KX
+NaOR
R-X R-O-R +NaX
+KCN (alc)
R-CN + KX
+AgCN
R-NC + AgX
+KNO2 R-O-N=O

296
UNIT11
ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS &ETHERS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS
Reactions involving
the cleavage of Reactions involving the cleavage Reactions
involving the cleavage
O-H bond of C-O bond alkyl as
well as OH gp
With metals Esterification

2ROH +2Na 2RONa +H2
RCOOH +R’OH RCOOR’+ H2O
With HX With PCl5

ROH +HX RX +H2O ROH + PCl5 RCl + POCl3 + HCl
Reactions involving thealkyl as well as OH gp

Dehydration Oxidation Dehydrogenation

30>20>1010>20>3010>20>30
K Cr O
H2SO4 2 2 7+H2SO4
CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 +H2O CH3CH2OH CH3CHO RCH2OH
443K [O]
573k Cu
CH3COOH
RCHO +H2
Tinsukia Region
UNIT12
Test for Carboxylic Acids
Litmus Test NaHCO 3 Test Ester Formation Test
Turns blue litmus to red Brisk effervescence of CO2 is evolved Fruity smell of ester
Classification of Carboxylic Acid

Monocarboxylic acids Dicarboxylic acids Tricarboxylic acids
1-COOH group 2-COOH group 3-COOH group
CH3COOH HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH HOOC-CH2-CH(COOH)-CH2-COOH
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones
Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Reduction Oxidation
1.By HCN 4.By NH3
2.By NaHSO3
3.By RMgX

Oxygen family

300
CONCEPT MAPPING
d & f BLOCK ELEMENTS
d-BLOCK
ELEMENTS
Special
Physical Some important
Properties
Properties compounds
1.Variation in M.P
2.Variation in atom &

KMnO4
Ionic size.
:Preparation,structure
3.Ionisation Enthalpies. & its properties.
4.Oxidation state variation
5.Trends in std.electrode K2Cr2O7 :

Preparation,structure
Potential.
& its properties
6. Trends in stability of higher
Oxidation states.
1.Variable Oxidation states.
2.Coloured Ions
3.Catalytic properties
4.Complex formation
5.Alloy formation
6.Interstitial compounds.
7.Paramagnetism.

301
f-Block Elements
Lanthanides Actinides
Misch Metall(Alloy of
lanthanoids contains
95% Ln & 5%Fe..
4f series(Cerium to 5f series(Thorium -
Lutetium) Lawrencium
Actinoid
Lanthanoid contraction:Reg Common
Common
Contraction:Reg decrease of at.size ox.state:+3
ox.state:+3
decrease of at.size /ion.size
/ion.size
Extra
ox.states:+5,+6,+7
Most are
radioactive
In +2 In +4 state-
state- oxidant
reductant;

302
Guwahati Region
Concept Mapping
Polymer in one Page
Type Polymer Monomer Uses Remark
Condensation Polymer Nylon 6 Caprolactum Fibre,Plastic,tyre Thermoplastic

+ Homopolymer -cords
Nyon66 HMDA,Adipic acid Stockings Shirts,

Ropes
Condensation
Polymer Treylene(Dacron) Ethylene glycol Fabrics
+Copolymer ,Terphthalic acid
Glyptal Ethylene glycol Paints,Binding

,Phthalic acid materials
PHBV 3-Hydroxy butanoic Packaging in Biodegradable

acid, Medical Aliphatic Poly ester
industry
3-Hydroxy pentanoic
acid
Nylon2-Nylon6 Glycine & Biodegradable Polymer

Aminocaproic acid
Bakelite Phenol , formaldehyde Elecctric Switch Thermosetting

& switch board,
Polymer
Melamine Melamine Unbreakable
formaldehyde Resin ,Formaldehyde Crockery
Polythene Ethene Pipes, Electrical

insulators, Toys
Thermoplastics
Polystyrene Styrene Combs,Plastic
Addition handle,Toys
Polymer +
Homopolymer Polypropene Propene Carry bags,
Plastic goods
PVC Vinyl Chloride Rain coat,

Electrical
insulators
PAN(Orlon) Acrlonitrile Fabrics
PTFE( TEFLON) Tetrafluroetene Non-stick

303
utensils
Natural Rubber ( Isoprene Football bladder

Neoprene)
Addition Polymer + BUNA-S Buta1,3diene,Styrene Tyre cords

Copolymer
BUNA-N Buta1,3-diene,PAN Water storage
Tank
Classification as elastomer, Fibre, Thermoplasic ,Themosetting Polymer
Polymer Classification Type
Natural Rubber ( Neoprene) Elastomer,
BUNA-S
BUNA-N
Nylon 6 fibre
Nyon66
Treylene(Dacron)
Polystyrene Thermoplastic
Polypropene
PVC
PAN(Orlon)
PTFE( TEFLON)
Glyptal
PHBV
Nylon2-Nylon6
Polythene
Bakelite Thermosetting ploymer
Melamine formaldehyde Resin

304
Concept Mapping
Chemistry in everyday life in one Page
THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF DIFFERENT DRUGS
Note: All the medicines should be taken under strict medical supervision
Drugs Action Example
Analgesics Pain Killer AspirinAnalgin, ,Anacine,
Analgesics Produces unconsciousness Opium, Heroin , Codeine, Morphine
(Narcotic )
Antibiotics Produced by micro – organism that can Penicillin G(Narrow Spectrum)

inhibit the growth or kill other micro-
i).Bacteriostatic organism. Streptomycin, Ampicillin , Amoxicillin Chloramphenicol
(Streptomycin) Vancomycin, ofloxacin , (Broad Spectrum)
ii).Bactericidal(Penicillin)
Antiseptics Prevent the growth of micro-organism or Dettol(Chloroxylenol +Terpineol), Bithional(in soap)

kill them but not harmful to the living
tissues. Tincture iodine, 0.2% phenol, Boric Acid,
ethanol,Soframycin,furamycin
Disinfectants Kills micro-organisms, not safe for living 1% phenol,

tissues. It is used for toilets, floors ,
instruments. chlorine (Cl2) ,
Sulphurdioxide ( SO2)
Antacids Reduce or neutralize the acidity. NaHCO 3 Al(OH)3 gel MgCO3

Mg(OH)2 AlPO4
Antihistamines Reduce release of acid. Cimetidine(Tegamet), Ranitidine (Zantac),
It is also used to treat allergy Brompheniramine ( Dimetapp)
Terfenadine ( Seldane)
Tranquilizers Reduce the mental anxiety, stress, Valium, Serotonin, Veronal,

emotional disturbance (sleeping pill) Equanil,Amytal,Nembutal,Luminal, Seconal
Antipyretics Reduce body temperature Aspirin, Paracetamol, Analgin, Phenacetin.

305
Antifertility These are the steroids used to control the Norethindrone, Ethynylestradiol (novestrol )
pregnancy
drugs
CHEMICALS IN FOOD
Sweetening Agent Saccharine, Aspartme(for cold foods) Alitame
Sucrolose(stable at cooking temp)
Food Preservative Salt, sugar, veg. oils, sodium benzoate
CLEANSING AGENTS
Soap Na / K –salt of long chain fatty acids Not work in hard water becoz with Ca and Mg salt soap
produce insoluble scum
Anaionic detergen Sodium laurylsulphate Used in household work / in tooth paste
Cationic detergent Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide Hair conditioner / germicidal properties
Non ionic detergent Ester of stearic acid and polyethylene glycol Liquid dishwashing
Detergents with highly branched hydrocarbon parts are non-biodegradable and hence water pollutants so branching is minimized
which are degradable and pollution is prevented.
CONCEPT MAP –BIO MOLECULES- [Proteins]

ein
Pr
ot
All the polymers of ἀ amino acids connected to each

other by peptide bond or peptide linkage
Structure:- Essential Amino acids:Which cannot be

made in body ,to be supplied through
 Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
Classification diet.
Based on molecular structure  Secondary:shape due to H-bnding.
 Tertiary:Overall folding of secondary
1.Fibrous :insoluble in water
Non-essential:Can be synthesized by
structure.
polypeptide chains run parallel body.
held by H and disulphide  Quarternary:Special arrangement of
bonds. Ex:- Keratin
subunits wrt to each other.
2.Globular :Chains of
polypeptides coil around to
give spherical shape. Ex:
Insulin
ἀ Helix :Formed due to intramolecular H-

bonds between the C=O of one amino
acid residue and the N-H of the 4th
amino acid residue in the chain. Ex
:Keratin in hair and myosin in muscles
ᵝ-Pleated structure:Peptide chains laid side by

side,held together by intermolecular H-
bonding, resembles pleated folds of drapery
ex:silk protein
Denaturation:Due to coagulation native shape

of the protein is destroyed and biological
activity is lost ,[2ᵒ,3ᵒ structure destroyed, 1ᵒ
intact.]
B.Sreedhar( NSB2)
Sushma(NAD) BBSR

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SALT + Dil H2SO4

Could be CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- SALT + Conc H2SO4 + warm

Could be Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, CH3COO- Test using SCE

Smell the gas Observe colour of the gas

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SCE + dil HNO3 + Cranary yellow ppt confirms PO43-

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ORIGINAL SALT SOLUTION + Dil HCl

White Ppt No Ppt

Black ppt No ppt

Blue Soln could be Cu2+ Gelatinou Gelatinous

Yellow ppt Yellow ppt

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Deep blue color Blue lake floating

White Dissolve ppt in

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COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

Diazonium salts Properties Chemical

--Alkyl salts are more H2O/Δ H3PO2+ H2O

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NITRITES Containing –O—N=O group, isomeric to nitro alkanes

H2O/ H+ ROH + HNO2

--colourless and pleasant smelling liquids. --Reduction: RNO2Sn/HClR—NH2

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Coupling do not H3PO2

occur in strong H2O

H NH2 N N NH2 ( Yellow dye )

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Basic strength p-Toluidine > Aniline > p-Nitroaniline

PKb value PhNH 2 > PhNHCH 3 > Et NH 2 > Et2 NH

Solubility Et NH2 > Et2 NH > PhNH2

Basic strength Et2 NH > CH3NH2 > Ph N Me 2 > PhNH2

Boiling point Et OH > Et NH 2 > Et2 NH

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HX alc. KCN LiAlH 4

For stepping down the series

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Alkaline KMnO4 Aqueous KOH

When the functional group contains

NaOH , 623 K, 300 atm Zn dust CH 3Cl

H2 / Pd , BaSO4 , S SOCl2 Alkaline KMnO4

When the functional group does not contain carbon atom

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Based on particles of dispersed phase

Based on nature of interaction

Based on physical state

i)solid in solidi)liquid in solid iii) gas in solid

iv)solid in liquid v)liquid in liquid vi)gas in liquid

vii) solid in gas viii) liquid in gas

Bredig’s Arc Method

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Dihaloderivative Trihaloderivative Primary haloalkane Sec. halo Tert. Halo alkane

ogen is bonded to Sp3 Hybridised C Allylic halides Vinylic Halides

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From alcohols From hydrocarbons From alkanes By halide exchange

Finkelstein Reaction Swarts Reaction

RX+NaI RI + NaX RX + AgF RF + AgF

+KOH (aq.)NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF HALOALKANES

R-X R-O-R +NaX

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