First Semester:-

Course Title:
Applied Thermodynamics
Topic:
Parts and Working of Four Stroke
Diesel Engine
Submitted To:
Engr. Amina Noor
Submitted By:
Muhammad Ahmad
Roll. No:
18-ELE-47
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Diesel Engine:

The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine), named

after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel, which is injected
into the combustion chamber, is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due
to the mechanical compression (adiabatic compression). Diesel engines work by compressing only
the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high degree that atomized
diesel fuel injected into the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously. This contrasts with spark-
ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as
opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. In diesel engines, glow
plugs (combustion chamber pre-warmers) may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when the
engine uses a lower compression-ratio, or both. The original diesel engine operates on the "constant
pressure" cycle of gradual combustion and produces no audible knock.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any
practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and
inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also
avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburned fuel is not
present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust.
Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is
relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.

Main parts of 4-Stroke Diesel Engine:-

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Cylinder Head:
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head (often informally abbreviated to
just head) sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder,
forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket. In most engines, the head
also provides space for the passages that feed air and fuel to the cylinder, and that allow the exhaust
to escape. The head can also be a place to mount the valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors.

Cylinder Block:
The cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder(s) of a reciprocating
engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures (coolant passages, intake
and exhaust passages and ports, and crankcase). The term engine block is often used
synonymously with "cylinder block" (although technically distinctions can be made between en
bloc cylinders as a discrete unit versus engine block designs with yet more integration that comprise
the crankcase as well).

Fuel Injector:
Fuel injectors are electronically controlled mechanical devices that are responsible for
spraying (injecting) the right amount of fuel into the engine, so that a suitable air/fuel mixture is
created for optimal combustion. Injectors must not only deliver the right amount of fuel, but they
must also disperse the fuel at the right angle, pressure and spray pattern.

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Valves:
The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out
exhaust. Note that both valves are closed during compression and combustion so that the
combustion chamber is sealed.

Piston:
A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder.

Piston Rings:
Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge
of the cylinder. The rings serve two purposes:

 They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from leaking into
the sump during compression and combustion.
 They keep oil in the sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned
and lost.

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Piston Pin:
In internal combustion engines, the Piston pin connects the piston to the connecting rod
and provides a bearing for the connecting rod to pivot upon as the piston moves.

Connecting rod:
The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that
its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.

Crankshaft:
The crankshaft turns the piston's up-and-down motion into circular motion just like a crank
on a jack-in-the-box does.

Crankcase:

A crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft in a reciprocating internal combustion engine.
The enclosure forms the largest cavity in the engine and is located below the cylinder(s), which in a
multi cylinder engine is usually integrated into one or several cylinder blocks.

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Flywheel:
A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store rotational energy.
Flywheels resist changes in rotational speed by their moment of inertia. The amount of energy stored
in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. The way to change a flywheel's
stored energy is by increasing or decreasing its rotational speed by applying a torque aligned with
its axis of symmetry.

Sump:
The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil, which collects in the bottom of
the sump (the oil pan).

Diesel Engine Parts Functions:-

 The piston reaches the end through an induction stroke while the inlet valve closes.

 Other pistons powered by the piston pressure and the flywheel momentum, reaches the
cylinder top to compress the air to a volume which is 20 times lower than the original.

 When the piston is at the top position, a small amount of fuel is injected into the
combustion chamber.

 The air-fuel mixture gets ignited from the heat generated by the high compression.

 The burning air expands and forces the piston downward to turn the crankshaft.

 While the piston goes for the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve is opened. As a result, the
exhaust gases travel through the exhaust pipe, and the end of the stroke makes the
cylinder ready to take fresh air again.

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WORKING OF 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE:-
Basically there are four strokes.

1. Intake stroke
2. Compression stroke
3. Power/combustion
4. Exhaust stroke.
(Stroke: When the piston moves from one end to another end inside the cylinder from TDC to BDC
or BDC to TDC is called stroke.)

INTAKE STROKE:
In Intake stroke the inlet valve open and Outlet valve remain closed and the Air is filled
inside the cylinder (combustion chamber) and piston moves from T.D.C to B.D.C.

COMPRESSION STROKE:
The inlet valve and outlet valve both remain closed and the piston moves from B.D.C to
T.D.C. The Air inside the chamber compressed and the pressure and temperature of the gas
inside the chamber increase.

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POWER STROKE:
The intake and outlet valve remain closed. And as the piston just about to reach T.D.C the
diesel is injected by Injectors due to high pressure and temperature the fuel start burning as it
comes into the contact of compressed air and piston moves T.D.C to B.D.C.

EXHAUST STROKE:
After the combustion the Exhaust valve open and inlet remain closed, the exhaust gases
moved out of chamber.

The cycle of four strokes continues and the translational motion of Piston converts into
rotational motion of crankshaft by connecting rod. The crankshaft transfer motion to flywheel and
hence to transmission box and finally to wheels.