REGINE D.

BANAAG 2J11 STEM

Define the following and give only one example situation that best describe the following:
1. Consequentialism
Consequentialism is the view that morality is all about producing the right kinds of overall
consequences. Here the phrase “overall consequences” of an action means everything the action brings
about, including the action itself.
For example, let’s suppose economists could prove that the world economy would be stronger, and
that most people would be happier, healthier, and wealthier, if we just enslaved 2% of the population.
Although the majority of people would benefit from this idea, most would never agree to it. However,
when judging the idea solely on its results, as classic consequentialism does, then “the end justifies the
means.”

A. Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. It is a
form of consequentialism.
Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the
greatest number. It is the only moral framework that can be used to justify military force or war. It is also
the most common approach to moral reasoning used in business because of the way in which it accounts
for costs and benefits.
For example, assume a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants:
a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. If a healthy person wanders into the hospital, his organs could be
harvested to save four lives at the expense of one life. This would arguably produce the greatest good for
the greatest number. But few would consider it an acceptable course of action, let alone the most ethical
one.
B. Hedonism
Hedonism is the philosophy of pleasure. It means doing whatever brings you the greatest amount of
pleasure, regardless of any other effects.
Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind, and the only thing
that is good for an individual.
Example:
If you’ve ever eaten too much candy at one time, you know how this works. You may enjoy the
candy at the time, but soon after you get a terrible stomachache, and in the long run, your teeth will rot
away.

C. Asceticism
the practice of strict self-denial as a measure of personal and especially spiritual discipline
Asceticism describes a life-style characterized by voluntary abstinence from various sorts of worldly
pleasures especially sexual activity, the consumption of alcohol and the accumulation
of property and wealth, often with the aim of pursuing religious or spiritual goals.
For example, you are surrounded by people who use drugs, who drinks alcohol but you refuse to adapt
and accept it because you care about your health and life.

D. Egoism
an ethical theory holding that the good is based on the pursuit of self-interest. The word is sometimes
misused for egotism, the overstressing of one’s own worth.

Egoism is the theory that one’s self is, or should be, the motivation and the goal of one’s own
action.

Example:
 A corrupt politician running in the election because of his/her own greed. His/her goal is not for
the society but for him/herself. His selfishness and greed for power and money.
E. Altruism
Altruism is when we act to promote someone else’s welfare, even at a risk or cost to ourselves.
Altruism is acting out of concern for another’s well-being, not because you are obligated to, but
simply because you feel like helping. Oftentimes, people behave altruistically when they see others in
desperate circumstances and feel empathy and a desire to help.
Example:
Helping the homeless children and giving them food and drinks.

2. Free will
free will is to believe that human beings can be the authors of their own actions and to reject the idea that
human actions are determined by external conditions or fate.
Example:
Spending all your money on lunch (assuming you don’t live hand to mouth):
Again you are physically capable, but the negative impact of this choice is so clear to you, and the
expense unnecessary, that the pros (the convenience of the restaurant, the quality of the food), is
insufficient to override your desires for thrift and planning.

3. Compatibilism
Compatibilism offers a solution to the free will problem, which concerns a disputed incompatibility
between free will and determinism. Compatibilism is the thesis that free will is compatible with
determinism. Because free will is typically taken to be a necessary condition of moral responsibility,
compatibilism is sometimes expressed as a thesis about the compatibility between moral responsibility
and determinism.
For example:
if I am addicted to smoking, there may be times when I feel I have to have a cigarette – I can’t
chose not to. Yet it would still be true, that if I did chose not to, then I wouldn’t. But I’m not free to chose
not to have a cigarette.
4. Determinism
theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing
causes. Determinism is usually understood to preclude free willbecause it entails that humans cannot act
otherwise than they do. The theory holds that the universe is utterly rational because complete knowledge
of any given situation assures that unerring knowledge of its future is also possible.
Example:
In a restaurant browsing through the menu card , it may seem that there are many things that you
might order: starting from may be a veg cuisine/ Non-veg cuisine. Eventually you will make a choice and
eat something while others in the restaurant will also follow the similar steps. To a determinist, causal
processes dictated that what you ordered was inevitable.
5. Intersubjectivity
involving or occurring between separate conscious minds
a term originally coined by the philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), is most simply stated as the
interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious, between two persons or “subjects,”
as facilitated by empathy.
For example:
when I see a color and call it “red,” and other people point to it and call it “red” too, I can
reasonably conclude I am experiencing the sensation of seeing red, as are others. However, I can’t
objectively know that what I am experiencing as red is the same experience as the person standing next to
me. This is the difference between practical knowledge and empirical knowledge.
 6. Communarization
Husserl describes the relation using the term “pairing” , which I will address below. This very first
experience is called by Husserl “communarization” to indicate this originary mode of living in which
no ego (not even myself) remains absolutely singular.

7. Authentic Dialogue
The practice of speaking one's personal truth and listening well to others for deeper understanding.
Example:
You can use dialogue this way to show a conversation that is often repeated, perhaps with different
wording but the same underlying effect.

8. All terms in death

Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Death is defined as the act
of passing away, the end of life, or the permanent destruction of something. An example of death is when
a person takes his last breath and dies. An example of death is when a person is no longer alive.

Causes of death
 Aging
 Predation
 Malmutrition
 Disease
 Suicide
 Homicide
 Starvation
 Dehydration
 Accident

Autopsy
also known as a postmortem examination or an obduction, is a medical procedure that consists of a
thorough examination of a human corpse to determine the cause and manner of a person's death and to evaluate
any disease or injury that may be present. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called
a pathologist.

Cryonics
is the low-temperature preservation of animals and humans who cannot be sustained by contemporary
medicine, with the hope that healing and resuscitation may be possible in the future.

Life extension refers to an increase in maximum or average lifespan, especially in humans, by slowing down or
reversing the processes of aging. Average lifespan is determined by vulnerability to accidents and age or
lifestyle-related afflictions such as cancer, or cardiovascular disease.

Extinction is the cessation of existence of a species or group of taxa, reducing biodiversity. The moment of
extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species
 9. All terms in life
Life
the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity
for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death.

Life
 Plants
 Animal
 Fungi
 Protist
 Archae
 Bacteria

History of life
Materialism
 Empedocles
 Democritus
 Rene Descartes

Hylomorphism
Vegetative soul- do not move
Sensitive soul- move and sensation
Rational Soul- thought and consciousness reasoning

Characteristics of life
1. Homeotasis
2. Organization
3. Metabolism
4. Growth
5. Adaption
6. Response to stimuli
7. Reproduction
-asexual
-sexual
Terms related
1. Extraterrestrial
2. Artificial
3. Extinction
4. Fossils

Adaption
1. Behavioral Adaptation
2. Structural Adaptation
3. Exaption