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    Differential Calculus f » a | / o BA | . SGN, Hari Kishan PPP a Pe ey BREEBBESB Contents Preface Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion Rolle and Mean Value Theorem Indeterminate Forms Tangents and Normals Curvature Envelopes and Evolutes Euler’s Theorem on Homogeneous Functions and Total Derivative Change of Variables Jacobians Asymptotes Singular Points Curve Tracing BEESESBE EBREEGxe--« 1 Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 1.1. Definitions and Notations Let y be a function of x. If we differentiate » with respect to x once, we get &. & is known as first differential coefficient or first derivative or first derived function of y with respect to x. In general #4 is a function of x and dx therefore can further be differentiated. The differential coefficient of dy/dx with respect to x is known as second differential coefficient or second derivative or second derived function of y with respect to x and is written as 2 2 @°Y Simitarly, the differential coefficient of 2% is called the shird de ax 3 differential coefficient of y and is written as i Similarly fourth, fifth, ....etc. dty dy differential coefficients are obtained and are written as a a re etc, respectively. The alt differential coefficient of y with respect to x is denoted by a’y a” If y = (x), then its successive derivatives are denoted by dy d?y d?y a’ dae ae ae or Vio Yan Vaeeeey Yaw ee or yy or f'@F “os A) SOs or Dy, D’y, Dy, ..., Dy, «.. or Dflx), D°f{), D? Ax), «... Df), «.. The process of differentiating the same function again and again is called Successive Differentiation. 2 Differential Calculus The derivatives obtained during this process are called successive derivatives. If y = f(a), then the value of at x= is denoted by (a) or (nkk=a OF (Yn) a or f"(a). ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Find she possible derivatives of the functions— fa) = 43x - 4x42, Solution: Here, Aix) = 8 437 - 4x42, therefore IQ) = 3x +6x-4; P's) = 6x6; and f(x) = 6. All higher order derivatives are evidently zero. Example 2, ify = A cos mx + B sin mx, show that ae my =0, Solution; Here, y = Acos mx + Bsin mux (1) Differentiating (1) both sides of w.r.t. x, we get es a — Am sin mx + Bm cos mx (2) Again differentiating (2) both sides w.r.t. x, we get dy = — Am sin mx - Bm? cos mx ax ty Ag > = —m’ (A sin mr + B cos mx de ( ) ¢ > aD = = my [By (1)] 2 => ay +miy =0. dv Example 3. Find the value of & if @ =y. Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorem 3 Solution : e = xy Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get ef ax Mey => ® (ex) =y st t:e=9] -— av- 1) Example 4. If ax” + 2hxy + by’ + 2gx + 2fy +c =0 then show that A Dy = (hx + by + fy" where, A = abe + Yfgh — af? - bg? - ch’. Solution: ax? + 2hxy + by? + 2gx + 2fy+c=0 (1) Differentiating w.r.t..x, we get dy dy dy 2ax + 2hy + 2hx 7 + 2by a + 2g + Of 0 i (ext by +) = —(ax+ hy +g) = dy _ _arthytg. dx Ax+by+f Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get | é | dy (hy + by +f) ath (ax + hy + g) Atbo (hx + by +f" RG ((ab ~ h?) y + (af- gh)) + (h?x +h - abx + bg) a (hx + by +f" {lab — yy + (af — gh)} + (ix + fh —abx + bg) aay, (ax + by +7 Differential Calculus 4 __| (aby - by + af ~ gh) (hex + by + f) ~ (ix + fl ~ abx ~ bear + hy +2) (he + by +f" —h?(ax” + 2hxy + by’ + 2ex + 2f\) + (af? - 2feh + bg’) (hx + by +f ab( - ¢) - I -c)+af — 2feh +bg* (ax + by tf? _ abe + Yfgh-af?—bg*-ch® _ A (ax + by +f" (ix + by + f° where, A= abc + 2fgh — af? - bg’ — ch’. Example 5. if y= Ae™ cos (pt +c), then show that d 2 2_ 2,2 £% 4 2B 4 ny 0, wheren sp'tk. Solution : y = Ae™ cos (pt +c) we (D I Il Differentiating w.r.t. 1, we get “ + Dhay + by? + gx + 2fy) & = Ale [-sin (pt +c) -p} + (— ke) cos (pr +0] = B = ~ Ape™™ sin (t+ 0) ~ hy OY 4 py = Apes = 4 ky = -Ape™" sin (pt +c) wae (2) I Il Again differentiating w.r.t. ¢, we get dy +h = — Aple” ™{p - cos (pt + c)) + (- ke) sin (pt + ¢)] dt dt => Pet =- pe" cos (pt +c) + Apke™ ™ sin (pt +c) if -pytk [-- [From (1) and (2)] _ py p Be py-k a7 ky Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorem 3 = 344 DegFeeyy =0 oY 42k Bsn'y = O,sincen* =p’ +k’, Example 6. /f y = cos (log x) + 5 sin (log x), show that xy> +xy) + y=0. = Solution : y = acos (log x) + b sin (log x) (1) Differentiating (1) with respect to x, we get dy _ ~ 4g an (log.x) + bcos (log x) dx x x dy _ => am asin (log x) + bcos (log x) .Q) Differentiating (2) with respect to x, we get dy , dy — ~acos(logx) bsin (log x) ae dk x x => ety, WL — [a cos (log x) + b sin (log x)] de” dx d’y od => Poy ,2a-y dy? de [By (1)] 2 aay We => x +asty =0. de dx , Hence Proved. Example 7. if y =x log cin then prove that 2 3d?y di) ety. [:- Solution : y = xlo “e(s2ae| => : = log x — log (a + bx). Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get wy _y. Sar?! 15 x x atdbx at+br- bx x(a + bx) 6 Differential Calculus if, d@_\)_—4 > a8 , ~ x (a+ bx) dy — ax = “ax > aebx “@) Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get oe dy _ f@tbe-lax-b dx? dx de (a+ bx? = a (a + bx)? d?y a = xr—= dx’ (a+ bx) 2. 2 = ody. oF, dx’ (a + bx) 2 d*y ax = ° ‘ae ~ (; + =] 2 2 ad'y (a = ie [:é ) (From (1)] Hence Proved. Example 8. ify = sin (m sin'x) then prove thar 2 =~) 49 _ Vi ptys (1-2) a xaytmy 0. Solution : y = sin(m sin 'x) (MM) Differentiating (1) with respect to x, we get dy _ ayy a cos (m sin x) 1 => Viv & = mcos (m sin” x). Squaring both sides, we get 2 d-*’) (2) = m cos? (msin x) dx 2 => ad -x) (2 = m [1 -sin? (msin' x] mtl~y). 2 => a-) (2) Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 7 Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2 2 — yo WAY 9 (@) 2 apy 2 (1 ¥) 2 ae »(@ any Dividing by 2 a throughout, a (1-7) S35 -x B+ nty=0. Hence Proved. Example 9. if y=A(x+ V1)" + Bee vie = 1)", then prove that (2? = 1) yp bag =a'y. Solution: = y = AQ + Veo — 1)" 4B - Ve 1)". Differentiating both sides with respect to .x, we get y = Amor RT 143 Po} + Ben(e-Ve-1y {1-3-3} = Eo et Be 1) = yVe—1 = n(A(@et ve - 1-8-1)". Squaring both sides, we get Ye@P-1) = At P-1)+ BG -We 1? -4 AB (x+Ve-1) -Ve-19) [:: @- 8 = (a+ By’ - 408] yi (x? = 1) = n° fy’ - 4AB]. Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2yivolx? -I+ ay = Qn’yy, Cancelling 2y, throughout, we get (°- Dy ta =r’y. Hence Proved. Example 10. Jf x=/(), y = F(t), prove that &y _ xy" nyx" dx x 8 Differential Calculus ion: ah = fat _ oy’ Solution: ay > de/di ol) dy _ d (dy de dx | de = #(¥ dx |x’ (From (1)] = a(y¥)at dt| x’ | dx ~ dx/dt xy yix!” _ = + _ xy" re xf Hence Proved. Example 11. if x = q-sin gy = 1- cos q, then prove that dy sot pe tm Dts 1. : . dx Solution : x = 6-sinO =—=1-cos6 a y = l-cos®@ = Basing dy in cos”. dy dd __ sino 752° 2_ dx ~ dx 1-cos@ 2sin? 2 2 d@ 2 fy a cot 2 -4 co 2 aw de dk 2 dé 2) dx = ~cosec? 2.4 1 eee 2 2 1 -cos8 26 1 = yj cosec >: 2 asin? = a posect & ~ 4 2 - 1) Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 9 2 We are to find 4 a(n, 2), thatis x=7,y=2, dx De |- =2sin? 2 => sin 2 = y = l-cos8 =2=2sin ga sin5=1 Of = 77 2 =>60=n and x = @-sin6, whend=x X= -sinnt=7 Thus, we get 6 = 1 for point (1, 2), therefore 2 d’y 1 4m__ii me at (11, 2), 4 cosec 2 4 Example 12. if p? = a’ cos? 6+ 6" sin? @, prove that ay ae p+—-s=-y dap Solution : ? = d cos’ +5 sin’ a (1) Differentiating w.r.t. 8, we get 2p B = ~ 20? sin 8 cos 0 + 26" sin 8 cos 0 dp _ (B - a*) sin 20 2? 0 = (Q) Again differentiating (2) w.r.t. 8, 2 dp (4) ~ 342 ¢? 20S >(B 2(b* — a’) cos 20 2 2 ap (dp) _ gt_ =>p + = (b° - a‘) cos 20 (a) 0 Multiplying (3) by p*, we get 2 p fe + p (4) = Pw ~ a’) cos 20 é, dp) 2EP _ np? _ 22 _|, @ > p 70 p (6° - a‘) cos 20 [ ry 2. 42 = p?(6?— a?) (cos? 6 — sin’ 6) - wna) sin? 20 {Using (2)] = Pr (8 cos? 0 +a" sin? 8) - P @ cos’ 6 + 6 sin” 8) - (a' + b* - 2a7b") sin? 6 cos” 0 10 Differential Calculus = (a* cos” 6 + b* sin’ 0) (B cos* @ + a” sin? 8) - p -(a'+b* - 20h) sin? 8 cos” @ (Using (1)] => pap fp = a*b*(cos' 6 + sin* 6 + 2 sin’6 cos"@) = ab? (cos’ 0 + sin 0)" = @p? 2,2 > pt tp = ae Hence Proved. do P EXERCISE 1 (A) 1. If y =e sin bx, show that yx - ay, + (a + B°) y= 0. 2. If y=sin (sin x), show that y2 + yi tanx+y cos” x =0. 3. If y=x log x, show that ys =§ 4, If y = e “cos x, show that ya + 4y =0. 5. If y=ae™ + be ™, show that y2 = m’y. Py cos x dx’ a -sin x)? : 2a? _ eo 6. If y=tan x + sec.x, show that 7. If y’- 3ax* +x’ =0, show that o, 0. 3 8. IF 49 Basy=0, show tat 25 = 228, ax~y 9. If y= 1225, show that ma AE 10. If y=x+cot x, show that sin? x 22 —2y+2x=0. ¥ 2 y dx 11 12. If x= 2 cos ¢— cos 2r and y = 2 sin ¢ — sin 2¢, show that the value of dy atr=Fis-> de 2 2° If y=a sin (log x), show that vy tay ty=0. Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem i @y _iP-ab 13. If ax’ + 2hxy + by’ = 1, show that; = . fay + by dx (hx + byy 1.2. Standard Results for Calculation of nth Derivatives In this section we shall find the nth derivatives in some simple cases. 1. n'" derivative of x" Suppose ye=x", therefore yy) = nx"! yp = a(n — 1x"? » = n(n— 1)... (n-(r- DY n, then D” (x") al DT! (2) =y,42= D7 GW") =... = 0. i COROLLARY 2.If = y = x", then Y-p =n = ope nice yan2s Bey 2. n™ derivative of (ax +b)” Let y = (ax+b)", then yy = m(axtb)""! Wa. yy = m(m= 1) (ar+b)" 7a” ys = m(m-1) (m—2) (ar b)" 7.” Yu = mt (m—1)(m—2)...(m—nt1) (axtb)"".a" COROLLARY 3. If mis a-+ve integer and m =n, then yn = n(n 1)(n-2)...(n—nt) (ae bY" a" => y, = nla"ie, D'axt+by=nta" - ie., D" (ax +b)" =m(m — 1) (m- 2)... (m—n + 1) (ax + b)""" wheem>n 12 Differential Calculus COROLLARY 4. If m is a +ve integer and m M1 y2 ¥3 Ya ie. D" cos (ax +) COROLLARY : If a ¥ “ Yn i a i cos (ax + b), — asin (ax + b) T a cos axtbh+y : Tt -@ snfacso+3] 2 : Tt a cosjar+b+>+ 2m cos aso 2 2 x 2 a 2 -asin(ax d+) 3 21 2 a cos|axt+b+ 2 +4) a’ cos abe) ccos(ar+ +] 2 nt 2 | | and 6 =0, then COs x cos |x + 2 ceas(ers b+ Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 15 9, n" derivative of e™ sin (bx +c) Let y = e™sin (bx +c) I I “ y, = e™ cos (bx +c) - b + ae™ sin (bx + c) = e™ [asin (bx +c) +4 cos (bx + c)] Put a=rcos ¢and b=rsin 6. Squaring and adding, Fsud+b=> re(a+By? Dividing, = octan {2 tang = = ostan |e yy, = e™ [rcos > sin (bx + c) + rsin cos (bx + c)] = re™ sin (bx +c+). Similarly, yo = Pe™ sin (bx +c + 20), yy = Fe™ sin (bx + c+ 39), ya = Me™ sin (bx +c + nd) => Yn = ae olor erm tae 3 ie, De® sin (bx+c) = (a? +b’)? e™ sin [ +etntan! a 10. n™ derivative of e™ cos (bx +c) Proceeding exactly as in § 9 of 1.2 above, we can show that if y = e“ cos (bx +c) then Ya = @ +B)? & cos| bxtctatan Ie IS ie, D" e™ cos (bx +c) = (a° +b’)? &™ cos| dx +c+ntan’ a 1.3. Decomposition into Sum or Difference of Standard Forms Sometimes it is not possible to find the nth derivative of the function in its given form. In such cases, we try to decompose them into sum or difference of suitable standard functions and then we find out the nth derivative. 16 Differential Calculus 1.4, Use of Partial Fractions The nth differential coefficient of a rational algebraic fraction can be conveniently determined by first resolving them into partial fractions which reduce them to standard forms. Then we can conveniently apply the standard results to find the mth derivative of the given function. 1.5. Use of De-Moivre’s Theorem Sometimes the denominator of the algebraic fraction cannot be resolved into real linear factors. In such cases we resolve the denominator into imaginary factors. The factors which are imaginary are then put into the form ¥ (cos 8 + i sin 8) and De-Moivre’s theorem is applied to simplify the result. 1.6. Trigonometrical Transformations A function of the form sin" x cos” x can be expressed as sum of sines and cosines of multiple angles by wigonometrical substitutions. For this, we have if toe 1 . os Z = cosxt+isinex, —=cosx- 1 sing Zz hn os 1 - zZ = cosax+isin mx, zoe so that ute =2cosar and 2 -+=2i sin ar. = ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. if fte)= +8 " then find the value of f" (1). Solution: Here, f(x) = gxth » then by simple division, _ 4, b-(ad/¢ IO) = 0+ aad Therefore, D" f(x) = D” E + b alulie . - 1 atc* ie, f"(x) = (b-ad/e) art — ben-ad (- Irate" c (cx + d"* Be Example 2. If f (x) = sin 2x cos 3x, then find the value of f" (x). Solution : Here, f(x) = sin 2x cos 3x i,. . 3 [sin 5x — sin x). Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 17 Therefore, f'@ = Df) = 3 [D" sin 5x — D" sin x] 2[sse(s+ | “sn [+7 Example 3. if f(x) = @-pary ten find the value of f"(x). = ——*+__ Solution ; I) = G@-)@-d' By partial fractions, os A Be (x-1)(e-2) x-1 * x-2 => x = A(x-2)+ Bix- 1) => x =(A+B)x-2A-B A+B=1 = oat pao} Solving, A=-1,B=2 -1 2 f@)= 21+ 5-2 = pr =~ Cott Ena @-nt! “Gaye " 2 1 rela ey Example 4. Find the n™ derivative of sin” x sin 2x. Solution ; = sin? x sin 2x ~ Locos 2x 2 . sin 2x = 5 bsin 2x ~ sin 2x 608 2] L.. I : = 7 [sin 2x — 5 - 2 sin 2x cos 2x] = 1 sin 2x—2 sin 4x] 2 2 1. 1. = 7 sin2e~7 sin 4x = 1 angin(ox 4 2®)—1. gr gin (ar 4 => Mn = 2 2 sin(20 | 4 4 sates | 18 Differential Calculus yn = 2" ' in| ax+ eh 4~ ‘sina + 3} Example §. Find the a" derivative of e* cos* x. Solution: Let —-y = e* cos’ x. Now, cos 3x = 4 cos’ x-3cosx 4 cos’ x = cos 3x+3cosx cos 3x+3 cos x 4 => cos’ x = y= 4 & (cos ax +3 c08 2) ul 1 3 4 ecos3x + qo cosx 3 1 +34 1 eas mt i] Yn FUP +397? & cos 3x4+ntan' i. 10”? ¢ cos (3x +n tan”! 3) 3 yw x +4 2 Ccos[x+n 4) 4 [107 es e+ man '3)+3-27%e05( +] Example 6. Find the a® differential coefficient of FP , x - 3x42 Solution : The given function is improper function, therefore, by actual division and breaking into partial fractions, x x-6 1 8g > = a 34 td - Ht x 3x42 (x- 1) -2) x-1 x~-2 If n> 1, then x ola: D" (x) + D" (3) - ota i} +8025 5] Cita! 3 Cia! (x-1yttt (@-2y""?! {| —8—____1_ _ - cont aot = 0+0- Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorem 19 Example 7. Find the n" differential coefficient of cos x cos 2x cos 3x. Solution: Let y = cos x cos 2x cos 3x => y = $ [2 c0s 2x c0s x] cos 3x = $ feos 3x +cos x] cos 3x [\: 2 cos A cos B= cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)] 3 [cos? 3x + cos x cos 3x] 4 [2 cos 3x + 2 cos x cos 3x] = J [1 + c0s 6 + c0s 2x +608 4x] Now, differentiating each term n times, we get =i a am mt yn = i[o+s cos BF] +2tem [2+ | 2 _ an-2] an ni nme =2 f cos r+ 9] +c5(20+ 5] + 2" cos [« Fh Example 8. /fy = sin mx + cos mx, prove that ye = m™[14+(- 1)" sin 2m], + 4" cos a+] Solution ; y = sin mx + cos mx “ Yn = m" sin mx + | + mn” cos | mc + 2 2 2312 = m"|4sin| mx+—-|+cos| mx +—- 2 2 (Squaring and taking square root] 1/2 wl +2sin{mce Bt )eos[me 20 Differential Calculus m" [1 + sin (2x + nm]? m" [1 + sin 2mx cos nt + cos 2mx sin nn] m" [1 + (— 1)" sin 2x]? [\. cos nm =(-1)" and sin nt = 0} mi” (1 +(- 1)" sin 2mx]'?. v2 Therefore, Yn Example 9. Find the n" differential coefficient of 1 tater (x19 @-2) y = —___ (x- 1) (&-2) To break into partial fractions, let x- 1 =z=>x=1+z. -—_ 1! 2(l+z-2) __1 2-1) l-z Solution: Let Nal =- shh tte 2 1-2 [On dividing 1 by (1 - z)] a, 1 1 “7 DP ae rel x2 CH (+2! CY tl)! 2-1? 1.e-1)"*? _ ital . tat (x-1)"*! (-2)""! cin Oe), a * 20-1"*3 (e-1y"*? Ya = ~—1 ___ tl _ (x-1)"*! (x-2)""! r Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorem 21 Example 10. ify = =-—z' find yn. x +a Solution: yeaa -—! a - ¢oPa [7 7 i] _ 1 ~ (x= ia) (x + ia) -1f1 1 ~ Qai|x-ia x+ia {Resolving into partial fractions] _ tf enter Ena! ya 2ai (x-iay**! (x+iay"*! eCiat/ ot dt 2at | (x-ia)"*! wt ial"*! Suppose x =r cos 6, a =r sin 8. Then squaring and adding, x” + a? = r?. Dividing, we get tan" B x —1)' nt “ Ya = STi (eos @~ isin @)"*” — (cos 8 + isin 8) *] tng=259 x = COPE [cos (n+ 1)0+ isin (n+ 18 - cos (n+ 1)8 + isin (n+ 1) @} = Ce aisin (n+ 110 i = COT sin (n+ 1) _ (-1)"2! sin" a” a 8 nin +1) 8 [ra=rsn@= , =— ] sin 8 22 Differential Calculus —1)"n! = CDE sine 9 sin (n+ 1) 8, a'*? where, tan"). x COROLLARY : Ify = w(t w= —gi=58 14 a ad a - 1 _ = apr {—1 y Fre CN = 1)! sin" @ sin nO =a eat _ 19" in-1 ! sin" 6 sin nO =f. 2 + where, tan @ =~ = cot y. Example 11. Find the n™ differential coefficient of cos* x. Solution ; From Trigonometry, cos'x = ; (2 cas? xy ia + cos 2x)? = 4 (1 + 20s 2x + cos? 2x) § (2 +4 c0s 2x +2.cos? 2x) u 2 (+405 2x+ 1+ cos 4x) = 4B +4.c0s 2x-+ cos 4x) D" (cos* x) = ED" [3 +4 c08 2x + cos 4x] ai on nm | gn Aq = g{o+42 cos 2+ | +4 cs tes | 1 on nit a nm 3|+2 cos[2e+ +4 cs tet Ik Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Thearem Example 12. Find the n' derivative of cos” x sin’ x. -1 Solution: Let z = cosx+isin-x, then Zz cos x—-isinx 2eosx =ztz! and 2isinx = 2-2"! Also, z= cosrmx+isinrx and z= cosrx—isinex Z+z' = 2cosrmx and z’-z " = isin rx 2?.23.P cos’ x sin’ x=(z+ zl? @-z 3 = (@-24-(2-2%4)-2@-z7) = 2isin 5x — 2isin 3x— 4i sinx — 16 cos’ x sin? x = sin Sx—sin 3x-2sinx => cos’x sin’ x = 4C sin Sx + sin 3x + 2 sin x) 16 + 2sin (: “FI Example 13. ify = tan"! ite find yn. =t (23] tan l-x Put x=tan@so that 9 = tan ' x. ee) D" (cos? x sin’ x) 1 [- 5" sin (5 + Z| + 3” sin [= + 3 Solution : y i Then y 1-tan@ g W g 5 a | + Oo ya = (— 1)" (2-1) ! sin” O sin 70, where tan @ =. 24 Differential Calculus EXERCISE 1 (B) Find the n" differential coefficient of the following functions : 1. tan”! x 2. (ax+ opr" 3. log (ax + bY x atbx 4. log {(ax+b)(ext+ ad) 5 cad + ade 7. sin’ x 8. cos’x 9. sin’ x 10. cos? x 11. sin* x 12. 1 log (4) 2 x-a 13. sin x sin 3x 14. sin x cos 2x 15. cos x cos 2x 16. sin x sin 2x sin 3x 17. sin* x cos’ x 18. e™ sin? bx 19. e* cos’ bx 20. a + sin 2x sin 3x xv +5x+6 1 1 21. =—— 22. =—> Yextl ax 23. i z 24. an”! —2*_ (tint : Put.x = tan 8) x -d i-x x 25. ¥ta 26. If y= (x? - 1)”, prove that y2,, = 2m !. ANSWERS 1. (— 1)"7' (n= 1) ! sin" 6 sin 8, where 8 = cot”! x. 2. (1) (5-2]~(B-ms | a’ (ax + byt-" 3 p(-1)"""@-1) ta" (ax +b)" 4 C1 atta" Cry lat) te" (ax + by" (cx +d)" 5. (yt ated"! 6 & 1)" ntd"~ | (ad—be) (c+dxy"*! (c+dxy"*! 2 7. 2 col 2x+05) 8 2 cos{ar+n§) 2 Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 25 3... amt) 1 an. at . zsin(x+ ta sn{3e+ 3 lan om) 3 am = 4° cos [+ ) + foo .-2n! cos (2+ +2? os art 1 [meet _ el ep! (x+a)" (x-a)" FM) _ gn an P cos{2r+ | 4 costes hh rat afe a] [>a a+] scone [as [are] +arsin[ tet) 6 sols )] =e AT) _ on AM) _ ant an : Sq [7m Tx+ | 5 cos Set | 3} cos[3e+ 3 ie ale nie vie ple + 3cos +] 2 (a+ BY? e™ sin [= +ntan ‘) -t (a? + 96°)? e® sin [se+" tan”! 2 4 a . Lies ony? al cos {abe wor | 4 a +E HAT? cos fact nian 2 . (- Dalit ay? -@aeayr ty 1 AM) _ gn Re +3 [-=(*+ 5] 5 cos Set Ik (Ita! . cont _ tf XE aya (n+1)@sin"”’ 8, where, @ = tan’ (eS 26 Differential Calculus 22. (-1)"n '(3s| (tay '-(-ay* 3, Clyat ! aa ~ —— __~ gin"*' sin (nt vo s 4a° (x-ay"*! (ee alt*!-20"*! where, 6 = tan! (*} x 24, 2(- 1)"~' (n= 1) ! sin” @ sin nO, where, 8 = tan”! } a5, CUE sont! 9 cos (n+ 1)8, where, @ = tan”! ‘| a n+l x 1.7, Leibnitz’s Theorem Leibnitz’s Theorem help us to find the n™ derivative of the product of two functions. STATEMENT : Jf y = uv, where u and v are any functions of x, then Va = Ua + "Cy a1 V2 + "C2 tin - 2 V2 + vee + Cr Un 7 Ve + vos + UP ny where, suffixes of u and v denote the number of times they are differentiated. PROOF : We shall prove the theorem by Mathematical Induction. y=uv .. By actual differentiation, ye = uv tu. Hence, the theorem is true forn = 1. y2 = ut ayy + yyy + v2 = uv + Quy, + uv. Hence, the theorem is true for n = 2. Let us suppose that the theorem is true for n =m. Then we have Ym = tm V+ CY m= VE C2 Lm 2 V2 +... + Cem —e Ve + Cee Um =r rt Hine tm Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 27 Differentiating both sides, we get Ymel = tne V+ Min Et CY [ttm V+ in — 1 V2] + "C3 [Ure —1 V2 + Um 2 V3] +o Cr [m= 4 Vet Mme Vee) + Cre [Mm —e Vet ht in —r—1 Met 2) tone Hin + in et Ume V+ (Co + Cy) em v1 + (OC + C2) am = V2 + oe + (Cr+ Cre) mar Vee to Fume (2 "Co=1) = Une ve™ Cu yy tt Cy Up 1 V2 tae HTC ter Vea tices tH Vn tl (2 "Crt Cre ="**Cr Hence, the theorem is true for = m+ 1,ifitis true form = m. But, we have already proved that the theorem is true for n= I, 2. Hence, it is true for 3, 4... and so on. Thus, the theorem is true for every positive integral value of n. Note : If x”, where, m is a positive integer, is one of the factors taking v=." simplifies the process of writing the nth derivative. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Find the n' derivative of x° cos x. Solution : Let w# = cos x and v = x, then # = —sinx, vy = 3x 2 = —CcOs.x, v2 = 6x uy = sinx, wy = 6 ia = COS X, vy = 0 . nt Hy = COS) x+T | " "| By Leibnitz’s Theorem De cos x) = Hy + 7C) Uy 1 Vp +"C2 thy —2 Vp + "C3 ly Vy te HV, = cos(x+ 3] cos[e+ 508), 3x? + f=) a cos [a *) 0 28 Differential Calculus n(n—1)(n-2) (n-3) + 321 cos jx+ 3 T| 6. Example 2. Find the n'” derivative of x° e™ Solution : Let us e* vex uy, = a” e™ vy = 3x? Mn-1 = a" et v2 = &x Inez = a" et w= 6 Un-3 = ae v4 = 0 .'. By Leibnitz’s Theorem, a" wee = un V+"Cy Un 1 Vt + "C2 n= 2 V2 + "C3 in 3 3 ae Samedi et 32+ MEAD gr? om 6x n(n — 1) (2-2) 9-3 ar + 31 ae .6 tt ée™ [av + 3na"”' x? +3n(n- 1a"? x + a(n-1)(n-2)a"™4). Example 3. ify=x"~! log x, then prove that (a-1)! x Yn = Solution: y = x"! log x dy et dy yy? amo th 1) x"~* log x => ® = x"? 4+ (n- 1px"? log x => ay = 2"! + (nT) x" og x > ay, = "7! + (n= Dy () Differentiate (1), (n — 1) times by Leibnitz’s Theorem, we get Ya Xt (— Wye 1 = (n-Y Et Dae > ya x = (n-1)! = ye = x Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 29 Example 4. [f/, = Si (x" log x), prove that h, nin-vt+(n- 1)! Solution : i, = a0" log x) dt) don ar lz (x oe | qv} xt! n-t oa [x"! +nx"”! log x | nal n=l om a" 'j+n d (n-l!4+nfn-1 = nhhe-p+(n-1)!. Hence Proved. Example 5. Differentiate n times the equation ay MD yye ia +x ik +y=0. Solution: Differentiating n times by Leibnitz's Theorem, we have DM (x? ya) + D” Gy) + D" ) =0. Now, taking each term separately. tt mat lg xn Bx tt (x"~" log x) a-l x D" (x? -y2) = yas + "Ci yng 2+ "C2 a2 D" (x-yt) = yaa xt "Cryae | D" (y) = yn. Adding, we get 0 = x ypeat (Qn 1) cyne t(0 + lye = Pynea + (nt 1) xyne1 t+ 1) yn = 0. Example 6. ify =acos log x + b sin log x, show thar yp +39, + =0 30 Differential Calculus and that eye? + (20+ 1) xynat + (0 +1) yn = 0. Solution : y = acos log x + b sin log x. Differentiating w.r.t. x, y =~asin (log x) -+ + 6 60s (log x) -+ ay. = —asin (log x) + & cos (log x). Again differentiating w.r.t.x, we get xyyaty = ~ a 60s (log 3) ~~ sin (log 3) 2 => yn + xy1 = —acos log x - b sin log x => Syn tay =-y => Pyrat +y = 0. Differentiating this equation n times by Leibnitz’s Theorem, we get [yng 1 HPC Yan 2+ "C2 Yu 21+ Das FH "CL Ya Mtn = 0 which on simplification gives xy, +2+(2nt Dyna + (x +1) yn. =0. ci E: -tf¥] x xample 7. if cos 4/7 log n , then show that © Yyn42t (2m +1) xyn a + An’ y4 =O. Solution : cos ' 5) | x n log ( ve x p= £08 " log 5 x bcos " log 3] 0) - bsnl les)» Ad n x on l ¥ Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, J Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 3 xy, = —nbsin ( log :} Differentiating again w.r.t. x, ay2t yy, = ncos{ tog) n@ i v2 t= 7 . . n} ox on x => xy, t+yx == nb cos " log a = ayy ty x = —ny, [Using (1)] => xy +yxtny = 0 Differentiate it times more by Leibnitz’s theorem, Pyper tm yng et MD 1-2 ‘Yat Fa tO yy = 0. => Pye t (Ont l) yy tC nent) yy, = 0, => 2 ¥pe rt N+ 1) ne Fre y_ = 0. Example 8, If y'" +y"'" = 2x, then prove that (2 ~ 1) Yn 2 + Qt 1) ayy + (0 —m*) y, = 0. Solution : yl + y Vn oy > ye" eb = yl > ym —daxy™4 1 = 0 yim = EM NAR POT ° y= ba enay (0) Taking positive sign, y = [x + V7 17)", Differentiating it w.r.t. x, y= mix +N —14""! aa] = mix -1y""! x «ne PTfioge _ Vie -1tx mlx + Vie = iy"! aa 32 Differential Calculus 1 = m[xt Ve 1)" m Va 1 => k= 1 yy = om [xt Vx" -1]" = Ve=1) yy = my [Using (1)] (FP - Dot = my? (2) Now, taking negative sign, y= (e-Vx- 1)" - 2x ee ee ee yy = mre ES] -1 (Wx -1- = m(x-Wer- 1)" oa - -m(x-V=1)" Va - 1 =3Va°-1 yy) = -m(e- Va - 1)" =v" - Ly, = — my = (xe - Iyp = my’. Thus, we get the same value of y, for positive and negative signs of (1), thus, (2-1) yf = my? Differentiate it again w.r.t. x, (x71) 2y, ¥2+ 297 = mm? Qyy, = (6 = Nyy toy my = 0. Example 9. [fy =x" e*, show that Sy AO DY en) Dahon 1) (n—-2)y. dx" 2 Solution : By Leibnitz’s Theorem, we have a" ae = D"(" e’) aD ' +" DC DeY VOD Ee Dx rep 2-9] = Pe tne 2x +2 GRD #9, Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 33 = [x + Inet n(n 1] (1) Here, y= ee, therefore ® Perea dx and oe =i +dre te’ 2eet- de =e ptdy + 2] DEY n(n 2) Mah 1) (n - 2) Fn (n— 1} (Pet + Are" +2e4]—n (n—2) [2 e+ 2xe"] + F(n- 1) (n- 2)" = [pmo D-mn-a43 oD er-2)]. Ae + [2n (mn - 1) -— 2n (n -2))- xe“ +n (n- 1) = [2ete-n-@-m) -F (2-2) in-eo—}e +2n [(n- 1) —(n-2)] xe" +n (n - 1) e* = [pe 50-2 )86 42m ne omer De 2 = e+ Inxetn(n- le = e* [x2 +2nxtn(n-1)] w (2) From (1) and (2), we have oy = Snir 1) “n(n La Ln yon-2)y Example 10. [fx+ y= 1, then prove that EO =nL = CCP x eCGP YEE HDL 1 => y=l-x Solution : xty y=nl (1) 34 Differential Calculus Now, let x" = and yy =v, then tn =n Wy tin= 1 = AV, tie 2 =F nn and visay’ lye! (Using (1)] ys "Cy! vy = —m(n- ly"? y, ="Cq 2! 9"? [Using (1)] Now, ra (x"y") = D" (wv) = ta + "Cytty— 1 Vp + "Ca ty V2 tee + Cy Vp =nt-y"+"Cyntx(-"C, y"7') + °C, i? "C,2by 24 tata! I nl fy = (Cy)? yt + Cg)? yt Pat eH 1) "DL. EXERCISE 1 (C) 1. Find the fourth differential coefficients of the following functions using Leibnitz’s Theorem — (i) xe™ (ii) xP log x (iii) x” sin 3x (iv) xe™ sin bx w) log x x+a Find the ath differential coefficients of the following functions using Leibnitz’s Theorem— 2. x* sin x. 3. cosx. 4, x log x. 5. e* log x. 6. x tan”! x. 7. xe™ cos 4x. 8. x7 (art 5)”. 9, xe. : x" 10. sin x log (ax + 6). 11. lax’ 12. Differentiate the following equation n times — al -2) 212+ e'y20. Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 35 13. If y =x"e", show that ay _ og fy _ ~ age sary. de de dx 14. If y'=sin”! x, prove that a +2) y2-2xy1 = 0. Also prove that (1-2) ype2—(2n + Vast — rye = 0. sin” 'y 15. Ify= Woe prove that (1-2) ya — (20+ 1) ayn - nya. = 0. 16. If y= gn show that (1+) y+ Qx- I y1 =O, and (1 +x°) ya-2— (2(n + 1).x— 1) yer tan 1) yn =O. If x =cosh (i log >} prove that (=I) yn tay -m’y = 0, and (x7— 1) yav2+ (2041) yee +00 m7) yn = 0. 18. If y =(x* — 1)", prove that (x7 - I) yns2 + Qeynt1—2 (n+ 1) yn =O. 17. Hence, if P, = £ (2 — 1)", show that e{a-7 a + n(nt1)Pa= ANSWERS 1 Gi) ave (a°x" + Bax + 12) i 2 (iii) 33 (3? ~ 4) sin 3x — @ x: cos 3x (iv) (a? + By’ xe™ sn| + 4 (a? +b)? o* 36 Differential Calculus (vy) 4!(x+ay Slog x- 2(25x° + 23ax” + 13a°x + 3a) x? at ay' 2. #sin(+ 5) ans cos| x (n~ 03 +n(n- 1)cos sn 5 3. #cos{x+ 5] cos] 3] +3n(n- 1 seos] s+ (n=2)3] n(n y(n Des] v4 en 95 _na-\) , ep t@sp! 212 x 6. [(- 1)" (= 1) ! sin” @ sin nO] x7 +n {(- 1)" 7 (nn - 2)! sin" 8 sin (n 1) 6} 2x +2 |(— 1)" (nn — 3) | sin”? © sin (uw - 2) 8} 2, where, tan 8 = i x a 5. e"| logx+ — x . 5"e* cos|4x+ntan ! 3} tS) oe + "Cx 5? ecos| ax + (m2) tan”! ‘]-2. £°C1 5"! e* cos 14x + (nm — 1) tan m(m— 1) (@n- 2)...(m—n+3) a"? (axt by"~" x [(m— n+ 2) (m—nt LD) atx? + 2n (m—n + 2) ax (axt bj tn (n+ 1) (ax+ by). . a? eo (atx? + Inax+n(n— 1}. Cyta-pid og CU aad! . a “sinx + °C) 71 cos x (ax +b) (ax + by n-3 -2 +e DE Cin) + tog art bn | n! “wey” 12. (1 —x*) yas 2 — (20 + 1) yma — (9 — 0°) yn = 0. Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 37 1.8, n' Differential Coefficient for Special Values of x Sometimes we are required to find out the value of nth derivative of y for x=0, ie. we are required to find out (¥,)y. This may be done even when it is not feasible to find the general value of y, in a compact form. The following illustrative examples will make the method clear. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES avd Example 1. ify =e" “, then show that (1-2) yea — (nt Vxynat — (2? +07) yn =O and find the value of yn when x = 0. Solution : y= ensin's 1) nein es > "> 2 2) = NI =x yi = ay Differentiate it w.r.t. x, (1 ~2")2y1 yz 2ayt - 2a°yyr = 0 (l=) y2-ay1-a’y = 0 (3) Differentiate it n times w.r.t..x by Leibnitz’s Theorem, a = 2) neat mys (20) +BY y, (2) = (n+1 +20) — Vn = (1x) ynt2— (20+ Wayne - (0 +0") Yn Putting x = 0, in (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get (yo = e=l Oia = aQh=a (2)0 = a (yo= a? i o (4) Qn+2)0 = (n° +a") (yn)o ww 5) 38 Differential Calculus CASE L. When nis odd. Putting 1, 3, 5, .... (a — 2) in (5), (yao = (1? +47) (no = (lta) a (so = 37 +47) Qa)o=(P +07) (1 +a) a Ono = (8 +a) O's)0 = (4a) (7 4a) (l4+a)a (no = [(n- 2)? + a7] Gn-2)0 > Ondo = [(n- 2)? + a7} [(n- 4)? +47] .... (P4+e] (3 4+e)} Ll +a]a CASE II. When n is even. Putting m = 2, 4, 6, .....(m— 2) in (5), (yao = (27 + 4%) (y2)0 = (2? + 07) a? Oo = +a Qoe4+a)@ta)a Qa)o = (6 +a") (e)o= (6 +) 4? +a) (2? +a") a? Ondo = [C2 -2)° +a°] (yn-2)0 > (Qo = [(n- 2)? +a") [(n- 4) +07].... [62+ a7) [4 + a7) (2 +07] a’. Example 2. If y= sin (m sin’ ' x), then prove that (i) (-x) 92-21 tm’ y=0 (ii) (1-2) ynt2- n+ Dayne 1-0 - m) yn = 0 and, then find the value of (yn)o. Solution : y = sin (msin™' x) (1) yi = cos(msin’ ' x) Tot 2) => yw Vi-xr = moos (m sin” ' x). Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 39 Squaring both sides, we get yt (1-47) = a? cos? (m sin”! x) => yi (1-27) = of (1 - sin? Gn sin | 29] > yi(l-2°) = af [L-y']. Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get 2yi yz (L- 2°) ~ 2xy? = — 2myy1 (3) Cancelling 2y throughout, (l= x") y2 = xyi +m’y = 0. Differentiating this equation n times by Leibnitz’s Theorem, we get [C1 - 37) yn 2+ "Cr yn (— 28) + "Co yw (- 2] — [ner xt "Cr yn LI] + myn = 0 which on simplification gives, (1-27) yn? — (20+ 1) 041-2 — m’) yn = 0 (4) Put x= Qin (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get (0 =9, (no =o, G2)n =O (q+ 2bo= (27 - m7) nda (5) CASE L. When nis odd. Putting 2 = 1, 3, 5,7, ... (1 — 2) in (5), we get s)o = (1? — m?) Oro = (1? —m?) m s)o = (3? ~ m?) (y3)o = (3? — m?) (1? - mi) m (y7)0 = (5? - m?) (y5)o = (5? — mn?) (3? =m?) (1? = myn ou {(n - 2) =m] On-2)0 = [(n- 2)? mi] [(n- 4)* — m?] (yn- ado = [(n = 2)? = m?] ((n - 4)? - my}... (3? - mr?) (1? — mi?) em. CASE IL Wher n is even. Putting n = 2,4,6,... ,(n—2) in (5), we get (ya)0 = (2? - m*) (y2)0-=0 (v6)0 = (47 - m*) (ya)o-=0 On)o Ono = 0. 40 Differential Calculus Example 3. ify = (sin™ "yy then show that (1-2) 2-291 -2=0 and differentiate it n times more, and find (yn)o- Solution : y = (sin x? () Differentiating it w.r.t. x, yt = (2 sin” ! x) jor .Q) => VI-x yi = 2sin'! x. Squaring it, (l-x)y? = 4 (sin x? (1-2) yf = 4y [Using (1)] Differentiating it again, (1-27) 2912 - 207 = (1-x)y2 - ayi-2 4y1 0 -- (3) Now, differentiate it m times more by Leibnitz’s Theorem, I (= 22) yan + (- 20) nv +2 PED 2) ye Corns 108) =0 Put x =0 in (1), (2) and (3), we get O)o = 0 (y1)o = 1 G2)o = 0 and (Gn+2)0 = 7° Ondo (5) This is known as a recurrence relation. CASEL When n is odd. Putting n= 1, 3,5,7,.... (a — 2) im (5), we get (30 = POs 1? Oso =F Qao= 3° 17-1 One = F Os= 5-H Pod Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 41 (no = (1 = 2)" (n—a)o = (1-27 (n-4y PP CASE II. When n is even. Putting = 2, 4, 6, ..., (n — 2) in (5), we get Guo = 2? O2)o=0 (ve = 4 (uo =0 Example 4. [fy =(x+ Vie)", then find (yn)o- Solution : y= (xt Vix)” a (1) Putx=0, (yo = 1 a (2) = v Zym-1 1. 2? yy = m(xt+ Vi tx pe ea _ m-1 |XtVI tx > y= m(x+ VT 47) fa} = m ot VIE” me 1+ my > Vite (3) Put x=0, Q1)o = (0) = m a (4) From (3), yer = my Squaring, ye +37) = my? . (5) Differentiating both sides of (5) w.r.t. x, we get Qy1 yz (L422) + 2x7 = Im’y yn. 42 Differential Calculus Cancelling 2y; throughout, yw +x) +xy) = my = yo (1 +2°) +xy1— my = 0 wo (6) Put x=0, O2)o~ my) = 0 > (2)o = On) = O20 = 9? (7) Now, differentiating every term of equation (6) n times, we get (1+ 2°) net "Cr Qe yn C2 2+ ya) + [xyne +"C1- 1 ya) — yn = 0 which on simplification gives (142°) yn oa + (Qn 4 1) yng + (0? — yg = 0 ... (8) Putx = 0, Onene = On -2°) Ono 9) Replace n by (n — 2), we get Only = (mi? - (n= 2)" On -2)0 .. (10) Replace n by n — 2 in (10), we get On-20= La? ~ (#4) nado .(L) Put the value of (¥,— 1)o in (10), Ondo = bn? = (n= 297] [mn* - (2 - 4") On ado Now, there arise two cases. CASEI. When n is odd; then (vo = [a = (n — 27] [m? - (2 — 497] [rn? - (2 — 67] (? - 3”) (mn? - 17) Ordo = [an -(n - 2)°)] m? ~ (2 - 49") [mn - (2 - 6)". (mi? = 3°) (m7 - 17), m. (From (4)} CASE TI. Wher n is even; then (yn)o = (en? = (n — 2)°] [n? - (nn — 49°] [mn - (2 - 6)) ...- va On? = 4?) (mn? - 27) Gr2}o Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 43 = fm? = (n ~2)"] [m? - (n- 4)" nt - (2 - 6)') .-. sees (ME — 4) (en? = 27) mi. (From (7)] Example 5. ify = [loge (x + Vi¢x 1°, find (yn)o. Solution : y = flog (x+V1 +2°))? () _ Llog +l ex ied. 2x we alee 2° Viex _ og (z+ Vi+x) x+Vltx ~ xtVb tx Vitex 2log(x+ VI tx 2 Vy - Wee ~ VTex . 4y Squarin y= 4 e ” 142 = (te )yf = ay 2) Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x, we get (1 +27) 2ye ya + ey = 4y1 Cancelling 2y, throughout, (142) y2 +2391 =2 (3) Differentiate this equation 1 times by Leibnitz’s Theorem, we get [1 +a?) veer t "Cy De Vans + "Co ya) + Ln +"Cy + 1+ Yad =O which on simplification gives, (4x) yng ot (n+ Lane tI =O .. (4) Put x=0, Onsd0=—™ Ono (5) When x = 0, then (1), (2) and (3) give )o = Ove = 0 (yo = 2. Now, there arise two cases. CASEI, When n is odd. From (5), replacing n by (n — 2), we get Ono =~ (2 2)" On+2)o (6) 44 Differential Calculus Replace n by (n — 2) in (6) we get On-2)0 = - (2-4) On-a)o Ono = (LY (n- 27 (2-4? On—ado- Proceeding in this manner Ono = (09? (n- 29 (2-4) (9-6)??? Gy = Oas (vy = 0. CASE IL. When n is even. (yao = (-1) (n- y (n- ay (vn -4)o [as in case I] Proceeding ahead, we get Ono = 1°? (9-2) (2-4)? 8 PP (yy = 1 .12.4-6...(n-2P-2 2 =(- wn faeen, [123 ve “=H “2 = (evi! [™]. EXERCISE 1 (D) 1. If y = eM ‘5 prove that (1-27) yea Qn t 1)x¥441— (0? +m) y, =O. Hence evaluate (y,)o. 2. Ify = (sin ' x)’, find (yndo. 3. If y = tan”! x, find (yao. 4. If y = log (x+Vie +a"), prove that (a? +37) ya + x91 =0. Differentiate this equation 7 times and prove that 2 li Snt2 oe MeO Yn - “et 3 5. Prove that the value of nth differential coefficient of 1 for x = 0, is zero if n is even and — 7! if nis odd and greater than 1. 6. Prove that the value when x= 0 of D" (tan! x) is 0,(n- 1) !or—n(n-1)! according as n is of the form 2p, 4p + 1 or 4p +3 respectively. Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorem 45 7. Find the nth derivative of and show that for x=0, it is 1 lextx ee? zero when n is of the form 4p +2 or 4p + 3.andn! or —n ! according as nis of the form 4p or 4p + 1. ANSWERS 2 om (tn) (2 +m’). ((n— 297} e"™*, when n is odd. mt? (2? + m?) (47 + m?).... {(n — 2)? +m} e"™?, when nis even. 2. 0, when nis odd; (1 ~ 2)* (n —4)°.... 4.22.2, when n is even. 3. 0, when n is even; (- 1)" @ - 1) |, when n is odd. Vn = Curate. 1 "7'=sin"*! @ cos (n+ 1) 0 +sin"*' @sin(n +1) 0, when tan = +. OBJECTIVE EXERCISE The four possible answers of the questions are given, one of these is correct. Select the correct answer. 1. If f(x) = xe’, then value of f” (x) is — (a) (x+n)e (b) xe" (ce) & (d) @+De 2. If y» = tanx, then find the value of f” (0) — (a) 1 (b) 0 fe) -1 (d) 2 3. nth derivative of cos ar is — (a) cos [« + 3] (b) a" cos [« + 3 (c) sin G + 3 (d) a” sin G + 3 4. If y = e*, then find the value of yx, — (a) 3°" (b) e* (c} 3" 2 (d) e™ 46 Differential Calculus 5. If y = (sin”! x), then the value ot ~x dy is — dx (a) 0 (b) 4 (co) 2 (d) -2 6. If y = e*, then y, is — fa) 4" (b) e® fe) 4" e* (d) dne™ 7. D" log (1 +x) is equal to — (-Dta! (-1)""'@-1)! b a 0) (-1""(@-D! (-D"(n-1)! —_____— d) ~~. * @ (l+xy""! fa) (l+x)"*! 8. The value of D" (ax + 5)” is equal to — — (a) mye (ax+b)"~" (b) m!a" (ax+ by” (c) wooo (d) m'(ax+by""" 9. The value of D” cos (ax + b) is equal to — (a) a" cos [ar+9+) (b) a" sin (ax +b) (¢) a" cos (ax+b+nm) (d) a” sin [uso 10. If y=x°, then ys is — fa) 5! (b) 20 (c) 4! (d) 15 1. The value of D" sin (ax + b) is — (a) a” sin (ax +b) (b a a" sin [a+0+3| {c) a" sin [=+o+9] (d) b" sin [ac+o+ 8) Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz’s Theorem 12. The value of D" (ax + by! is — (a) nta"(ar+by""! (-1)"a!a" fax+by"*! 13. If y=sin (5 — 3x), then y, is — (c) (a) 5" sin [ ~3x+ 3 (c) (-3)" sin (s -3x+ 3 4 wre dy. 14. If y = e"* sinx, then —> is — ¥ ax (a) 4y (c) ty ANSWERS 3. (6) 4. (ce) 9 (a) 10. (a) 1. (a) 2. (b) 8. (a) 14, (b) 7. (b) 13. (c) 5. (c) 11. (ce) 47 ("7 (@m-1)! b (ax + bY (d) (n-1)!a™ '(ax+by" (b) 3" sin ° ~3x 3) (d) None of these. (b) — 4y (d) 2y. 6. (c) 12. (c) 2 Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 2.1. Infinite Series We have seen that the ordinary processes of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, rearrangement of terms, raising to a given power, taking limits, differentiation, etc., though applicable to the sum of a finite number of terms, may break down for infinite series. The expansions in the form of infinite series obtained by the methods given below are therefore to be regarded as formal expansions, which may not be true in exceptional cases, 2.2. Maclaurin’s Theorem Statement: If f(x) is a continuous function of x, which can be expanded in ascending powers of x and each term of the expansion can be differentiated any number of times, then x x x" F(x) = FO) + af O) + 55 F" O) + FF O) + +P" (O) +... ad. ing Proof: Let f(x) = Ao + A1x+Azx’ +Agx°+Aax'+... (1) where, Ao, Al, Az, As, Aa, ... are all constants. Differentiating (1) successively w.r.t. x, Sf’ (0) = Ay + 2Ag x4 3Ag x + 4Agr +... (2) S77 (%) = Apt GAgxt 12g +... w= 3) f'" (2) = 6434+ 24Agxt... (4) f° (0) = WAgt o. (5) Putting x = Oin (1), (2). (3), (4), (5). f@) = Ay => Ay = FO) £M=A, > A= f*() Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 49 f"0) = 2, = A= O we “oO f" 0) = 64, = A= fi (0) = 244, => 4=oO Now, fi) = AgtApxt Agr tage t Aga’ tet Age et Ag + Ang xt! te. Differentiating this equation n times w.r.t. x, we have FQ) = Agn! +Agap (at Da(n- 1)... 3-204... Putx = 0 f"(0) = A,n! 4 £0 " nt¢ Substituting the values of Ag, Aj, Az, Aq, Ag. Aq in (1), we have 3 fe) = 70) +370) + Hp") + Hh" : + XO) +t TH+... which is Maclaurin’s Infinite Series. Note 1. If y=/{x), then another form in which Maclaurin’s Infinite Series can be written as, y= %o+ xoo+ Oan+ 2 Oadot +2 Oot Note 2..Maclaurin’s Theorem fails to expand a function f(x) if any one of the values (0), f’ (0), f” (0), ..... is infinite or does not exist as in case of log x, cot x. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Expand sin x by Maclaurin’s theorem. Solution: Let Ax) = sin x /(0)=0 then f'() = cosx rO=1 fe) = -sinx f” (0) =0 Differential Calculus 50 ff" @) = —cosx f" (0) = -1 f" () = sinx f"*0) =0 f° @) = cosx f') = I’ @) = sin fe 2) fr + oy=sint® Now there arise two cases: CASE I. When n is even, say n = 2p, then £7) = sin (**] = sin pt= CASE II. When n is odd, say n= 2p + I, then f"@) = sin| p+ 1) 5] = sin| t+ = sin|-5 + pr = cospr=(-1/. fox Hence, sinx = 0+ x- b+spotaae +40 x etl 5! “+ Gee e xx Bp +1 artsp te yet 1+... “Lt. =x- Example 2. Expand tan‘ x. Solution: Let = yy = tan'x = sy = tan 0=0 1 1+x° y= Ovo = | => y = (+¢xry! = tex ext xfs... [By Binomial Theorem] Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 51 y2 = tr +40 = 6x +... O2)o = 0 yy = 241207 - 30x" + Os)o = -2 ya = 24x - 120x7 +... Oalo = 0 ys = 24-3602" +... “ O's)o = 24 1 x x tan" x = Oot x0idot 57 O2I0+ ZF Oa)o + --- 2 22 31° 5! 3 OS ax-545-. Example 3. Expand sin’! x in powers of x. Solution : Let yesin'x « ()o=sin'O=0 1 wo Ono = 1 Now, y= a-"y'? tfle] d(t41\(24+2 = 1thtt A att Ti xt (By Binomial Theorem] => y= ie => ypeatga 14 Batt > (yzlo = 0 yy = 1t+e 34 Bet => Oa)o = 1 yg = mt Bea. (yao = 0 52 ¥s Os)o Ye “ Gedo Ono = 2257 sin’! x Differential Calculus = 9478 ee. =9 = 225x+... =0 225 + terms containing powers of x x = Yor tat 57 Oro t 9x5 225" Ztayt Example 4. Prove that e cos x Solution: Let y Oo ¥n = Yn Putx = 0, Ovo = oot _ (P+ Py? &cos(x+atan 4 2 eos x+ AF] Put n=1,2,3,4,... Ovo O20 Odo Oao 2 21 2 2 we! 2°? cos $= 0 23” cos 2 2a. cos = = 4 1 )"-? 2"? cos (n)=-4 Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 53 oy = 982 St) _ 5972{_ =e (so = 2 oo] 2 (-s] 2 4 cos x = Wh +000 +45 Od+ 5 Oot 25 Oe +5 Od + 2 2 4 x = tet OFF CDH CMC “ee 2 2a BY Etro) ar 5! Example 5. Expand log (1 + x) by Maclaurin’s Theorem. Solution: Let y = log (1 +x) “ O)o=0 1 Y= Tan * Ovo=l = are Or)o=- 1 2 y= (tay Ors)o =2 6 = aay (yao =- 6 yg = SUED! Gea nD! (1+x) Hence, by Maclaurin's theorem, 3 A log (1 +) = O)o+x Oot x Oot 37 Uso 3 OWo + -~ x" wat nl Ondo + 2 3 yf _—ayprlm opt ~ yey EE (1 @-)Dit =x 213 ater a! Fee Fox x yt x" = x-5 3 att 7 Fae 34 Differential Calculus Example 6. Expand e*°°* by Maclaurin's Theorem. Solution: Let y= ¢*°** (1) Then, ye =e" (1 -cos.x—x sin.x) = y (cosx— x sin x) w+ (2) ¥2 = yj (CoS x—x sin.x) + y (—sin.x— sec x—x cos x) = y, (cos x—x sin x) — y (2 sin.x +x cos x) ¥3 = yy (Cos xx Sin x) + y) (— sinx — 1] + sinx —xcos x) ~ y, (2 sin x +x cos x) — y (2 cos x + 1.cos x — x sin x) ¥2 (cos x — x sin x) — 2y, (2 sin x +.x cos x) -y (3 cos x — x sin x). y3 (cos x — x sin x) + y2 (— 2 sinx—x cos x) MM ~ 2y, (2 sin x +.x cos x) — 2y, (3 cos x — x sin x) — y, (3 cos x ~x sin x) — y (—4 sin x — x cos x) = y3 (cos.x —.x sin x) — 3y) (2 sin x + x cos x) — 3y, (3 cosx—xsinx)+y (4 sinx+x cos x) ¥5 = yg (COS x — x sin x) —4y, (2 sinx +x cos x) — Gy2 (3 cos x — x sin x) + 4y, (4 sin x — x cos x) +y (5 cos x—x sin x) Putting x = 0 and using cos O= | and sin 0 =O, we get Go = P= 1, Ono-1= 1, Galo = Ovo = 1 Owe = (o-1~ Oy 3=1-3=-2 Walo = Oxo — 3010 3=-2-9=-11 (ys)o = Ga)o- 1 - 602)9 - 3+ (9) 5 =- 11-18 +5=-24 By Maclaurin’s theorem, 2 3 4 eek = Oot x00 +57 Oo +37 Od0+ Fy Oo +. F x uxt = btext ag — sass e Example 7. Expand wosx by Maclaurin's Theorem. Solution: Let y= = ess - (Yo =1 Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 55 yy, = e'secxte® sec xtanx => yy = ytylane (yo = 1+1-0=41 yo = yp ty, lana t ysec? x Ovo = 14+04+1=2 ys = yytyzlanx+ y, sec? x+y, sec’ x +y-2 sec x sec xtanx = yz + yp tan x+ 2y, sec? x + 2y sec? x tanx Oo = 24+04+2x1K1+0=4 2 x x conn 7 Mt AOD + 7 Oo + 37 (y3)o +. x x = l+xtay 24a7 4+... = lextv tive... Example 8. Obtain by Mactaurin’s Theorem the first five terms in the expansion of log (1 + sin x). Solution: Let y = log (i+ sin x) Oo = log 1=0 JI Qo = tanZ=1 =- = sec* zz an) 4.2 Wl ' Nl co + 5 a ts — +I 1 hoe ae uu " 1 Nl ~ + “< a 56 Differential Calculus One = - 5-42) = =I wwe soo = -yi y2 O3)0 = - Ono O20 = - 1 -(-)el Qa) = -b2-y2t yr cyl = - ba? + yn] Guo = - [025 + Oro (ayo) = - Ue 1 1 =-2 (v's) = — [2y2 ya + y2 3 + ¥1 Ya] -[2-(- 1) +(-D) + (2) (-2)] -(-2-1-2)=5 (so log (1 +sin.x) = Oeacrmne Zoom + Fz Omo+ 5 5 On +S 90+ x = O+x- 1+. eed. 1+ (- n+e. 5+. = Fe _ Bt Se, Fe aT aT 4! Si? 2 4 16 x x x Example 9. Prove that log sec x = 2 + 12 +6 + Solution: Let —- y = log sec x. Then, y= 1 x seextanx = tanx sec x ya = sec? x y= 2 sec’ xtanx=2y01 ya = 202? +yay1) ys = 2 (2yayi + yaya + 2yays) = 2 Qvayn + 3y2 ya) yo = 2 (vs + yay2 + Byzya + 3ya°) Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 57 = 2 (v1 ys + 4y2 ya + 3y3 ) Putting x=0, we get ()o = log sec O=log 1 =0 Qo = tan 0=0 O2)o = sec? 0=1 (3)o = 2 (ya)o(yio =O (Go = 2(Q3)0 (io + O2)07] = 2 [04 1] = Oslo = 2 [040 Ordo + 302)0 (ol = 2 [0 +0] = 0 (elo = 2 EOr)o (¥5)0 + 402)0 Galo + 3 (a0 7] = 2(0+4-1-24+0] = 16 i Using Maclaurin’s Theorem, we get 3 ye On+ (ido+¥, Onto+X One 4 6 + 090+ 5, 30+ 5, bot 2 x x o eo logsecx = O+x-0+3>- 1437 0+372+5-0+5-16+... = logsecx=% + 24 4 = 2° 42% 45%" Example 10. Expand log (1 + e*) upto the term containing x" by Maclaurin’s Theorem. Solution: Let y = log (1 +e’) O)o = log (1 + 1) = log 2 _ & L+e"-1 1 ys = - 58 Differential Calculus 1 (yo = b-7 = 1- “sey lt +e! . -4f,-4).1 o. (y2)0 = 3(' 3)-% ya = ye (l-y) +90 (2) = y2- 2vr yr ya = ys- 2D - ye + yn ys) =y3—2y2?- yr ys yo 1 om =0-2-[7)-2-5-0=-§ log (l+e") = w+ a+, O04 oon 2, so + wf 1s xf = log2+x ta reed # sas mie = log2+3 + Example 11. Expand e* sina by Maclaurin’s Theorem and find the general term. Hence show that 8 : Jog, 2 a3 e=1 + sin@ +57 sin 6+ 55 sin 0+... Sgt Solution: Let = y = 7" * Oyo =e = 1 al Differentiating, y) = e@" 4. 7 l-x => y= a Vi-x > yl Vi -x? = ay “ (Ono =a = yidi-xv) = a?y Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 59 Differentiating, we get, 2y, ¥) (1 -x')- 2xyi = 2a” yy. Cancelling 2y, throughout, we get yl-)-my, ay 2 Oy ae Differentiating n times by Leibnitz’s Theorem, we have Lyne2L-2)+ °C) Yang y (— 28) +°Ca- ¥2(- 2) = Der tC) yy) = ayy which on simplification gives, (2) yng 2 2m 4 1) qs 1 OF +a") y, = 0 Putx = 0, Oneada = (0 +a") Ondo Put n = 1,2,3,.... Oxo = (P 4a) io = (Veaa (alo = (2° +4) Or)o = (2? +a") a? Oslo = G? +a) Os)y = GB +a) (HF +a?)a asin 'x ; x 2°""* = Oy +x0o+ 35 Oo + Fy Oslo + Fy Oo 5 + 51 Osb+ wee ¥r * L+x- meee ta (Vea ya Head + {G40 (+a) +. Now, to find the general term, Ono = Kn-2P +a7] (1-49 +a")... (P? +49 Oo, when n is odd = [n-2P +a] ((n-4P +a]... (P +a’) +a and (yo = [tn - 2)? +07) (nn -— 4 + 07} - (2? +.) Ordo. when n is even = [(n- 2) +a] [(n- 4) +°] ... (22 +.a°) +a? A Hence, general term = ~ Ondo where (y,)o is given by the above expressions. nm. 60 Differential Calculus Deduction : Puta = 1 and x = sin 6, we have e= 1+ sin 0-455 sin? 0+ sin’ a+, sin’ O+.. Example 12. Expand (sin! x)" in the powers of x by Maciaurin’s Theorem. Hence deduce that sin”! x +z 3 P-F 5 PF. (1) Vice * + on a x+ 2 2 242 2 2-4 . = _ +t. a (2) eo ies 4 - sin’ @ 3.4506 sin 6+ Solution : Let y = (sin xy? 2sin x 2S (1) * ‘1 -x Vj? yl = 2sin' x (1-27) 91? = 4 (sin! xy? (1-2) yi? = 4y Differentiate it again w.r.t. x, (1 - 7) 2y1 2-207 = 4y1 (1 — x)y2-21y1 -2=0 2) Now, differentiate it n times more by Leibnitz Theorem, 22) yp HD (1-27) yaaa tal =2) ya One Fn 1) = 0 (127) ye 2 2mryn eM — 1) Ye ne Mn = 0 = (1-2) yng2— (Ont layne yn = 0 Putting x = 0 in the above result, we get (ya+2)0 = 1 (yao (3) Again (yo = (sin! 0)? = 0, (y)o =O and (y)g = 2 Putting x = 1,3,5,... in (3), we get Ono = Oslo = Ono --- = Ono = 0 Putting m = 2,4, 6,.... in (3), we get Oo = 2?- (2)o = 27-2 Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 61 (ao = 4+ Qu)o = 47+ 27-2 Using these in Maclaurin's Theorem, .- xe x (sin x)" = Oh A000 | #55 Oat = 4 = (sin x)? = £. 245° 2. 242 PoP. 24,, Deductions : We have proved that ¢ rs 6 . x (sin x)? = z. 245 - 2. 24 ep 224. 1 ? 2.e ae tg ete ete -- (4) deel 2 3 (sin xy (1) Differentiating it w.rt. x, we : 4 24? a ark. ap +7 4 60 + 2° ge 31 - I 2 2 4? 2.42, 2 sit. py 2 3 +2 4 peo yy, View 3! 7! (2) Putting sin’ x=O= x=sin9 in the result & we get 1¢ = = sin? 0+ 2 sin! o+2 a in 0+. 2 2! 4! 6! 2. 2. Pa os => @ = sin’ ats, qsin® 8+sy. 506 5mn 6+... 2 2 2. 42 8) _,,7 .2 2-4 as [sr] = 1+374 sin Sta a5.6 0 Ot... EXERCISE 2 (A) Expand the following functions by Maclaurin’s Theorem— 1. e* 2, af 3. cos x 4. secx 5. tanx 6 (1+x)” 7. efie* 8 sinhx 9. cosh x 62 Differential Calculus 4 [itx 10. log Vi-x 11. log (sec x + tan x). 12. e* log (1 +x) 13. Prove that 2 afd sinner tego Fe antsin( Te tan ! 14. Prove that cosxsinhx=x- 2-42 Fae ANSWERS lene x wat ee 21*ait alo 3 A Heine + Etee@) + 4 Gtlog a) + ' : see mI tle vio2ss 5. xt+aty5* 24 mim= m2 ay gy 3f 3 8. atitgit 5 vox 10. x+ 3 + 5 +... TAYLOR’S THEOREMS 2.3. Taylor’s Theorem (Infinite Form) STATEMENT: Let f(x +h) be a function of h (x being independent of h) which can be expanded as a convergent series in powers of h, and let the expansion be differentiable any number of times with respect to h, then Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 63 by epee py IO pe a" Six +h) = fx) + af waif @)+ af (2) + one + LT) tone PROOF : Let, fit) =Aot Ap h+ Arh? + Az iP + Agh' +... a (h) where, Ao, Al, A2,A3, Aa, .... are functions of x alone which are to be determined. . Now, since d - 4 ay at = meet) = at ay where, f= x+h — ryt =f Oa, & +h) = dx | dh = FO) Gt on =f" (9 (+1) =f = fi (xth). Hence, differentiating (1) successively w.r.t. hk, we get f'+A) = Alt 2Arh + 3A3 WP + 4g +... we (La) ff (oth) = 2-1 Agt3+2-Agh44-3-Agh? +... (1b) ff" (eth) = 3-2-1-Age4-3-2-Aght.... (Ie) Putting A = Qin (1), (1a), (1b), (Ie) .... etc, we have fe) = Ao “ Ao = f(x) sQy=ay 2 A oO ff") = 21A2 Az = 7 f'" (x) = 31 As o Asa*5 . eee eee sane elc sere nee cee CFC, Substituting these values, (1) becomes H Be Feet h)=fO)+ hf) + Vf" 4 af" Ot It proves the Taylor's Theorem, ++ (2) 64 Differential Calculus COROLLARY I. Replacing x by A and é by x in the Taylor’s Theorem (2), we have 2 3 Seth) = f(b) +f" (b+ af (hy + re (A) +... 8) COROLLARY 2. Put x=a in Taylor’s theorem (2), then 2 3 flat h) = LO M+R OES @tom aA) COROLLARY 3. Put a=Oand A =. in (4), then , eo, Bone £@) = FO) +f Oras O)+30F (0) +... w+ (5) which is Maclaurin’s Theorem. COROLLARY 4, Put fA =x ~ and so on. Substituting the values of f(x +A) and f(A), f’ (A) S” (AS (Rh), .... in (1), we get log (x +h) = loght 2-242 _ Example 2. Prove that 2 log, sin (x +h) = log, sin.x+ h cot x—*cosec* x 3 + + cosec’ x cotx+.... 3 Solution: We know by Taylor's Theorem, 2 3 ren aserworSrrartrr wt. Here, f(x+h) = log, sin (x+ A) Put k = 0, f(x) = log, sin x f'Q) = 2 =~ cox sinx 66 Differential Calculus f" () = -cosec? x f’" (x) = - 2 cosee x (— cosee x cot x) = 2 cosec” x cot x, etc. -. From (i), 2 log, sin (x +h) = log, sinx +h cotx -= cosec” x Ie 2 + "y cosec” x cot x +... Example 3, Expand sin x in powers of x - i Solution: Let f(x) = sinx, then r(3} =1 f' (x) = cos x, ri =0 f" (x) = sin, {S| =-1 y°" (a) = ~cos x fo £ = f" @) = sinx, fe 3 = land soon. Now, by Taylor's Theorem, _ yt FO) = f@+ (e-as’ (a + SO ya + waar rr (ay+ Sa z+ f(a) ton Here, f(x) = sin x and a = e . sn = 15} +(0-3)s @ fy r () Clg Cl, vane tel al Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 67 Example 4, Expand tan™'x in the powers of (= ) 1 1 x i] by Taylor’s Theorem. oo Solution: Let f(x) = tan”! x, then f’ tek. p(t f@) ae (i = we = vet’) 4 f" @) a 1” (3}- fifa) f T 1+(3] and so on. Now, by Taylor's series, 2 fl) = Flag +(x-af' (+ FSH pr (aye... Here, f(x) = tan) x anda = 4 ws yea gy rT 1 = tan (4) 7 = tan — + 4 68 Differential Calculus Example 5. Expand w+ +x-Lin powers of (x — 2) by Taylor's Theorem. Solution: Let f@) = 247 44-1, then £(2) = 2(2)° +7027 +2-1=45 Ff’ (x) =@" + L441, f' (2) = 62) + 14(2) + 1 =53 f’ Qo) = 12e414, f” 2) = 12(2) + 14=38 f'"' (@) = 12, fi" (Q=12 Since next higher derivatives of f(x) vanish, hence by Taylor's Theorem, f(x) = fla) + (x— a) Ff" (a) + ea pm (a) + Boa pw (a) +... Here, f (x) = 2x + 7x? +.x- Land @=2, a2tWax-1 = 45-4 (0-29-5394 822. 5g 2. 12 = 45 +(x-2)-53+(x-2)'-19+(-2) +2 45 + 53(x — 2) + 19(x— 2)? + 2(x- 2). Example 6. Use Taylor's Theorem to prove that i . 2 .3 tan! (x +h) =hsinz a 2 _(hsinz)? So = +(hsin ys zr. where, z = cot x. Solution: Let f(x+h) = tan! (x+h) f@) = tan! x [Putting h = 0} ’ 1 1 1 Now => = OF FT fe) 1+ L+cot®z cosec’z Since z = cot 'x, therefore @_ 1. i dx 14+x 1+cot’z --—1 Ten sin?z cosec z Maclaurin and Taylor Series Expansion 69 Now, fs) = £7") é sin’z I tt . dz 2 sin zcos z—= FCOS 2 : ad 9 = ~—2sinzcoszsin’z |-: < = — sin*z men de = ~sin 2z sin’z and pra preg 4 [ = sin 2z sin’z] * tein 27 sin?s) Z ~ G, [sin 2z sin’z] — [2 cos 2z sin*z + sin 2z 2 sin z cos z] (—sin”z) 2sin’z [cos 2z sin z + sin 2z cos z] 2 sin®z sin (z + 22) = 2sin’z sin 3z. Now, by Taylor’s Theorem e # f+) = f(x) taf’ x) toy (x) +f” @)+.. 2 o tan! (x+h) = tan! x +h sin?z+ £ (-2 sin 2z sin’z) Bog. + 31 2 sinc sin 32+... oo tan! (x+h) = tan x +h sinz. mz sin 2)* 828 | oy3 + One in 3z =... EXERCISE 2 (B) 1. Prove that 2 3 log cos (x +h) =log cos x— A tan x- 5 sec? x © sec? xtan xt .. 70 _ 10. iL 12. 13. Differential Calculus Prove that 11), ae ke th =i fi-tot Bool Prove that 0. 4. Lf fand g are both continuous in [a, 5], then f+ g and fg are also continuous in [a, b] and fég is also continuous in [u, 5] provided g (x) 4 0 for any « € [a. 5]. 5. If a function is differentiable for every point of a given interval. then it must be continuous in that interval, é.2., differentiability = continuity. 3.2, Alternative Form of Rolle’s Theorem STATEMENT : If a function f (x) is such that (i) itis continuous in the interralasxsat+h, (ti) it is differentiable in the interval a The function is not differentiable in the interval [-1, 1]. Therefore Rolle’s theorem cannot be applied for the function f(x) =| x | in the interval [ =1, 1}. Example 2. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function f() = x7 in (-1, 1). Solution: Here, f@wexr,a=-1b=1. @) f(a) = (-1)?=1 and fie)=P=1 : f(a) = f(b) (ii) Since every polynomial in x is a continuous function of x for every finite value of x, hence, f(x) is continuous in the closed interval {-1, 1]. (iii) f’ (x) =2x which exists for every value of x in the open interval (-1,1). Hence, f (x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle’s theorem. Hence, there must exist atleast one number c between - | and 1 such that f' (ce) =052c=05c=0e (-1, 1). This is a point in the interval (- 1, 1) and hence the theorem is verified. Example 3. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function f(x) = x7 - 6x +8 in the interval (2, 4}. 16 Differential Calculus Solution: Here, a=2,b=4. (i) f(x) = xP -6r4+8 f(x) is a polynomial. Since every polynomial of x is a continuous function of x for every finite value of x, hence, f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [2, 4]. (ii) JS’ (x) = 2x-6 which exists in the open interval (2, 4). (iii) f(2) = 4-12+8=0 f(4) = 16-244+8=0 f(2) = 0=f(4) «. ¥ (x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle’s theorem. “. There must exist atleast one number c between 2 and 4 such that f(c)=0. Now, f'(@) = 2x-6 “ J’ (c) =O gives 2c -6 = 0 “ e=3 This is a point in the open interval (2, 4) and, therefore, the theorem is verified. Example 4. Does Rolle's theorem apply to the function fq) = 1-@-37"? Solution : FQ) = 1-(@-37" If f(x) = 0, then 1-(-3)" =0 => @-377 =1 => @-3¥ =P=1 => x-3=H1 => x=3+1 “a x= 2,4 Hence, S(x)=Owhenx = 2andx=4. Now, w= 30-39" ~~ 2 7 3(r-3)'" It is clear that f’ (x) does not exist at x = 3 which is a point in the interval 2 3x7-12e4+11 = 0 _ 12+ 144 — 132 ~ 6 — 12425 6 =2++-2:. B "1732 = 24-58 = 1.42, 2.58 (appx.) Both these points lie in the interval (1, 3), and, therefore the theorem is verified. Example 6. Verify Rolle's theorem for (x ~ a)" (x — b)" in the interval [a, b), m, n being positive integers. Solution: Here, f(x) =(x -—a)” (x — by". 78 Differential Calculus As m and n are +ve integers, (x— a)" and (x - 6)" are polynomials, on expansion by Binomial Theorem and consequently f(x) is a polynomial of degree (m +n). (i) Since every polynomial of x is a continuous function of x for every value of x, «. f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a, 6]. Gi) f(x) = m(x—-a)™ "| (x- b) +n (e—a)” (xy! = (x-a)”"! by! [n(x- b) +n (x-a)] which exists in the open interval (a, b). Note : Exists =»when it is not (1) imaginary, (2) infinite, (3) indeterminate. (iil) f(a) = 0 =f (d) -. { (x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle’s theorem. -. There must exist atleast one number ¢ between a and b such that f' (c)=0. of") = (x-@)""! 5)! [me -b) + n(x -2)] “ f" (e) =0 gives (c-a)""!(¢- 8)" ' [m(c-b) +n (c-a)] =0 = m(c—b)tn(c-a) = 0 [i c#a,c#b asa (m+n)c = mb+na mb +na > c= —, mtn which is a point within the interval (a, 6) dividing the internal in the ratio wm : n internally. Hence, the theorem is verified. Example 7. Verify Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = x(x +3) ein [{- 3, 0]. Solution: Here, f(x)=x (x +3) 7 = (2? + 3x)? Since @ + 3x) and e-*” are continuous for all x. . their product = x (x+3)e we J (x) is continuous for all x => = f(x) is continuous in [ - 3, 0]. (2 +3) e°*2 +(x? 43x) e[-3) 2 = eras 3-5 “al — 1 ra, 2 =—ae (x -x- 6) Also, f(x) Rolle and Mean Value Theorem 79 which exists in (— 3, 0) and f(- 3) =0=/(0). «. f (2) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle’s theorem. .. There must exist at least one number c in (— 3, 0) such that fc) =9 Ley: -5(2-c-6) eo? =0 2 = e-e-6=0 &- & #0 forany finite value of x] = (c-—3)(c+2) = 0 => e =3,-2 But c=3¢ (-3,0) whilec = -2€ (-3,0) Hence the verification. Example 8. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function fl) = log “ oy in (a, b). Solution: We have, x’ tab f() = lo oye _ a’ +ab _ _ f(@ = lon ay ba =log 1=0 B+ab f(b) = 108 (a+b) b =log 1 =0 f(a) = f(s) = 0 To test the differentiability of f(x), we have Rf’ (x) = lim, LE tO £0) ath? +ab +ab -I x’+ab (a+b)@+h| 8 |@thx leeaeen g [tees abo (22 + 2hx +f? + ab) (a+b) x +] (Ew lim,z +0 > 1 log = limhooz tt (a+b) (xh) (2 + ab) x+2kxt+i+ab x || = lim, 4o0—| lo: > if 8 x+ab “xth [Note] 80 Differential Calculus = lim, lo + 2het — lo { “| 0 byte cab Byte (Note] =i fae = 1M, 407, ¥ - tab * [-s AO) x 1 tab x Also, Lf” (x) = limy_sa [eee] -h — 2hx -h x I = Bevo Cy [3 ab [Replacing fh by — #) az oot tab x Thus, Rf" (x) = Lf’ (x). Hence, the function f(x) is differentiable in (a, 6). It is therefore continuous also in [@, b]. We thus find that all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are satisfied by f(x) in (a, 5). Therefore, f" (x) = 0 for atleast one point in (a, b) I Now, S’ () = 0 gives a lig xtab x = 2? = x +ab x=+Vab Value x= Vab clearly it lies in between a and 6 as Vab is the Geometric Mean of a and 5. Hence, the Rolle’s theorem is completely verified. Example 9. Jf f(x), 0 (x), ‘¥ (x) have the derivatives when a Sx <6, show that there isa value © of x lying between a and b such that (a) ota) F(a) (6) 6(6) Fb] = 0. © °@ © Solution : Consider the function F(x), where f(a) (a) F(a) Fo) (6) 'P(b) fix) O90) F@ Putting x =a in the above determinant, we find that first and third rows become identical, therefore F (a) = 0. F(x) = Rolle and Mean Value Theorem 81 Similarly, by putting x=, the second and third rows become identical, therefore F (b) =0, Therefore, we have (i) F(a)=F (b). (ii) F (x) is continuous in [a, b), since f(x), 6 (x), ‘P (x) have derivatives when a $x $b and derivability => continuity. (iii) F (x) is differentiable in (a, b). Hence, all the conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied. Hence, there exists a point x= € in the interval (a, b) such that F’(@)=0 (2) o@) YG) ie, (6) 6) YO)| =0 © 0) ve EXERCISE 3 (A) Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the following functions : 1. 8x — x” in [0,8] 2. x? - 4x in [-2,2] 3, x? — 6x +8 in [2, 4] 4, x° - 12x in (0, 2V3] 5. x7 (1—x)? in [0,1] 6. 2x7 -7x +10 in (2, 5] 7, atx? -4x-2 8. (x-a)®(x-)* in[a, 6} 9, log E _ in [3,4] 10. sin x in [-2, 7] Il. e*sinx in [0, x] sinx inx— |= st 12. r in [0, 1] 13. e* (sin x — cos x) in| ’ | 14. ¥4—x" in [-2, 2] 15. sin 2x in [2 | 16. Can Rolle’s Theorem be applied to : (i) f(x) = tanx in (0, 7], (ii) f(x) = secx in [0, 2m] 7 17. Does Rolle’s Theorem apply to the function f (x) = x= 3x ? x-1 82 Differential Calculus 18. Discuss the applicability of Rolle’s theorem in the interval [0, 2] to the function f(x) = 2+ @- 1”, 19. Let f(x) = 1 -(x- 14, 0 f(b) -f(a) = -A(b-a) - £@)-f@ b-a ve (2) Now, it is given that f(x) is continuous in a -A=f'(c) Q) From (2) and (3), fO-1) . =f’ (c). 3.4 Alternative Form of Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem STATEMENT: Ifa function f (x) is such that {i) it is continuous in the closed interval [a, a + A], (ii) it is differentiable in the open interval (a, a + #). then there exists atleast one number 6 such that S(a+h)=f(a) + hf’ (a+ 6h), whereO f(at+h) = f(a) +hf’ (a+ 6h), whereO<0<1. 3.5. Geometrical Interpretation of Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem Let A and B be two points on the graph of the function y=/(x) corresponding tox = aandx = drespectively. “. The co-ordinate of the points A and B are [a,f(a)] and [b,f(5)) respectively. Difference of ordinates Difference of abscissae a "bea . Slopeofchord AB = Now, (1) Since f (x) is continuous in the interval a sib)-f0 = -a) fo). This equation gives the magnitude of the increment f (5) — f(a). That is why the above form of mean value theorem is frequently called the formula of finite increments. If the derivative of a function is everywhere zero in the open interval (a, 6), then f (x) is constant in (a, b). ProoF : f’(x) = 0 in (a,b), [given]. Let & be any point of the interval (a, 6). -. By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, f@)-f@ = E-as'@) = 90 > £® = fla) Since & is any point of (a, b), hence f(x) is constant in (a, 8). Hence, the result. If the derivative of two functions f(x) and g(x) are equal everywhere in the open interval (a, b), then f (x) and g (x) differ bya constant in (a,b). PROOF : f° @) = 2’ (x) forall xin (a, 6), [Given]. Let us define a new function F (x) as F(x) = f() - g () forall x in (a, ) Then, F’(x) =f’ (x)- 2" (x) in(a, 5) = 0 in (a, 5) forall x Hence, by art. 3.5, F (x) = constant (say A) in (a, b) so that, fid-g@ =A Hence, the result. This result is known as the Constant Difference Theorem, 86 Differential Calculus 3.6. Second Mean Value Theorem (Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem) STATEMENT: If f (x) and 9 (x) are two functions of x such that (i) both are continuous in the closed interval [a, b], (ii) both are differentiable in the open interval (a, b), (iii) 9" (x) # Ofor any value of x in the open interval (a, b), then there exists one value c of x in the open interval (@, 5) such that £0) -f@. _ £o o(6)- O(a) O(c) PROOF: Consider the function F(x) = f() + AOQ). ve (L) where the constant A is to be determined such that F(a) = F(b). Now, F(a) = f(@+Aota) F(b) = f(6)+ AO (6) Since, F(a) = F(b) “ f(a) +A (a) = f() +A 9) > f(b) - fla) = - A [6 (6) - 6 (@)) _4 = f)-f@ ~ “= 90)=9@)" “@ where $ (b) — O(a) # 0. {If (6) - (a) = 0,6 (a) = (4) + O (x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle’s theorem. «. O° (x) = O for at least one value of x in the interval a Xx,, then f(x) is said to be a monotonic increasing function if I (2) > f (x1) and a monotonic decreasing function if f (x,) < f (x)). 88 Differential Calculus 3.10. Theorems STATEMENT 1, If f(x) is continuous in the interval a < x < 6 and f'(x) is positive for every value of x in the interval a < x < b, then fix) is monotonic increasing function of x in the intervala < x < 6. PROOF: Let x, and x2 be any two values of x between a and b such that x2 > x,. Then by mean value theorem, (2) -— fla) = ba - nS" Cc). where c lies between x, and x4. Xy > X ‘. Xz; — x, is +ve. Also,since f’(c) is +ve a f@2) — £1) > 9 > F (a2) > f(x). Hence, f(x) is a monotonic increasing function in the interval (a, 4). STATEMENT 2. if f (x) is continuous in the interval a S$ x < band f’ (x) is negative for every value of x in the interval a < x < b, then f(x) is a monotonic decreasing function of x in the intervala S x < b. PROOF: Let x, and x2 be any two values of x between a and b such that x2 > x,. Then by mean value theorem f(=) - £1) = Ga -xps' (©, where ¢ lies between x, and x. xy > xX “Xy—x, is + ve. Also, f’(c) is -ve “. £(%) — f(x) is negative “ f(x) ~fO1) <0 = f(x2) < fr): Hence, f(x) is a monotonic decreasing function in the interval [a, 5]. 3.11. General Mean Value Theorem or Taylor’s Theorem in Finite Form STATEMENT : If f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a, b] and the first n derivatives f' (x), f (x), ..., f" (x) exist for all values of x in the open interval (a, b), then 2 $0) = fa) + b-a)f'(a) + PSS pray Rolle and Mean Value Theorem 89 _ att _ pV" wo CEO Fg PO pa 4 8(0-a)) where 0<0<1. PROOF: Consider the function F (x) given by =_ry _ yy Fa) =S)-f)- 6-9 @)- Ep -..- EX py n=1 7 ~ Ga proto - Coad g (n-1)! w(D where A is a constant given by F(a) = 0, ie¢., _ 2 F0)-F(a)-@-a) f(a) - P= pr (ay _ _ al"! -1 _ b- a)" _ “Gent @- "ar 4 = ay Now, F (x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem because : (1) F(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a, 6] because F(x) is algebraic sum of (n + 1) continuous functions of x Q) F(x) is differentiable in the open interval (a,5) as SL’ QSL" (), -f (%) exist in the interval (a, 5). G) F(@) = F(b) = 0. Hence, F’(c) = 0, where a

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