Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur

Report On Project Phase-1

Submitted By: - Sanjay Evane (MT16TRE016)

Under The Guidance of: - Dr. R.V. Ralegaonkar Sir
(Civil Engineering Department)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr.No. Contents Pg. No.

1. List of Abbreviations
2. Introduction
3. Chapter 1
Literature Review
4. Chapter 2
Objective
5. References
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PEG Poly Ethylene Glycol

RHA Rice Husk Ash

PVA Poly Vinyl Alcohol

SCC Self-Curing Concrete

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

Introduction: - Scarcity of potable water increases day by day. The use
of self-curing agent is very important from the point of view that water
resources are getting valuable every day. The concept of self-curing is
to reduce the water evaporation from concrete and hence increase the
water retention Capacity of the concrete compared to conventional
concrete.
Concrete curing compounds is considered to be most important since
curing of concrete is a major challenge in the construction industry.
Enough water needs to be present in a concrete mix for the hydration
of cement to take place. When the concrete is exposed, water
evaporates from its surface, The factors those influences the
evaporation are atmospheric temperature, wind velocity, relative
humidity, type of cement, initial temperature of the concrete and more
Importantly free w/c ratio of the mix.

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is highly workable concrete with high

strength and high performance that can flow under its own weight
through restricted sections without segregation and bleeding (EFNA
European Federation of Producers and Applicators of Specialist
Products for Structures, 2002).

Materials are used in self-Curing concrete is water, cement, fly ash, fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates, super-plasticizers and self-curing agents
like as (PEG, RHA, PVA etc.)
Literature Review
Olanipekun et al. (2006):- Carried out the comparative cost analysis
and strength characteristics of concrete produced using crushed,
granular coconut and palm kernel shell as substitutes for conventional
coarse aggregates. Had main objective to encourage the use of waste
products as construction materials in low cost housing. Crushed
granular coconut and palm kernel was used as substitute for
conventional coarse aggregate in the following ratios: 0%, 25%, 50%,
75% and 100% for preparing of mix ratios 1:1:2 and 1:2:4. Total 320
cubes were casted, tested and their physical and mechanical properties
were determined. The results show that coconut shell exhibited higher
compressive strength than palm kernel shell in the test Moreover,
there is a Cost reduction of 30% and 42% for concrete produced from
coconut shell and palm kernel shell respectively.

Daniel Yaw Osei (2013):- In his experimental study coarse aggregate

is partially replaced by coconut shell. Percentages of replacement by
coconut shell were – 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%. He concluded
that CS can be used to produce lightweight concrete and 18.5%
replacement of crushed granite with coconut shells can be used to
produce structural concrete.

Zeineddine Boudaoud et al. (2012):- In his experimental work

investigates the impact of substituting part of the conventional
aggregates with rubber aggregates on certain characteristics of the
cement concretes. The effect of these aggregates on the shrinkage of
the concretes at an early age is appreciable and even very interesting
for the concretes used, for example, in road construction. The
compressive and flexural strength of concrete specimens were
determined after 7 and 28 days of standard curing on cylindrical and
beam specimens. They concluded that substitutions of effects of coarse
traditional aggregates by rubber aggregates resulting from worn tires
decrease in the
Mechanical characteristics of the tested concretes

M. I. Abdul Aleem:- Investigate that they gives a brief review on geo

polymer concrete and conclude that User-friendly geo polymer
concrete can be used under conditions similar to those suitable for
ordinary Portland cement concrete. These constituents of Geo polymer
Concrete shall be capable of being mixed with a relatively low-alkali
activating solution and must be curable in a reasonable time under
ambient conditions.
The production of versatile, cost-effective geo polymer concrete can be
mixed and hardened essentially like Portland cement. Geo polymer
Concrete shall be used in repairs and rehabilitation works.

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri:- Investigate that they gives a review on fly

ash based geo polymer concrete and concluded that Fly ash-based geo
polymer is better than normal concrete in many aspects such as
compressive strength, exposure to aggressive environment, workability
and exposure to high temperature.

IRobina Kouser Tabassum: - Gives a review on geo polymer

concrete and concluded that the reduced CO2 emissions of Geo
polymer cements build them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland
Cement. Higher concentration of sodium hydroxide solution results in
higher compressive strength of geo polymer concrete. Geo polymer
concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt
environments.

L. Zheng: - Investigate that they using rubberized concrete in normal

concrete in place of coarse aggregate in normal concrete in various
volume ratios. The experiments revealed that strength and modulus
elasticity of rubberized concrete decreased with the increasing amount
of rubber content based on study the rubberized concrete had a slightly
lower cylinder/cube strength ratio compared with normal concrete.

A.K. Jain, Dr. J.S. Chouhan, and S.S. Goliya: - Presented the
laboratory results of the study undertaken to determine the effect of
shapes and size of aggregates on permeability of pervious concrete.
The result indicates that permeability of pervious concrete vary as a
function of angularity number of aggregates used.

Lian & Y. Zhuge: - Has concluded through their laboratory to

explore the optimum type of aggregate for porous concrete using
Australian local quarries. It can be concluded that the grading of
aggregate also need to be controlled in order to achieve the best
strength of porous concrete. A number of studies have shown its
potential to remove pollutants from water.

Omkar Deo, Milani Sumanasooriya, and Narayanan

Neithalath: - Through experimentation have described a study on
permeability reduction in pervious concretes due to physical clogging
using both experimental and modeling approaches. Significant
permeability reductions were observed with incremental finer sand
addition for pervious concrete mixtures.

Mohammad Abdur Rashida et al. (2009):- In his investigation use

of crushed brick as aggregate to achieve concrete of higher strength
and study the mechanical properties. It was found that higher strength
concrete (31MPa to 45.5MPa) with brick aggregate is achievable whose
strength is much higher than the parent uncrushed brick. Crushed
bricks may be used satisfactorily as coarse aggregate for making
concrete. The unit weight of such concrete is about 13% lower than
that of normal weight concrete. Similar to normal weight concrete a
drastic reduction in the compressive strength of brick aggregate
concrete due to the increase in water-cement ratio has been found.

Apebo N. S. et al (2014):- They tested physical properties of crushed

over burnt bricks aggregates. The concrete mixes were prepared using
crushed over burnt bricks as coarse aggregates at different water-
cement ratios of 0.40, 0.50, 0.55 and 0.60. The results indicate that the
compressive strength of crushed over burnt bricks sand concrete is 29.5
N/mm2 and gravel sand concrete is 30.8 N/mm2.It can be concluded
that by reducing the water-cement ratio from 0.60 to 0.40 the
compressive strength of crushed over burnt bricks sand concrete and
gravel sand concrete increase by more than 30%.

Visakh Suthan Pallath et al. (2015):- In this investigations they used

maximum size of aggregate is 20mm. For design M30 grade of
Concrete is being used and various tests are conducted on proportion
mix of recycled aggregates and natural aggregates. For this
experimental study the strength recommended was 30 N/mm2. In this
paper it is observed that for (70%NCA+30% RCA) got the maximum
Strength of 32.10 N/mm2 and for (50%NCA+50%RCA) got strength of
30.35 N/mm2. The ultimate aim is to attain a suitable strength on usage
of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements in rural roads thus to
implement cost effective nature and durability.

Ha-Won Song (2009):- Stated that the permeability of concrete reduces

up to a certain limit when silica fume content is about 8% and it keeps
on reducing from 8 to 12 % silica fume content. But, if the silica fume
content is more than 12 percent the permeability is marginal or in few
cases increases for increased water to binder ratio.
Yukari et al. (2009):- Experimented on the properties of pervious
concrete by replacing the cement with 20% and 50% of fly ash. He
concluded that compressive strength decreases with increment of fly
ash content. When fly ash content is increased up to 20% in concrete
permeability is decreasing, but after that when fly ash content reach to
50% in concrete permeability is increased which is nearly similar to no
fly ash pervious concrete.

Ravindrarajah et al. (2010):- investigated the properties of pervious

concrete by replacing 20% and 50% of cement with fly ash. He found
out that pervious concrete with high porosity shows low compressive
strength and high permeability. The results of their investigation
described that the permeability of pervious concrete was not notably
affected when 50% of cement was replaced by fly ash and compressive
strength will decrease with increase of the fly ash content.

Saied Heasami et al. (2014):- investigates the effect of RHA and

fiber on mechanical properties of pervious concrete. He concluded that
the optimum percentage of RHA without fibers is 8% while it is
between 8 to 10% with fibers; he added the permeability of pervious
concrete by adding 12% RHA content is significantly higher than adding
10% of RHA content. But addition of 10% RHA content gives higher
compressive, tensile and flexural strength than 12% RHA content.

Glicerio Triches et al.:- Had a laboratory research of RCC mixtures

with addition of bottom ash for composite pavements. The results
revealed an increase in flexural strength levels at increasing levels of
fine aggregate replacement by bottom ash. This study also indicates
that the addition of bottom ash in RCC mixtures might lead to lower
cement contents as well as to a less demand of fine aggregates.

Prabakar et al. (2004):- Studied influence of fly ash on soils and

reported that the addition with fly ash reduced
The dry density of the soil due to the low specific gravity and unit
weight of soil and improved the shear strength. The common
Waste materials are fly ash, blast furnace slag, cement kiln dust, waste
plastic bags, foundry sand and colliery sand.

Wen-Chen Jau: - stated that self-curing concrete is provided to

absorb water from moisture from air to achieve better hydration of
cement in concrete. It solves the problem when the degree of cement
hydration is lowered due to no Curing or improper curing by using self-
curing agent like poly-acrylic acid which has strong capability of
absorbing moisture from atmosphere and providing water required for
curing concrete.

C. F. Njoku and M. O.:- In this study the waste materials can partly
be used, or processed, to produce materials suitable as aggregates or
fillers in concrete. These can also be used as clinker raw materials, or
processed into cementing systems. New grinding and mixing
technology will make the use of these secondary materials simpler.
Developments in chemical admixtures: super plasticizers, air entraining
agents, etc., help in controlling production techniques and, in achieving
the desired properties in concrete were decreased with increase of
pumice aggregate and steel fiber ratio in the mixture.

M. A.Ahmadi:- A study on the development of Mechanical properties

up to 180 days of self-compacting and ordinary concretes with rice-
husk ash (RHA), from a rice paddy milling industry in Rasht (Iran). Based
on the result of self-compacting concrete specimens have higher value
than normal concrete specimens in all test except modulus of elasticity.
Also specimens with 20% replacement of cement by RHA have the best
performance.

Shikha Tyagi: - Studied on self-curing concrete and had use PEG400

as a self-curing agent in concrete. M25 and M40 grade of concrete are
adopted for investigation. She added 1-2% of PEG400 by weight of
cement for M25 and M40 grade concrete. She was concluded that the
optimum dosage of PEG400 for maximum Compressive strength was to
be 1% for M25 and 0.5% for M4O grades of concrete.

Mohammed Shafeeque Sanofar.P.B, Praveen.K.P. Jitin Raj,

Nikhil.V.P, Gopikrishna: - Has used PEG600 as a self-curing agent in
concrete. M20 and M25grade of concrete are adopted for
investigation. They added 0-2% of PEG600 by weight of cement for M20
and M25 grade concrete. From that they found 1% of PEG600 by
weight of cement was optimum for M20 and M25 grade of concrete for
achieve maximum strength.

Stella Evangeline: - Had use poly vinyl alcohol as self-curing agent in

concrete. He added 0.03-0.48% by weight of cement from that he
found 0.48% of poly vinyl alcohol by weight of cement provides higher
compressive, tensile as well as flexural strength than the strengths of
conventional mix.
Objective:-

1. To study the compressive, flexural and split tensile strength of

concrete by adding various types of waste materials.

2. To study the self-curing concrete by adding different types of

additives.

3. To study the behavior of pervious concrete by adding and

substituting various kinds of aggregates.
References:-

 E.A. Olanipekun, K.O. Olusola, O. Ata, comparative study of

concrete properties using coconut shell and palm kernel shell as
coarse aggregates, Building and Environment 41 (2006) 297–301,
Received 5 July 2004; received in revised form 5 January 2005;
accepted 13 January 2005.
 Daniel Yaw Osei, Experimental assessment on coconut shells as
aggregate in concrete, International Journal of Engineering
Science Invention, vol. 2, Issue 5 (May 2013).
 Zeineddine Boudaoud, Miloud Beddar, Effects of Recycled Tires
Rubber Aggregates on the Characteristics of Cement Concrete,
Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012, 2, 193-197.
 M. I. Abdul Aleem, and P. D. Arumairaj “GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE” International Journal of Engineering Sciences &
Emerging Technologies, Feb 2012. ISSN: 2231 – 6604 doi:
10.7323/ijeset/v1_i2_14 Volume 1, Issue 2, pp: 118-122
 Mohd Mustafa A Bakri*, H. Mohammed, H. Kamarudin, I. Khairul
Niza and Y. Zarina “Review on fly ash-based geopolymer concrete
without Portland Cement ” Journal of Engineering and Technology
Research Vol. 3(1), pp. 1-4, January 2011
 Robina Kouser Tabassum, and Ankush Khadwal “A Brief Review on
Geopolymer Concrete” International Journal of Advanced
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Sept. 2015)
 L. Zheng, X. Sharon Huo, and Y. Yuan “Strength, Modulus of
Elasticity, and Brittleness index of Rubberized concrete” 10.1061/
(ASCE) 0899-1561(2008)20:11(692)
 A.K. Jain, Dr. J.S. Chouhan, S.S. Goliya Effect Of Shape And Size Of
Aggregate On Permeability Of Pervious Concrete JERS/Vol. II/
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Permeability Reduction in Pervious Concretes due to Clogging:
Experiments and Modeling Journal of Materials in Civil
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1561/2010/7-741–751
 Mohammad Abdur Rashid, Tanvir Hossain, M. Ariful Islam,
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43-52
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works, International Journal of Research in Engineering and
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Issue: 03 Mar-2015
 Ha-Won Song, 2009 “Estimation of the permeability of silica fume
cement concrete” Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010)
315–321.

 Yukari Aoki., M.E.Thesis “Development of Pervious

Concrete”,Faculty of Engineering and Information
Technology,University of Technology,Sydney,June 2009.

 Sri Ravindrarajah,A.Yukari, “Environmentally Friendly Pervious

Concrete for Sustainable Construction”,35th Conference on Our
World in Concrete & Structures,Singapore,25-27 August,2010.
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husk ash and fibre on mechanical properties of pervious concrete
pavement,Construction and Building Materials 53 (2014) 680–
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 Glicerio Triches, Alexandre Jose da Silva, Roberto de Andrade
Caldas Pinto, “Incorporating bottom ash in roller compacted
concrete for composite pavements”, Universidade Federal de
Santa Catarina
 Prabakar J., Dendorkar N., Morchhale K., “Influence of fly ash on
strength behavior of typical soils. Construct Build Mater”,
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263-267, 2004
 C. F. Njoku and M. O. Yusuf “Effect of Rice Husk as filler in
concrete
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 Mohammad Shafeeque, Sanofar P.B., Gopikrishna. “Strength
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