Third Edition

LECTURE
RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND
DEFORMATION
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

3 by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
Chapter ENES 220 – Mechanics of Materials
2.8 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 1

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ENES 220 ©Assakkaf

Axial Loading
„ Uniform Member
– Consider a homogeneous rod as shown in
the figure of the next viewgraph.
– If the resultant axial stress σ = P/A dos not
exceed the proportional limit of the
material, then Hooke’s law can applied,
that is
σ = Eε
σ = axial stress, ε = axial strain
E = modulus of elasticity

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 2
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Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading
„ Uniform Member

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 3

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Axial Loading
„ Uniform Member
– From Hooke’s law, it follows that
σ = Eε (Hooke' s law)
P
= Eε
A
δ
But ε = , therefore,
L
P δ PL
= E ⇒δ =
A L EA

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 4

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Axial Loading
„ Uniform Member
– The deflection (deformation),δ, of the
uniform member subjected to axial loading
P is given by

PL
δ= (1)
EA

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 5

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Axial Loading
„ Multiple Loads/Sizes
– The expression for the deflection of the
previous equation may be used only if the
rod or the member is homogeneous
(constant E) and has a uniform cross
sectional area A, and is loaded at its ends.
– If the member is loaded at other points, or
if it consists of several portions of various
cross sections, and materials, then

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 6

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Axial Loading
„ Multiple Loads/Sizes
– It needs to be divided into components
which satisfy individually the required
conditions for application of the formula.
– Denoting respectively by Pi, Li, Ai, and Ei,
the internal force, length, cross-sectional
area, and modulus of elasticity
corresponding to component i,then
n n
PL
δ = ∑δ i = ∑ i i
i =1 i =1 Ei Ai

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 7

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Axial Loading
„ Multiple Loads/Sizes n n
Pi Li
δ = ∑δ i = ∑
i =1 i =1 Ei Ai

E1 E2 E3

L1 L2 L3

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 8
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Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading
„ Multiple Loads/Sizes
– The deformation of of various parts of a rod
or uniform member can be given by
n n
Pi Li
δ = ∑δi = ∑ (2)
i =1 i =1 Ei Ai
E1 E2 E3

L1 L2 L3

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 9

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Axial Loading
„ Example 4
– Determine the deformation of the steel rod
shown under the given loads. Assume that
the modulus of elasticity for all parts is
– 29×106 psi 2Area = 0.9 in
45 kips
30 kips
75 kips
Area = 0.3 in2
12 in 12 in 16 in

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 10

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Axial Loading
„ Example 4 (cont’d)
– Analysis of internal forces
1 2 3
45 kips
30 kips
75 kips

30 kips
P3
→ + ∑ Fx = 0; − P3 + 30 = 0
∴ P3 = 30 kips

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 11

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Axial Loading
„ Example 4 (cont’d)
– Analysis of internal forces
1 2 3
45 kips
30 kips
75 kips

P2 45 kips 30 kips

→ + ∑ Fx = 0; − P2 − 45 + 30 = 0
∴ P2 = −15 kips

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 12

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Axial Loading
„ Example 4 (cont’d)
– Analysis of internal forces
1 2 3
45 kips
30 kips
75 kips

45 kips
P1 30 kips
75 kips

→ + ∑ Fx = 0; − P1 + 75 − 45 + 30 = 0
∴ P1 = 60 kips

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 13

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Axial Loading
„ Example 4 (cont’d)
– Deflection
• Input parameters
L1 = 12 in L2 = 12 in L3 = 16 in
A1 = 0.9 in 2 A2 = 0.9 in 2 A3 = 0.3 in 2
From analysis of internal forces,
P1 = 60 kips = 60,000 lb
P2 = −15 kips = −15,000 lb
P3 = 30 kips = 30,000 lb

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 14

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Axial Loading
„ Example 4 (cont’d)
– Carrying the values into the deformation
formula:
3
Pi Li 1  P1 L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 
δ =∑ =  + + 
i =1 E A
i i E  1A A 2 A3 

1  60,000(12) − 15,000(12) 30,000(16) 

 + + 
29 × 106  0.9 0.9 0.3 
δ = 0.0759 in

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 15

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Axial Loading
„ Relative Deformation
A δA A
PL
δ B/ A = δ B − δ A =
AE
L

C D δB
B

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 16

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Axial Loading
„ Relative Deformation
– If the load P is applied at B, each of the
three bars will deform.
– Since the bars AC and AD are attached to
the fixed supports at C and D, their
common deformation is measured by the
displacement δA at point A.

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 17

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Axial Loading
„ Relative Deformation
– On the other hand, since both ends of bars
AB move, the deformation of AB is
measured by the difference between the
displacements δA and δB of points A and B.
– That is by relative displacement of B with
respect to A, or
PL (3)
δ B/ A = δ B − δ A =
EA

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 18

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Axial Loading
„ Example 5
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two
links AB and CD.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600
mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 19

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Axial Loading
„ Example 5 (cont’d)
SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB
and DC or the displacements of B
and D.
• Work out the geometry to find the
deflection at E given the deflections
at B and D.

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 20

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Axial Loading
SOLUTION:
„ Example 5 (cont’d)
Free body: Bar BDE

∑MB = 0
0 = −(30 kN × 0.6 m ) + FCD × 0.2 m
FCD = +90 kN tension
∑ MD = 0
0 = −(30 kN × 0.4 m ) − FAB × 0.2 m
FAB = −60 kN compression

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 21

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Axial Loading
„ Example 5 (cont’d)
Displacement of B:
PL
δB =
AE
(− 60×103 N)(0.3m)
=
(500×10-6 m2 )(70×109 Pa)
= −514×10−6 m
δ B = 0.514 mm↑

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 22

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Axial Loading
„ Example 5 (cont’d)
Displacement of D:
PL
δD =
AE
(90 ×103 N)(0.4 m)
=
(600×10-6 m2 )(200×109 Pa )
= 300 ×10−6 m

δ D = 0.300 mm ↓

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 23

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Axial Loading
„ Example 5 (cont’d)
Displacement of D:
BB′ BH
=
DD′ HD
0.514 mm (200 mm ) − x
=
0.300 mm x
x = 73.7 mm

EE ′ HE
=
DD′ HD
δE
=
(400 + 73.7 )mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
δ E = 1.928 mm
δ E = 1.928 mm ↓

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 24

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Axial Loading
„ Nonuniform Deformation
– For cases in which the axial force or the
cross-sectional area varies continuously
along the length of the bar, then Eq. 1
– (PL / EA) is not valid.
– Recall that in the case of variable cross
section, the strain depends on the position
of point Q, where it is computed from
dδ
ε=
dx

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 25

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Axial Loading
„ Nonuniform Deformation

dδ
ε= L
dx x

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 26

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Axial Loading
„ Nonuniform Deformation
– Solving for dδ and substituting for ε

dδ = εdx
– But ε = σ / E, and σ = P/A. therefore

σ P
(4)
dδ = εdx = dx = dx
E EA

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 27

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Axial Loading
„ Nonuniform Deformation
– The total deformation δ of the rod or bar is
obtained by integrating Eq. 4 over the
length L as
L
Px
δ =∫ dx (5)
0
EAx

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 28

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Axial Loading
„ Example 6
– Determine the deflection of point a of a
homogeneous circular cone of height h,
density ρ, and modulus of elasticity E due
to its own weight.
a

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 29

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Axial Loading
„ Example 6 (cont’d)
– Consider a slice of thickness dy
– P = weight of above slice
– = ρg (volume above)
y h
1 2  δy r
P = ρg  πr y 
3 
1 
ρg  πr 2 y 
Pdy 3 ρg
dδ = =  2 = ydy
EA E (πr ) 3E

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 30

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Axial Loading
„ Example 6 (cont’d)
ρg
dδ = ydy
3E
h
h
ρg ρg y 2
δ =∫ ydy =
0
3E 3E 2 0

ρgh 2
δ=
6E

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 31

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Axial Loading
„ Normal Stresses in Tapered Bar
– Consider the following tapered bar with a
thickness t that is constant along the entire
length of the bar.

h1 h2 x
h(x)

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 32

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Axial Loading
„ Normal Stresses in Tapered Bar
h1 h2 x
h(x)

– The following relationship gives the height

h of tapered bar as a function of the
location x
x
hx = h1 + (h2 − h1 ) (6)
L

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 33

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Axial Loading
„ Normal Stresses in Tapered Bar
h1 h2 x
h(x)

– The area Ax at any location x along the

length of the bar is given by

 x
Ax = thx = t h1 + (h2 − h1 )  (7)
 L

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 34

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Axial Loading
„ Normal Stresses in Tapered Bar
h1 h2 x
h(x)

– The normal stress σx as a function of x is

given
P P
σx = =
Ax  x (8)
t h1 + (h2 − h1 ) 
 L

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 35

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Axial Loading
„ Example 7
– Determine the normal stress as a function of x
along the length of the tapered bar shown if
– h1 = 2 in
– h2 = 6 in
– t = 3 in, and
– L = 36 in x
h1 h(x) h2
– P = 5,000 lb
L

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 36

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Axial Loading
„ Example 7 (cont’d)
– Applying Eq. 8, the normal stress as a
function of x is given by
P P
σx = =
Ax  x
t h1 + (h2 − h1 ) 
 L
5000 5000
σx = =
 x x
32 + (6 − 2) )  6 +
 36  3
15000
σx =
18 + x

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 37

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Axial Loading
„ Example 7 (cont’d) x (in) σ (psi)
– Max σ = 833.3 psi 0 833.3
3 714.3
• At x =0 6 625.0
9 555.6
– Min σ = 277.8 psi 12 500.0
• At x =36 in 15 454.5
18 416.7
21 384.6
24 357.1
h1 h2 x
h(x) 27 333.3
30 312.5
33 294.1
L 36 277.8

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 38

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Axial Loading
„ Deflection of Tapered Bar
– Consider the following tapered bar with a
thickness t that is constant along the entire
length of the bar.

h1 dx h2 x
h(x)

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 39

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Axial Loading
„ Deflection of Tapered Bar
– Recall Eq. 5 L
Px
δ =∫ dx
0
EAx
– Substitute Eq. 7

– into Eq. 5, therefore

L
PL 1
δ= ∫
Et 0 h1 L + (h2 − h1 )x
dx (9)

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LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8) Slide No. 40
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Axial Loading
„ Deflection of Tapered Bar
Integrating Eq. 9, the deflection of a
tapered bar is given by

PL  1 
δ=   ln[(h2 − h1 )L ] (10)
Et  h2 − h1 

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