Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jurnal Kentang 6
Jurnal Kentang 6
com
Received 6 April 2006; received in revised form 12 April 2007; accepted 29 June 2007
Available online 20 July 2007
Abstract
Controlled sudden decompression to a vacuum (DIC) was used to confer a porous structure to partially dehydrated foods by expand-
ing them and facilitating the drying process at lower water content. Moisture sorption isotherms of Bintje potato slices hot-air dried and
texturized by DIC were determined and compared using a gravimetric method. The samples were stored in a temperature-controlled
chamber at 20, 30 or 40 °C; and relative humidity was controlled between 5% and 90%. Both adsorption and desorption isotherms
had a sigmoidal shape (type II). The sorption capacity decreased with increasing temperature at a given water activity. Hysteresis
was more pronounced for texturized potatoes than for hot-air dried samples. Non-linear regression analysis was used to fit five moisture
sorption isotherm models. The Peleg, Kats and Kutarov, GAB and BET (aw less than 0.5) equations all accurately characterized the
sorption behaviour. Texturizing by DIC increased the surface area of potato slices by 45% relative to heat air drying. The net isosteric
heat of sorption was found to increase with decreasing moisture content and was higher for texturized potatoes than hot-air dried
samples.
Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Sorption isotherms; Surface area; Isosteric heat; Texturizing; Potatoes; Drying
0260-8774/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.06.028
T. Iguedjtal et al. / Journal of Food Engineering 85 (2008) 180–190 181
Nomenclature
A, B, C, K, k1, k2, n1, n2 sorption isotherm constants R universal gas constant (kJ/mol K)
aw water activity RMS root mean square error
AH2 O the area of water molecular (1.06 1019 m2) t treatment time under pressure P (s)
E mean relative deviation T sorption temperature (°C)
DHvap the heat of vaporisation (kJ/mol) Xe the equilibrium moisture content (g moisture/
M H2 O the molecular weight of H2O (g/mol) g dry basis)
n the non integer parameters in which the whole Xi the moisture content of sample (g moisture/
parts corresponds to the real number of polylayers g dry basis)
Nbre the number of experimental data Xpi the predicted value
NAvogadro the Avogadro’s number (6.023 1023 mole- Xm the monolayer moisture content (g moisture/
cules/mol) g dry basis)
P saturated steam pressure (bar) W initial water content before treatment (g/g dry
Qst the isosteric heat of sorption (kJ/mol) basis)
qst the net isosteric heat of sorption (kJ/mol) r surface area (m2/g)
(1978) published 23 models for foodstuffs. Boquet, Chirife, mal degradation of the product. A texturizing stage for
and Iglesias (1978) evaluated and applied 8 models on 39 partially hot-air dried products may provide a less compact
different products. Van den Berg and Bruin (1981) collected and more porous structure giving an increase in water
and classified 77 models. These models can be classified in transfer and subsequently an accelerated drying process
several categories: kinetic models based on the monolayer during the second phase with considerable improvements
theory (e.g., BET model), kinetic models based on the mul- in food quality.
tilayer theory (e.g., GAB model) and empirical and semi- Texturizing processes of partially dehydrated products
empirical models (e.g., Peleg, Oswin and Ferro-Fontan appeared in the middle of the 20th century (Harrington
models). & Griffiths (1950)) and were increasingly used with the
Although, the sorption properties of potatoes have been introduction of a puffing process (Adam & Suchy,
the object of several scientific reviews, data for the Bintje 1969; Heiland & Eskew, 1965; Turkot, Eskew, Sullivan,
variety are not abundant. Igbeka, Blaisdell, Herum, and Cording, & Heiland, 1965). The method consists of plac-
Hamdy (1975) studied desorption of white potatoes. Mazza ing partially dehydrated products in a vessel under high
(1980) investigated desorption results of Norchip Canadian pressure and high temperature followed by an abrupt
potato variety. Wang and Brennan (1991) reported sorp- decompression to atmospheric pressure (Craig & Sulli-
tion data for Desiree potato variety. McLaughlin and van, 1980; De La Burde, Aument, & Utsch, 1981;
Magee (1998) determined sorption isotherms of Pentland Delost-Lewis, Lorenz, & Tribelhorn, 1992; Sullivan &
Dell potatoes. Chen (2002) published sorption results for Craig, 1984).
sweet potatoes. The controlled sudden decompression to a vacuum pro-
Physical characteristics and food composition can lead cess, known as DICÒ (Détente instantannée contrôlée), was
to a variation in the thermodynamic parameters, however, developed in 1988 (Allaf, Louka, Bouvier, Parent, & For-
it should be noted that foodstuff treatments can affect get, 1992, 1993). This process is based on a thermo-
their physical characteristics (Lasekan & Lasekan, 2000; mechanical effect induced by an abrupt transition from
Kaymak-Ertekin & Gedik, 2004). Vullioud, Márquez, high steam pressure to a vacuum (pressure change greater
and De Michelis (2004) reported that foodstuffs with sim- than 5 bar s1), which leads to the expansion of products.
ilar chemical composition but different physical character- Several parameters can influence the quality of texturizing
istics had different sorption isotherms. Similarly, if the by DIC, the steam vapour pressure P (bar), the time of
same variety and the same species of foods are treated dif- treatment t(s) and the initial moisture content before treat-
ferently, they will have different moisture content for the ment W (g/g dry basis) and the level of vacuum (Louka &
same water activity. Allaf, 2002).
During drying processes, the control of changes relating Thus, a new drying operation was defined, coupling an
to the structure and texture of foodstuffs is important initial hot-air drying process until a water content (W)
(Aguilera, 2005). Indeed, drying of foodstuffs is often asso- ranging from 10% to 30% was reached, with treatment by
ciated with a deformation of the product (shrinking). Dur- DIC. The drying rate and the elimination of residual water
ing the classical drying process, two phases are often during the second drying phase have been improved giving
observed: the first phase involves removal of water which higher good quality of texturized fruits and vegetables. The
deforms the product; the second phase has limited water improvement in drying kinetics is strictly correlated with
removal but an increase in temperature which leads to ther- the increase of the diffusivity of the water thanks to the
182 T. Iguedjtal et al. / Journal of Food Engineering 85 (2008) 180–190
Processing
b Processing time The DIC equipment is fully described by Louka, Juhel,
pressure and Allaf (2004a) and is shown in Fig. 1.
The potato slices at 15% db, moisture content were
introduced in a processing vessel in which a vacuum was
established at an absolute pressure of 30 mbar (Fig. 2a).
The vessel was then pressured using saturating steam to
P (atmospheric) 3 bar or 6 bar (Fig. 2b). These pressures are maintained
e
constant for 20 s (Fig. 2c). This was followed by an abrupt
P (vacuum)
decompression to the vacuum (Fig. 2d). Then while keep-
Time
ing the samples under vacuum (valve III open), atmo-
spheric air was injected permitting an intense cooling of
Fig. 2. Pressure–time profile of DIC processing cycle. the product (Fig. 2e). Finally, the samples were again
Table 1
Isotherm model equations fitted to the experimental sorption data
Model Mathematical expression
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) (Brunauer et al., 1938) X e ¼ X 0 Caw =½ð1 aw Þð1 aw þ Caw Þ ð1Þ
Guggenheim–Anderson–De Boer (Van den Berg & Bruin, 1981) X e ¼ X 0 CKaw =½ð1 Kaw Þð1 Kaw þ CKaw Þ ð2Þ
Kats and Kutarov (Kats & Kutarov, 1998) X e ¼ X 0 Caw ð1 anw Þ=½ð1 aw Þð1 aw þ Caw Þ ð3Þ
0.30 0.30
20 ºC 20 ºC
30 ºC 30 ºC
40 ºC 40 ºC
0.25 Kats & Kutarov 0.25 Peleg
0.15 0.15
0.10 0.10
0.05 0.05
0.00 0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
water activity water activity
Fig. 3. (a) Adsorption and (b) desorption isotherms of hot-air dried potato slices at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.
0.30 0.30
20 ºC 20 ºC
30 ºC 30 ºC
40 ºC 40 ºC
0.25 Kats & Kutarov 0.25 Peleg
X e (g/g dry basis)
0.20 0.20
0.15 0.15
0.10 0.10
0.05 0.05
0.00 0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
water activity water activity
Fig. 4. (a) Adsorption and (b) desorption isotherms of texturized potato slices at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C (3 bar).
0.30 20 ºC 20 ºC
0.30
30 ºC 30 ºC
40 ºC 40 ºC
0.25 Kats & Kutarov Peleg
0.25
Xe (g/g dry basis)
0.20 0.20
0.15 0.15
0.10 0.10
0.05 0.05
0.00 0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
water activity water activity
Fig. 5. (a) Adsorption and (b) desorption isotherms of texturized potato slices at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C (6 bar).
184 T. Iguedjtal et al. / Journal of Food Engineering 85 (2008) 180–190
water activity
The BET, GAB, Kats and Kutarov, Peleg and Oswin
models (Eqs. (1)–(5), respectively, in Table 1) were fitted
to the experimental data. The BET isotherm equation is
widely used due to its theoretical basis (Vazquez, Chenlo, 0.25 Ads (6bar)
Moreira, & Carballo, 1999). It often does not accurately Des (6bar)
percentage deviation modulus (E) and the root mean square number (6 1023 molecules mol1), and AH2 O is the area
percent error (RMS). of water molecule (1.06 1019 m2).
100 X N
jX i X pi j
E¼ ð6Þ 2.7. Isosteric heat of sorption
N bre i¼1 Xi
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u N 2 The determination of the sorption isotherms at two or
u 1 X X i X pi
RMS ¼ t 100 ð7Þ more temperatures allows heat of sorption to be evaluated.
N bre i¼1 Xi The net isotherm heat of sorption is the energy associated
with the sorption process greater than the heat of vaporiza-
where, Xi is the experimental moisture content, Xpi is the tion (DHvap):
predicted moisture content, and Nbre is number of experi-
mental data. qst ¼ Qst DH vap ð9Þ
1
where qst is the net isosteric heat of sorption (kJ mol ), Qst
2.6. Surface area is the isosteric heat of sorption (kJ mol1) and DHvap is the
heat of vaporisation (kJ mol1).
The BET, GAB and Kats and Kutarov models all pro- The net isosteric heat of sorption can be calculated from
vide estimates of the mono-layer moisture content. The the slope of the sorption isotherms plotted as ln aw versus
surface area r (m2/g) was determined from the monolayer (1/T) for specific values of moisture content using the Clau-
moisture content, using (Mazza & Le Maguer, 1978): sius–Clapeyron equation (Rizvi, 1995):
AH2 O N Avogadro X 0
r¼ ¼ 3530X 0 ð8Þ dðln aw Þ
M H2 O qst ¼ R ð10Þ
dð1=T Þ
where r is the solid surface area (m2 g1), X0 is the mono- where aw is the water activity, R is the universal gas
layer moisture content (g/g dry basis), M H2 O is the molecu- constant (kJ/mol K) and T is the absolute temperature
lar weight of water (18 g mol1), NAvogadro is Avogadro’s (K).
Table 2
Estimated sorption model constants for hot-air dried potato
Model Constants Adsorption Desorption
20 °C 30 °C 40 °C 20 °C 30 °C 40 °C
a
BET X0 (g/g db) 0.056 0.055 0.053 0.083 0.078 0.097
r (m2/g) 197.68 194.15 187.09 292.99 275.34 342.41
C 10.490 9.226 8.150 7.550 7.345 37.052
E (%) 3.93 4.56 4.77 5.16 5.16 2.50
RMS (%) 4.57 5.96 5.77 6.96 5.82 2.87
GAB X0 0.064 0.070 0.073 0.106 0.101 0.076
r (m2/g) 225.92 247.10 257.69 374.18 356.74 268.28
C 7.330 6.380 5.480 7.010 6.736 7.830
K 0.946 0.876 0.807 0.760 0.750 0.795
E (%) 3.81 2.70 3.06 4.35 4.65 1.51
RMS (%) 4.34 3.71 3.54 5.65 5.71 1.85
Kats and Kutarov X0 (g/g db) 0.059 0.058 0.056 0.083 0.078 0.060
r (m2/g) 208.27 204.74 197.68 292.99 275.34 211.8
C 8.415 7.980 6.910 7.840 7.540 9.399
N 9.590 6.600 5.190 4.310 4.150 4.760
E (%) 2.72 2.62 2.80 4.89 4.80 2.77
RMS (%) 3.30 3.23 2.98 6.55 5.44 3.47
Peleg K1 0.128 0.135 0.130 0.241 0.225 0.159
K2 0.367 0.241 0.162 0.399 0.327 0.163
N1 0.592 0.650 0.684 0.775 0.783 0.681
N2 4.260 3.890 3.460 9.180 9.030 4.650
E (%) 4.03 3.46 3.69 2.92 3.29 2.01
RMS (%) 5.23 5.08 4.51 4.04 4.95 2.56
Oswin A 0.108 0.103 0.094 0.135 0.125 0.103
B 0.609 0.548 0.514 0.465 0.461 0.468
E (%) 6.14 4.85 7.50 10.56 9.69 6.55
RMS (%) 7.02 7.31 13.18 16.65 14.5 11.65
a
aw range for BET equation was 0.1–0.5, only for first five data points were used.
186 T. Iguedjtal et al. / Journal of Food Engineering 85 (2008) 180–190
3.1. Adsorption and desorption isotherms Fig. 6a–c shows the sorption isotherms obtained for hot-
air dried and texturized potato slices at 20 °C. These curves
The adsorption and desorption isotherms of potato clearly display that hysteresis occurs for both hot-air dried
slices hot-air dried and texturized at 20, 30 and 40 °C and texturized potato slices. The hysteresis difference was
are shown in Figs. 3–5a–b. As expected, the obtained less for the 6 bar DIC than for the 3 bar DIC and hot air
equilibrium moisture content values show an increase dried (both lower difference in equilibrium moisture con-
with increasing water activity. The sigmoı¨dal shape of tent and smaller range of aw for which there was a differ-
the isotherms is common for several hygroscopic products ence). The reduced hysteresis suggests that the texturized
and corresponds to type II of the Brunauer’s classification product have surfaces free from capillary forces.
(Brunauer, Deming, Deming, & Troller, 1940). This is in
agreement with other measured isotherms for potato 3.3. Mathematical modelling
(Mazza, 1982; McMinn & Magee, 2003; Van den Berg
& Bruin, 1981). The estimated parameters of the models for hot-air
The equilibrium moisture content decreased with the dried and texturized potatoes and E and RMS values for
increase of temperature for a constant water activity, thus models are listed in Tables 2–4. The fitting of the BET
indicating that the potato slices become less hygroscopic. was restricted to data with aw < 0.5 because it could not
Similar results were found by Litchfield and Okos (1992); fit the sigmoı¨dal shape across the full range. Lower E
McLaughlin and Magee (1998) and Palipane and Driscoll and RMS values represent improved goodness of fit. The
(1992). These trends may be due to the reduction in the Kats and Kutarov equation predicted the isotherms with
total number of the active sites for water binding as a result the smallest E and RMS (average E was 2.97% and average
of physical and/or chemical changes in the product caused RMS was 3.78% for all temperatures and both adsorption
by the storage temperature (Mazza, 1980). and desorption). The Peleg model gave also closest fit to
Table 3
Estimated sorption model constants for texturized potato (3 bar)
Model Constants Adsorption Desorption
20 °C 30 °C 40 °C 20 °C 30 °C 40 °C
a
BET X0 (g/g db) 0.065 0.063 0.062 0.083 0.082 0.070
r (m2/g) 229.45 222.40 218.86 292.99 289.46 247.10
C 13.490 10.800 10.920 10.660 8.631 11.791
E (%) 3.29 3.54 2.92 4.73 4.47 5.28
RMS (%) 3.47 4.06 3.26 6.46 6.64 6.98
GAB X0(g/g db) 0.080 0.083 0.087 0.105 0.108 0.083
r (m2/g) 282.40 293.00 307.11 370.65 381.24 292.99
C 8.980 6.720 6.910 5.230 7.410 10.230
K 0.892 0.843 0.778 0.783 0.741 0.822
E (%) 3.61 4.32 3.97 3.98 4.34 3.78
RMS (%) 4.68 5.30 5.38 5.41 6.97 5.63
Kats et Kutarov X0 (g/g db) 0.069 0.067 0.067 0.084 0.083 0.068
r (m2/g) 283.57 236.51 236.51 296.52 292.99 240.04
C 11.180 10.850 8.620 10.710 8.450 12.340
N 6.940 5.360 4.670 4.480 4.070 5.107
E (%) 2.28 2.15 2.00 3.71 4.07 4.06
RMS (%) 2.76 2.69 2.36 5.59 5.89 6.21
Peleg K1 0.143 0.138 0.136 0.229 0.225 0.183
K2 0.307 0.237 0.170 0.258 0.179 0.238
N1 0.527 0.570 0.573 0.673 0.717 0.630
N2 3.580 3.170 2.770 6.051 5.498 5.300
E (%) 3.18 1.85 1.67 3.33 3.55 3.250
RMS (%) 3.94 3.25 2.53 4.25 5.58 4.64
Oswin A 0.128 0.118 0.113 0.144 0.135 0.123
B 0.525 0.516 0.470 0.445 0.445 0.459
E (%) 3.64 4.56 5.96 6.40 7.41 5.19
RMS (%) 4.28 6.28 9.13 9.87 11.43 7.47
a
aw range for BET equation was 0.1–0.5, only for first five data points were used.
T. Iguedjtal et al. / Journal of Food Engineering 85 (2008) 180–190 187
Table 4
Estimated sorption model constants for texturized potato (6 bar)
Model Constants Adsorption Desorption
20 °C 30 °C 40 °C 20 °C 30 °C 40 °C
BETa X0 (g/g db) 0.077 0.076 0.072 0.091 0.084 0.072
r (m2/g) 271.81 268.28 254.16 321.23 296.52 254.16
C 20.260 13.090 14.400 15.222 14.181 18.91
E (%) 3.62 3.90 3.13 5.26 3.25 3.20
RMS (%) 3.70 4.28 3.35 6.45 3.76 3.55
GAB X0 (g/g db) 0.093 0.108 0.098 0.115 0.109 0.094
r (m2/g) 328.290 381.240 345.940 405.91 384.77 331.82
C 14.270 9.024 9.960 12.900 11.150 13.490
K 0.851 0.754 0.742 0.774 0.759 0.756
E (%) 2.23 2.42 2.61 4.14 3.482 3.27
RMS (%) 3.01 3.06 4.04 5.97 5.30 4.48
Kats et Kutarov X0 0.079 0.085 0.077 0.092 0.087 0.076
r (m2/g) 278.87 300.05 271.81 324.76 307.11 268.28
C 17.980 10.650 11.680 14.980 13.070 16.050
N 5.610 4.200 4.050 4.268 4.160 4.110
E (%) 1.85 1.27 1.62 4.318 2.82 2.79
RMS (%) 2.27 1.52 1.84 5.57 3.48 3.02
Peleg K1 0.172 0.192 0.167 0.240 0.207 0.159
K2 0.278 0.172 0.147 0.283 0.178 0.157
N1 0.470 0.579 0.546 0.595 0.568 0.476
N2 3.590 3.120 2.910 6.170 3.720 2.890
E (%) 1.85 3.38 2.74 3.28 2.28 2.50
RMS (%) 2.15 3.58 2.87 4.70 2.83 2.75
Oswin A 0.149 0.144 0.130 0.160 0.150 0.134
B 0.452 0.432 0.416 0.409 0.414 0.396
E (%) 2.44 5.68 5.17 4.38 4.35 4.01
RMS (%) 3.03 9.67 7.95 6.24 5.64 4.95
a
aw range for BET equation was 0.1–0.5, only for first five data points were used.
the experimental data (average E and RMS of 2.90% and for starchy food by Chirife and Iglesias (1978) and Yanni-
3.85%), However, the GAB and BET models (restricted otis (1994). Wang and Brennan (1991) reported a mono-
aw range) were only slightly inferior with average values layer moisture content value ranging from 3% to 6% for
for E and RMS of 3.45% and 4.66% for GAB.model and potatoes in the temperature range 40–70 °C. The surface
4.03% and 4.88% for BET model. The Oswin equation pre-
dictions were significantly poorer for both adsorption and
desorption, giving average values for E and RMS of 5.80%
and 8.68%. The GAB, Kats and Kutarov and BET 0.25
Hot-air dried
3 bar
(restricted aw range) were close in accuracy. Similar results 6 bar
were found for hot-air dried potatoes (Wang & Brennan,
1991). Overall, any of the Kats and Kutarov, GAB or Peleg 0.20
X e (g/g dry basis)
area values are shown also in Table 2–4. The average sur- ably due to the existence of a microporous structure in
face area values for adsorption and desorption for all tem- these products generated by the treatment.
peratures using the GAB model, were (243.5, 332.7 m2/g)
for hot-air dried products, (294.2, 348.3 m2/g) for the tex- 3.5. Effect of DIC treatment
turized products at 3 bar and (351.8, 374.2 m2/g) for textur-
ized products at 6 bar. These results indicate an increase in The comparisons of sorption isotherms at 20 °C for the
the available surface for the hydrophilic water binding dur- three treatments are represented in Fig. 7.
ing the treatment of potato slices by DIC and this is prob- The treatment of potatoes significantly affects the shape
of the adsorption isotherm. For high relative humidities,
the difference decreased. Texturized potatoes at 3 and
6 bar adsorb more vapour water compared to hot-air dried
potatoes over the entire water activity range. The high val-
ues of adsorption for treated potatoes were probably due
to the porous structure of this product (Fig. 8a–c). Mazza
(1982) reported similar results when comparing adsorption
isotherm of freeze-dried and vacuum dried potatoes. Fur-
thermore, the water activity decreases with the intensity
of the DIC treatment at constant moisture content
(Fig. 7). For X0 equal to 0.1 g/g dry basis, water activity
is equal to 0.49, 0.39 and 0.28, for hot-air dried and textur-
ized potatoes at 3 and 6 bar, respectively. Thus, DIC trea-
ted products are likely to be more stable than hot-air dried
products at the same moisture content.
16
14
6 bar
3 bar
12 Hot-air dried
q st (kJ/mol)
10
2
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
X e (g/g dry basis)
Fig. 8. Micrographs comparing (a) hot-air dried, (b) texturized (3 bar) Fig. 9. Change of sorption isosteric heat with moisture content for hot-air
and (c) texturized (6 bar) potato slices (50 times magnification). dried and DIC potatoes at 3 and 6 bar.
T. Iguedjtal et al. / Journal of Food Engineering 85 (2008) 180–190 189
decreases with an increase in material moisture content and Aviara, N. A., & Ajibola, O. O. (2002). Thermodynamics of moisture
tends to that of pure water indicating that the water is sorption of melon seed and cassava. Journal of Food Engineering, 55,
107–113.
becoming more freely available as moisture content Boquet, R., Chirife, J., & Iglesias, H. A. (1978). Equations for fitting water
increases. sorption isotherms of foods. III. Evaluation of various three parameter
Comparison of hot-dried and treated potatoes data models. Journal of Food Technology, 14, 527–534.
shows that, at a specific moisture content, the isosteric heat Brunauer, S., Deming, L. S., Deming, W. E., & Troller, E. (1940). On the
of adsorption of texturized potatoes is higher than the cor- theory of the Van Der Waals adsorption of gas. Journal of American
Chemical Society, 62, 1723–1732.
responding hot-dried value. This increase is probably due Brunauer, S., Emmett, P. H., & Teller, E. (1938). Adsorption of gases in
to the appearance of new highly energetic polar bonding multimolecular layers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 60,
sites after texturizing the potatoes. 309–319.
Chen, C. (2002). PH—Pastharvest technology: Sorption isotherms of
4. Conclusion sweet potato slices. Biosystems Engineering, 83, 85–95.
Chirife, J., & Iglesias, H. A. (1978). Equations for fitting water sorption
isotherms of food: Part I. Journal of Food Technology, 13, 159–174.
The moisture sorption isotherms of the Bintje potato Craig, J. C., & Sullivan, J. F. (1980). Explosion puffing a new food drying
variety were characteristic of the type II isotherm for both concept. In 3rd International Symposium Papers, pp. 281–287.
hot-air dried and texturized samples. The equilibrium De La Burde, R. Z., Aument, P. E., & Utsch, F. V. (1981). Novel tobacco
moisture content decreased with the increase of tempera- product and improved for the expansion of tobacco. U.S. Patent
4,258,729.
ture at constant water activity. The hysteresis was lower Delost-Lewis, K., Lorenz, K., & Tribelhorn, R. (1992). Puffing quality of
for texturized potatoes than for hot air-dried potatoes. experimental varieties of proso millets (Panicum miliaceum). Cereal
The Peleg, GAB, and Kats and Kutarov models gave ade- Chemistry, 69, 359–365.
quate fits to the sorption data in the temperatures range of Durakova, A. G., & Menkov, N. D. (2004). Moisture sorption charac-
20–40 °C and relative humidities range of 5–90%. The teristics of chickpea flour. Journal of Food Engineering, 68, 535–539.
Harrington, W. O., & Griffiths, F. P. (1950). Puffs potatoes. Food Industry,
monolayer moisture contents for texturized potatoes at 3 22, 1872.
and 6 bar were higher than hot-air dried samples. The Heiland, W. K., & Eskew, R. K. (1965). A new gun for explosive puffing of
water activity decreased with the severity of the DIC treat- fruits and vegetables. US Agr. Res. Serv., pp. 73–47.
ment at constant moisture content implying greater storage Igbeka, J. C., Blaisdell, J. L., Herum, F. L., Hamdy, M. Y. (1975).
stability The net isosteric heat of sorption of texturized Equilibrium moisture content of cassava and potato. American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 75-6527.
potatoes were greater than that of hot-air dried potatoes Kats, B. M., & Kutarov, V. V. (1998). A modified BET equation for
at low moisture contents, probably due to the appearance polylayer adsorption. Adsorption Science Technology, 16, 257–262.
of new highly energetic polar sites after texturizing. Katz, E. E., & Labuza, T. P. (1981). Effect of water activity on sensory
crispness and mechanical deformation of snack food products. Journal
of food science, 50, 385–391.
Acknowledgement Kaymak-Ertekin, F., & Gedik, A. (2004). Sorption isotherms and isosteric
heat of sorption for grapes, apricots, apples and potatoes. Lebensmit-
The authors wish to thank the CDA (Communauté tel-Wissenschaft und technologie, 37, 429–438.
d’Agglomération de La Rochelle) for their financial Labuza, T. P., & Hymann, C. R. (1998). Moisture migration and control
support. in multi-domain foods. Food Science and technology, 9, 47–55.
Lasekan, O. O., & Lasekan, W. O. (2000). Moisture sorption and the
degree of starch polymer degradation on flours of popped and malted
References sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Journal of Cereal Science, 31, 55–61.
Litchfield, J. B., & Okos, M. R. (1992). Moisture diffusivity in pasta
Adam, M., & Suchy, J. (1969). Teplotni a tlakové pomêry pri expanznim during drying. Journal of Food Engineering, 17, 117–142.
susêni. Promsyl Potravin, 20, 203–207. Lomauro, C. J., Bakshi, A. S., & Labuza, T. P. (1985). Evaluation of food
Aguilera, J. M. (2005). Why food microstructure? Journal of Food moisture sorption isotherm equations, Part I: Fruit, vegetable and
Engineering, 67, 3–11. meat products. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und technologie, 18,
Allaf, K., Louka, N., Bouvier, J. M., Parent, F., & Forget, M. (1992). 111–117.
Définition d’un nouveau procédé de traitement thermo-mécanique par Louka, N., & Allaf, K. (2002). New process for texturizing partially
détente instantanée contrôlée TTMDIC. French Patent No. 92 04940. dehydrated biological products using controlled sudden decompres-
Allaf, K., Louka, N., Bouvier, J. M., Parent, F., & Forget, M. (1993). sion to the vacuum: Application on potatoes. Journal of Food Science,
Procédé de traitement de produits biologiques en vue de la modifica- 67, 3033–3038.
tion de leur texture, installations pour la mise en uvre d’un tel Louka, N., Juhel, F., & Allaf, K. (2004a). Quality studies on various types
procédé et produits ainsi réalisés. French Patent No. 93 09720. of partially dried vegetables texturized by controlled sudden decom-
International extension No. PCT/FR94/00975. pression: General patterns for the variation of the expansion ratio.
Al-Muhtaseb, A. H., McMinn, W. A. M., & Magee, T. R. A. (2004). Journal of Food Engineering, 65, 245–253.
Water sorption isotherms of starch powders: Part 1: Mathematical Mazza, G. (1980). Thermodynamic considerations of water vapour
description of experimental data. Journal of Food Engineering, 61, sorption by horseradish roots. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Tech-
297–307. nologie, 13, 13–17.
AOAC (1980). Official methods of analysis. Washington, DC: Association Mazza, G. (1982). Moisture sorption isotherms of potato slices. Journal of
of Official Analytical Chemists Inc. Food Technology, 17, 47–54.
Arslan, N., & Toğrul, H. (2005). Modelling of water sorption isotherms of Mazza, G., & Le Maguer, M. (1978). Water sorption properties of yellow
macaroni stored in a chamber under controlled humidity and globe onion (Allium cepa L.). Canadian Institute of Food Science and
thermodynamic approach. Journal of Food Engineering, 69, 133–145. Technology Journal, 33, 189–193.
190 T. Iguedjtal et al. / Journal of Food Engineering 85 (2008) 180–190
McLaughlin, C. P., & Magee, T. R. A. (1998). The determination of Tsami, E., Maroulis, Z. B., Marinos-Karinos, D., & Saravacos, G. D.
sorption isotherm and the isosteric heats of sorption for potatoes. (1990). Heat sorption of water in dried fruits. International Journal of
Journal of Food Engineering, 35, 267–280. Food Science and Technology, 25, 350–359.
McMinn, W. A. M., & Magee, T. R. A. (2003). Thermodynamics properties Turkot, V. A., Eskew, R. K., Sullivan, J. F., Cording, Jr. J., & Heiland, W.
of moisture sorption of potato. Journal of Food Engineering, 60, 157–165. K. (1965). Explosion puffed dehydrated carrots. III. Estimated cost of
Mulet, A., Garcia-Pascual, P., Sanjuan, R., & Garcia-Reverter, J. (2002). commercial production using shortened cycle. U.S. Agr. Res. Serv., pp.
Equilibrium isotherm and isosteric heats of morel. Journal of Food 73–122.
Engineering, 53, 75–81. Van den Berg, C., & Bruin, S. (1981). Water activity and its
Oswin, C. R. (1946). The kinetics of package life. The isotherm. Journal of estimation in food systems. In L. B. Rockland & F. Stewart
Chemical Industry, 65, 419–421. (Eds.), Water activity: Influence on food quality (pp. 147–177).
Palipane, K. B., & Driscoll, R. H. (1992). Moisture sorption characteristics New york: Academic Press.
of inshell macadamia nuts. Journal of Food Engineering, 18, 63–76. Vazquez, G., Chenlo, F., Moreira, R., & Carballo, L. (1999). Desorption
Peleg, M. (1993). Assessment of a semi empirical four parameter general isotherms of muscatel and aledo grapes, and the influence of pretreat-
model for sigmoid moisture sorption isotherms. Journal of food ments on muscatel isotherms. Journal of Food Engineering, 39, 409–
Process Engineering, 16, 21–37. 414.
Rizvi, S. S. H. (1995). Thermodynamic properties of food in dehydration. Vullioud, M., Márquez, C. A., & De Michelis, A. (2004). Desorption
In M. A. Rao & S. S. H. Rizvi (Eds.), Engineering properties of foods isotherms for sweet and sour cherry. Journal of Food Engineering, 63,
(pp. 223–309). New york: Marcel Dekker. 15–19.
Sullivan, J. F., & Craig, J. C. (1984). The development of explosion- Wang, N., & Brennan, J. B. (1991). Moisture sorption isotherm
puffing. Food Technology, 2, 52–55. characteristics of potatoes at four temperatures. Journal of Food
Tolaba, M. P., Peltzer, M., Enriquez, N., & Pollio, M. L. (2004). Grain Engineering, 14, 269–287.
sorption equilibria of quinoa grains. Journal of Food Engineering, 61, Yanniotis, S. (1994). A new method for interpolating and extrapolating
365–371. water activity data. Journal of Food Engineering, 21, 81–96.