Insights Ias Mains Test Series-2018 Test 17-Essay-Outline: 1. Reform of Higher Civil Services in India - Necessary Evil?

INSIGHTS IAS MAINS TEST SERIES-2018
TEST 17-ESSAY-OUTLINE
Section – A
1. Reform of higher civil services in India - Necessary evil?
We are trying to achieve 21st century Goals, with 20th century Bureaucracy and
19th century laws..!!! ”
Body:
- What is civil services reforms – Administrative + Governance Reforms

- Reforms at different stages
 Recruitment
 Training and capacity building
 Performance Appraisal
 Efficiency
 Accountability
 Pay reforms
 Management of civil services
Recruitment –
(a) Gorwala,1951- eliminate scoffe for patronage
(b) Mudaliar committee-1956 – bachelor degree minimum-(Age 21-23 limit)
(c) First ARC -1966-single exam, Lateral entry
(d) Kothari committee -2001-CSAT
(e) 2nd ARC –Lateral entry for top management posts -2005.
Training and Capacity building
 Garwala, 1951- induction training

 Krishmanachari report, 1962- training to state civil servants
 1st ARC:1966- changes in foundation course
 Yugandhar committed-2003-Inservice training at 12,20 and 28 year
 2nd ARC- Induction training at all levels-2005-08
Achievement – pathways for inclusive Indian Administration –UNDP +DARPG

Performance appraisal:
WWW.INSIGHTSIAS.COM WWW.INSIGHTSONINDIA.COM
 First ARC –‘Performance Record’ – confidential report
 Surinder Nath Committee -2003-computerised monitoring system for overall
development of officer
 Achievement- push for 360 degree review
Efficiency:
1. Gopalswamy report -1949

Grouping of dept dealing with socio-economic
services into 4 bureaus for better coordination
Apple by report - 1953
2. 1st ARC – 1966- Reward

3. Hota committee-2004- ICT to transform governance
4. 2nd ARC- creation of performance management systems.
Achievement- results framework documents, e-offices, prime minister awards for
excellence in services
Accountability:
Santhanam committee -1964- disclosing assets, gift restrictions amend –A-311 for
disciplinary proceedings
Hota committee-2004-Amend PoCA, and CrP code, code of ethics, model code of
governance
2nd ARC- intensive review- 14 years-strength/weakness
20 years fitness for continuation
Pay reforms – 6th and 7th pay commissions
Management of CS- Department of personal- directly under PMO minimum tenure for
senior officers, public services Bill, 2007
Survey – state of civil services survey -2010
Recruitment and placement
 67 % officers agreed for reduction in maximum age

 82% officers support post-selection counseling
 54% agree with idea of lateral entry
 83% agree with idea that senior position be opened to all seniors
 33% officers considered resignation at some point of time
 45% - better opportunities outside government
Work environment
 50% officers sufficient funds to work efficiently

 29% pressure due to undue outside interference
Job satisfaction
 73% satisfied with current assignment

 73% -make useful contribution and 71% - highest motivators
Postings and transfers –
 64% officers are satisfied with postings and tenure

 52% feel posting to important place snot based on merit
 58% transfers are not rational
Work –life balance
 45-50% feel they have control over the time to great extent
 Woman officers feel less in control ovr time than male
 Time management – not efficient –due to lack of support staff in numbers and
competence
Learning and development:
 77% officers feel-officer needs to be specialized in one or more subjects

 Training- too general post training posting not rational, selection for training not
rational
Performance appraisal and promotion
 Only 45% feel-perfect appraisal system in fair

 73% feel short term goals more value.
Leadership and management:
 32% seniors do not mentor juniors

 40% senior officers are incapable of taking tough decisions
 44% feel senior officers are impartial and fair with subordinates
Commitment and integrity
 70% feel- majority officers do not approach influential people or use other means
to get good postings
Positive image of their relation with external stakeholders
Harassment and discrimination
 36% victims of harassment in services

 20% officers have faced discrimination
Overall perception about civil services
 85% have enjoyed their work in CS and 85% are proud being the member of civil
services (highest among IAS,IPS,IFS)
Examples from other countries
 Contractual appointment – Belgium, Finland, Korea, new Zealand and UK

 Lateral entry –Belgium, Finland, Canada ,UK and US
 Performance pay-Canada, UK and US ,Italy
 Competency based training-Belgium, Canada, Netherlands
Types of service
 Position based
 Career based
Reform
 Radial
 Gradual
2. India’s future depends on protection and perpetuation of its

democratic values.
“I understand democracy as something that gives the weak the same chance as the
strong”-Mahatma Gandhi
“Democracy is not low of the majority but protection of minority” –Albert Camus
“The ballot is stronger than the bullet “- Abraham Lincoln
Democracy is way of life. It’s most active, dynamic and changing value
There cannot be daily democracy without daily citizenship, hence India provisioned
universal adult franchise immediately after independence
Core democratic value could be in broader context enshrined in political social and
economic democracy/preamble or freedom, equality, justice, autonomy, cooperation,
tolerance, shared decision making, sense of community.
India being mature and resilient democracy. It’s a national democracy in India in the
face of a low income widespread poverty, illiteracy, immense religious and ethnic
diversity?
-political: - democracy is part of nation is political consciousness despite disillusionment
with politics we have deep philosophical commitment to democracy and authority of
state must derive solely from consent of majority
Historical: Sakya, Gana, Sabha etc in Ancient period. Colonial oppression made
democracy to be most cherished value.
International: successful democracies have become economic power house denial of
such rights results in events, kinds of Arab spring, terrorism etc
Is resilience threatened? How democratic credentials are affected? So that demanding
for protection.
 Political:-Governance deficit
 Weak institution
 Populist measures
 Money and muscle power in election
 Democracy is nothing but 5 min conversation with average voter
Social: Dadri lynching, cow vigilantism

Liberty – perumal murugan
Social media – post truth
Justice – Bail v/s undertrail prisoners
Economic: crony capitalism
-e-commerce –market capture –monopoly
For all above dimensions one can write how democratic values can be promoted and
protected
Perpetuation of democratic credentials which in turn promotes and protects democratic
value measures for perpetuation could be
Expanding voter base
Inculcating democratic values in the curriculum, having leadership board
Strong institutions
Effective governance
Majority decision making
Eliciting public opinion, RTI
Transparency and accountability, informed choice
In a democracy the individual enjoys not only the ultimate power but carries the
ultimate responsibility
So the citizens play dominant role in perpetuating democratic value.
3. Human rights and its significance for global peace and development.
Definition- Human Rights are those rights which are essential for the protection and
maintenance of dignity of individuals and create conditions which are essential for the
development of personality to the fullest extent.
Human rights become operative with the birth of an individual or even before that. They
are inherent irrespective of the identity (sex, caste, religion, nationality)
HR is the synonym to –Fundamental Right/ Basic right/natural right/birth right
HR is universal and legally guaranteed (they make man free)
Historical perspective:
13 th commission (to limit monrch’s power)
1775-American revolution
1791- Bill of rights= FR
1789- National Assembly ( French Revolution) passed ‘declaration of rights of man‘
Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
1860s –US and UK – abolished slavery
1948- Universal declaration of HR
World War II acted as a catalyst to bring the importance of HR to global level (Jews
persecution +million of young soldiers died)
Members of UN decided to protect HR and established commission on HR

Importance of HR
 For overall development of a person

 Freedom of speech and expression
 Right to life and personal lliberty
 Judicial Remedy
 Freedom to movement
 Freedom to take part in governance
 Reduction of conflict
All these bring s peace

Economic and political rights
 Right to work
 Right to good standard of living
 Right to rest and leisure
 RTE
 Equal pay for equal work
Social Rights
 Right to equality
 Right against discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, etc
HR brings – empowerment of citizens- which leads to individual prosperity lesser

conflicts- more development
Examples of HR violation/Hotspots
 Apartheid/Racial discrimination
 Dictatorship/ curbing of dissent / Jews Execution
 Japanese war crimes / 2nd world war
 Targeting civil population during war
 During industrialization- violation of women rights and children rights
Recent examples:
Syrian war – use of chemical weapons
Venezuelan crisis- suppression of protest
Yemen v/s Saudi
Myanmar – Rohingya issue
China – Uighur
India –
 Bonded labour
 Child labour
 Trafficking/drugs
 Honour killing
 AFSPA
 Custodial deaths/Fake Encounter
Positive reinforcement cycle

More HR Peace development
Development = Realizing potential

=Increasing capabilities
=Repeating each other’s HR
=peaceful co existence
Example = Non Alignment movement
= Panchasheel doctrine
At individual level HR helps in
 Freedom of conscience
 Expression of thoughts without fear
 Freedom to dream
 Adequate nutrition and love to children
Right to play- fear environment- creativity
HR → Security →prosperity
HR → Democracy → development
Rule of law →↑ Rule of law →political pluralism→ Accountability→ development

HR→MDG +SDG = Reduction in poverty, reduction in hunger, sustainable in
environment
Example – leaders who fought for HR – Gandhiji , Nelson Mandela, Kailash Sathyarthi,
Mother Theresa, Martin Luther king, Dr B R Ambedkar, Ishwar Chandra vidyasagar,
RRM
4. The root causes of global poverty cannot be addressed by aid or

charity
The root causes of global poverty cannot be addressed by AID or CHARITY
Overcoming poverty is not a task of charity it is an act of justice – Nelson Mandela
Root causes of Global poverty :
 More than 11% of the world’s population lives in extreme poverty( WB report)
 Approx 800 million (2017)
Colonization (500 years)

Lack of resources
Social indicators
Education Infrastructure
Unemployment Electricity
Clean drinking water Happiness
Nutritious food
Inequality – Resources, Gender, Age (Youth –old)

Conflicts/wars
Climate change
Limited capacity of the government
Lack of resource reserve
Vicious cycle of poverty
Low income
Low productivity Low consumption Low savings
Low investment
Why charity?
1. Traditional way of wealth redistribution
2. Why people donate to charities
 Religion
Sign of good human beings –virtues, human act
 Spiritual
3. Motives:
 Strong feelings towards a certain cause due to some personal experience
 Desire to make a difference
 Expectations of social recognition
 Fringe benefits- peer pressure
“Happier person give more and giving makes a personal happier “
4. Charity is primarily about the donors – their visions, desires and expectations it
is not about recipients of charity
5. Charity focus on symptoms not causes global poverty – multidimensional puzzle
 Social, cultural, political, economic plains
6. Charities hamper the process of social change
 Only temporary relief – makes people complacent and dependent on
charity
 Substitutes the idea and desire of individual for those of social reform
7. Tax revenues to charity reduce both public revenue and accountability
- Tax revenues or benefits do not discriminate on the nature of charities
8. Accountability:
Donars – not accountable
9. Charity delays real justice
- Patching up side- effects of fundamental injustice
Negatives of charity:
- Misuse of money
- False expenses
- Unauthorized funding
- Credit and scam
- Tax evasion
Threat to nation’s internal security (financial)

-Hinder development
Ex: FCRA – Foreign contribution Regulation Act (checking unauthorized
money)
Poverty – SDG1 – no poverty in any form
Poverty reduction uneven- region and countries
-70% of poverty –middle income countries (sub- Saharan Africa, south Asia)
Solutions:
Preventing and reducing vulnerability to conflict natural disaster and economic down
turn
Curbing inequalities and exclusion
Supporting effective and exclusion
Supporting effective governance that ensures all citizens have voice, particularly those
left behind
Enabling government to generate growth that is inclusive, sustainable and just
Helping countries halt environmental degradation that causes and aggravates
deprivation and increases the risk of setbacks
‘Collective efforts’- inclusive growth ‘
CAPABILITY APPROACH- AMARTHYA SEN.
“Give a man how to fish and you feed him for a day.
Teach a man how to fish and you feed him for a lifetime “.
Successful NGO’s as donors
Milinda gates foundation
Concerns worldwide – reducing poverty in poor countries
Village rich
Interaction (US based)
Related Quotes
- “if a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are
rich “
-“Charity is no substitute for justice withheld “- Saint Augustine
- the proper aim of giving is to put the recipients in a state where they no longer need
our gifts – C.S. Lewis
Section - B
1. Innovation is the ability to convert ideas into invoices
Innovation can be defined as a new idea device or method which breaks into the society
or market.
Innovation is often seen as the application of better solutions that meet new
requirements Patent issues
Unarticulated needs, or existing market needs
Innovation takes place through the provision of more effective products, processes,
services, technologies or business models that are made available to markets,
government and society
Innovation model:
Science: technology business market which is nothing but ideas

invoices.
Innovation is implementation of invention this could be substantiated with examples
Bright side:
Boost to entrepreneurship
Research and development
Willingness to pay (invoices) is about recognizing the value of ideas
IPR (Intellectual property rights) promotion.
Socio economic development
Flip side :
Patent issues
Only lucrative research could get the institutional support and funding
Ideas will not be freely exchanged
Undermining the equity principle:
Broadcasting the perspectives:
Ideas into invoices
Historical
Example: Buddhism (Nonviolence) →peace, spiritual and individual development
Technology:
Example: Mark zukerberg→ virtual network →Facebook
Government:
Example:
Bulbs –mass production →UJALA LED bulbs which have high efficiency and low
cost.
Also, on the other side
Ideas like fascism, jingoism→ Deterioration of values
Nuclear Energy → security threat
Conclusion:
Innovation, the ability to convert ideas into invoices should be judiciously utilized to
improve social capital and to achieve inclusive development.
2. The best way to get a bad law repealed is to enforce it strictly
Quote by Abraham Lincoln

Possible introduction:
 Story on effects of bad laws

 Definition of bad law
 Any relevant quotes
Body:
Subjective nature of law good/bad.
Bad law and intention behind it
Constructive: destructive:
Traffic fines etc and good intention against the rights of a section
of a society
People internalize after sometime uprising protests from the internal
section /human rights violation/
international pressure
The need for stricter laws might go away may lead repealing the law
 United consequences
Eg:- No detention policy.
 Discuss its(bad law and its strict enforcement ) Effect in various government
contexts
a. Democracy-internal uprising/repeal/ modification by judiciary etc
b. Autocracy- can lead to international interference [Libya –US]
 Discuss the other ways of repealing [emphasis on best in the topic here ]
 Suggestions to avoid framing of bad laws/avoid large scale unintended
consequences due to implementation
a. Change the laws by incorporating the feedback from the people
b. Public policy making
c. Pilot implementation of law
 Conclusion.
3. Technology is our planet’s last best hope.
Survival of the fittest→ technology gives that edge
Intro: Malthus prediction (proved wrong) →technology was the solution

→ecological modernism
Technology as key in solving big environmental problems + technological substitutes
Schumpeter argued that capitalism is driven not, as Adam smith said, by incremental
efforts to cut costs and boost profits in a competitive market but by the pursuit of game
changing technological transformations
Debate
How far technology can solve how far it exacerbates it

Our problems
Malthus prediction →technological was the solution
Food security → pre GM crops
Pro mega dams and pro urbanization

Pro geo engineering- climate change
Colonization of planet→ Human sustenance
Biotechnology –human longevity

Flip side:
Science without humanity (seven sins)
Technology
 Accessibility
 Affordability
Limits to growth →technology can only postpone the eminent danger

Technology: favoring only humans
Vulnerabilities of technology
 Privacy
 Anonymity
4. India’s legal system reforms should be proportionate to pace of its

economic reforms.
We are trying to achieve 21st century Goals, with 20th century Bureaucracy and 19th
century laws..!!! ”
Body:
- What is civil services reforms – Administrative + Governance Reforms

- Reforms at different stages
 Recruitment
 Training and capacity building
 Performance Appraisal
 Efficiency
 Accountability
 Pay reforms
 Management of civil services
Recruitment –
(a) Gorwala,1951- eliminate scoffe for patronage
(b) Mudaliar committee-1956 – bachelor degree minimum-(Age 21-23 limit)
(c) First ARC -1966-single exam, Lateral entry
(d) Kothari committee -2001-CSAT
(e) 2nd ARC –Lateral entry for top management posts -2005.
Training and Capacity building
 Garwala, 1951- induction training

 Krishmanachari report, 1962- training to state civil servants
 1st ARC:1966- changes in foundation course
 Yugandhar committed-2003-Inservice training at 12,20 and 28 year
 2nd ARC- Induction training at all levels-2005-08
Achievement – pathways for inclusive Indian Administration –UNDP +DARPG

Performance appraisal:
 First ARC –‘Performance Record’ – confidential report
 Surinder Nath Committee -2003-computerised monitoring system for overall
development of officer
 Achievement- push for 360 degree review
Efficiency:
5. Gopalswamy report -1949
Grouping of dept dealing with socio-economic
services into 4 bureaus for better coordination
Apple by report - 1953
6. 1st ARC – 1966- Reward

7. Hota committee-2004- ICT to transform governance
8. 2nd ARC- creation of performance management systems.
Achievement- results framework documents, e-offices, prime minister Awards for
excellence in services
Accountability:
Santhanam committee -1964- disclosing assets, gift restrictions amend –A-311 for
disciplinary proceedings
Hota committee-2004-Amend PoCA, and CrP code, code of ethics, model code of
governance
2nd ARC- intensive review- 14 years-strength/weakness
20 years fitness for continuation
Pay reforms – 6th and 7th pay commissions
Management of CS- Department of personal- directly under PMO minimum tenure for
senior officers, public services Bill, 2007
Survey – state of civil services survey -2010
Recruitment and placement
 67 % officers agreed for reduction in maximum age

 82% officers support post-selection counseling
 54% agree with idea of lateral entry
 83% agree with idea that senior position be opened to all seniors
 33% officers considered resignation at some point of time
 45% - better opportunities outside government
Work environment
 50% officers sufficient funds to work efficiently
 29% pressure due to undue outside interference
Job satisfaction
 73% satisfied with current assignment

 73% -make useful contribution and 71% - highest motivators
Postings and transfers –
 64% officers are satisfied with postings and tenure

 52% feel posting to important place snot based on merit
 58% transfers are not rational
Work –life balance
 45-50% feel they have control over the time to great extent
 Woman officers feel less in control ovr time than male
 Time management – not efficient –due to lack of support staff in numbers and
competence
Learning and development:
 77% officers feel-officer needs to be specialized in one or more subjects

 Training- too general post training posting not rational, selection for training not
rational
Performance appraisal and promotion
 Only 45% feel-perfect appraisal system in fair

 73% feel short term goals more value.
Leadership and management:
 32% seniors do not mentor juniors

 40% senior officers are incapable of taking tough decisions
 44% feel senior officers are impartial and fair with subordinates
Commitment and integrity
 70% feel- majority officers do not approach influential people or use other means
to get good postings
Positive image of their relation with external stakeholders

Harassment and discrimination
 36% victims of harassment in services
 20% officers have faced discrimination
Overall perception about civil services
 85% have enjoyed their work in CS and 85% are proud being the member of civil
services (highest among IAS,IPS,IFS)
Examples from other countries
 Contractual appointment – Belgium, Finland, Korea, new Zealand and UK

 Lateral entry –Belgium, Finland, Canada ,UK and US
 Performance pay-Canada, UK and US ,Italy
 Competency based training-Belgium, Canada, Netherlands
Types of service
 Position based
 Career based
Reform
 Radial
 Gradual

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INSIGHTS IAS MAINS TEST SERIES-2018

1. Reform of higher civil services in India - Necessary evil?

- What is civil services reforms – Administrative + Governance Reforms

Training and Capacity building

 Garwala, 1951- induction training

Achievement – pathways for inclusive Indian Administration –UNDP +DARPG

1. Gopalswamy report -1949

2. 1st ARC – 1966- Reward

 67 % officers agreed for reduction in maximum age

 50% officers sufficient funds to work efficiently

 73% satisfied with current assignment

Postings and transfers –

 64% officers are satisfied with postings and tenure

Work –life balance

Learning and development:

 77% officers feel-officer needs to be specialized in one or more subjects

Performance appraisal and promotion

 Only 45% feel-perfect appraisal system in fair

Leadership and management:

 32% seniors do not mentor juniors

Commitment and integrity

 36% victims of harassment in services

Overall perception about civil services

Examples from other countries

 Contractual appointment – Belgium, Finland, Korea, new Zealand and UK

2. India’s future depends on protection and perpetuation of its

Social: Dadri lynching, cow vigilantism

Members of UN decided to protect HR and established commission on HR

 For overall development of a person

All these bring s peace

HR brings – empowerment of citizens- which leads to individual prosperity lesser

Positive reinforcement cycle

Development = Realizing potential

Rule of law →↑ Rule of law →political pluralism→ Accountability→ development

4. The root causes of global poverty cannot be addressed by aid or

Colonization (500 years)

Inequality – Resources, Gender, Age (Youth –old)

Threat to nation’s internal security (financial)

1. Innovation is the ability to convert ideas into invoices

Unarticulated needs, or existing market needs

Science: technology business market which is nothing but ideas

Innovation is implementation of invention this could be substantiated with examples

Research and development

Willingness to pay (invoices) is about recognizing the value of ideas

IPR (Intellectual property rights) promotion.

Socio economic development

Ideas will not be freely exchanged

Undermining the equity principle:

Broadcasting the perspectives:

Ideas into invoices

Example: Buddhism (Nonviolence) →peace, spiritual and individual development

Example: Mark zukerberg→ virtual network →Facebook

Also, on the other side

Ideas like fascism, jingoism→ Deterioration of values

Nuclear Energy → security threat

2. The best way to get a bad law repealed is to enforce it strictly

Quote by Abraham Lincoln