Pace Factor

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 / 𝑳𝒕𝒂𝒑𝒆
𝑷𝑭 =
𝑨𝒗𝒆 𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔
Tape Corrections

𝑪𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑 = 𝜶𝑳(𝑻 − 𝑻𝟎 )
(𝑷 − 𝑷𝟎 )𝑳
𝑪𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 =
𝑨𝑬
 𝟐 𝟑
𝒘 𝑳
𝑪𝒔𝒂𝒈 = 𝟐
𝟐𝟒 𝑷
Length Correction

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍
𝑳𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 ± 𝒆 ( )
𝑳𝒕𝒂𝒑𝒆
Probable Value

𝑷𝑽 = 𝒙𝒂𝒗𝒆
Probable Error

∑(𝒙 − ̅)
𝒙 𝟐
𝑷𝑬 = ±𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓√
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)
Relative Precision/Error

𝑷𝑬
𝑹𝑷 =
𝑷𝑽
Most Probable Value (Best Value)
 ∑(𝒙 ∙ 𝒘)
𝑴𝑷𝑽 =
∑𝒘

𝟏 𝟏
𝒘=𝒏 𝒘= 𝒘= 𝟐
𝒅 𝒆
Earth’s Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction
 𝟐
𝒉𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟓𝒌
Stadia Formula

𝑫 = 𝒌𝒔 + 𝑪

𝒇
𝒌= 𝑪 = (𝒇 + 𝒄)
𝒊
Stadia Formula

𝟐
𝑯 = 𝒌𝒔 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) + 𝑪 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

𝑽 = 𝒌𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝑪 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Symmetrical Parabolic Curve

𝑳
𝑯 = (|𝒈𝟏 | + |𝒈𝟐 |)
𝟖
𝟐(𝑳/𝟐 )𝟐
𝒙
=
𝒚 𝑯
Unsymmetrical Vertical Curve

𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐
𝑯= (|𝒈𝟏 | + |𝒈𝟐 |)
𝟐(𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 )

𝒈𝟑 (𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 ) = 𝒈𝟏 𝑳𝟏 + 𝒈𝟐 𝑳𝟐