TOPIC 1 : REAL FLUID FLOW

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. To apply Hagen Poisseuille equation on laminar flows
in bounded system
2. To apply Darcy Weisbach equation on laminar and
turbulent flows in bounded system
3. To determine the flow friction factor, f using Moody chart
4. To determine head losses in pipe flow due to friction,
separation (sudden contraction & expansion) and pipe
fittings

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 CHAPTER 1
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STEADY FLOW IN PIPES

1.1 Laminar Flow through Circular Pipes

1.2 Turbulent Flow in Bounded Conditions
1.3 Determining Friction Factor, f
using Moody Chart
1.4 Different forms of the Darcy Equation
1.5 Pipe Problems
1.6 Separation losses in pipe flow
1.7 Equivalent Length

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 LECTURE 1.1
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES
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Laminar flow through Circular Pipes

under Steady and Uniform conditions

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INTRODUCTION

 Deals with analysis of pipe flow running under

STEADY and UNIFORM condition.
 Pipes are analysed for both laminar and turbulent
flow.
 Head loss due to friction - results from shear stresses
derived by both laminar and turbulent flow.
 Head loss also results in flow separation.

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UNIFORM FLOW

Fluid flow in which all the conditions at any one point are constant with respect
to space

STEADY FLOW

Fluid flow in which all the conditions at any one point are constant with respect
to time
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 Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes under
Steady and Uniform Conditions
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 Can be analysed theoretically by applying

momentum equation to the element of flow within the
pipe
 The relationship between the shear stress and
velocity gradient is utilised to obtain the velocity
distribution within the cross section

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 No slip condition  used for a given fluid where the

velocity of the fluid in contact with solid boundary =
velocity of the solid boundary
 Stationary pipe case  the velocity will equal to
zero = the velocity of the fluid at the location where
it is in contact also equals to zero

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 Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
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p+p

• Annulus of radius r with elemental

thickness, δr
• Annulus  part of the fluid flowing in
the pipe with radius R
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p+p

 Velocity distribution in pipe due to laminar flow

 Fluid density, ρ
 Momentum equation applied to the annular element
and summing the forces and equating them to the
rate of change of momentum
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 Force in the direction of motion due to :

 Pressure,p
 Shear stress, 

 Weight of element, W

 Force in opposite direction due to :

p +P
  + 
p+p

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PRESSURE
 Force due to the static pressure, p (in the direction of

flow) = pressure multiplied by the cross sectional

area of the annulus.
p= F/A
F =p. A
 EQN 1

 Similarly force due to p + δp, (in the opposite

direction)
= (p+ (p/x). x) 2 r r 9/9/2014  EQN 2
 Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
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SHEAR FORCE
• Shear force acting along the inner surface
of the annulus
Shear Force = A
 EQN 3

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• Similarly the shear force acting on the

outer surface (in the opposite direction)

Shear Force = (+ ) A

= ( + (/r). r) . 2rx  EQN 4

*Ignoring higher order terms

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WEIGHT
• Weight of the element is equal to the
Weight = density x volume x g
where g is the gravitational acceleration
W= mg = g

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W sin
Where W = .2r. r x. g
sin = - (z/x)

W sin = -2r rx. g (z/x)  EQN 5

p+p

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MOMENTUM EQUATION
• Applying momentum equation, sum of the forces in
the direction of flow, must be equal to zero since there
is no acceleration of steady flow
Sum up all the forces, F = 0
(EQN 1) - (EQN 2) + (EQN 3) – (EQN 4) + (EQN 5) = 0

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• Substituting W = .2r. r x. g and sin = - (z/x) and

cancelling out terms, will yield,
P 1  z
  r   g 0
x r r x
P 1  z
 r   g 0
x r r x
1   
r   gz  P    0
r r  x 
Piezometric Pressure
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PIEZOMETRIC PRESSURE

• It is independent of r, thus expression can be integrated

with respect to r
• Integrating the equation,

where C is the constant of integration

• Substituting values at the centreline where r = 0, C = 0
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SHEAR STRESS & VELOCITY GRADIENT RELATIONSHIP

• Circular pipes distances are measured from the centre (r),

modify the expression

 EQN 6

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• Substitute equation 6 into

• Result in the following

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• Hence velocity gradient, du

• Velocity obtained by integrating the

expression

Where D is the constant of integration

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 Applying the boundary condition at the pipe wall,

where r = R, velocity, u = 0 due to no slip condition

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Substituting into
results in the velocity distribution across the cross
section in circular pipe of radius R
Where,
u = velocity at a specific point in any cross section
R = internal radius of the pipe
r = distance of the point measured from the centre of
the pipe x- section
μ = dynamic viscosity
p = pressure
 = density of the fluid flowing
g = gravitational acceleration
z = elevation
dx = incremental distance along the pipe
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MAXIMUM VELOCITY
 Previous equation describes the variation of the
velocity across the pipe cross section
 Velocity variation is parabolic in nature
 The maximum velocity occur in the centre of the pipe
where r = 0
 Hence, maximum velocity

Velocity profile in a circular pipe for laminar flow

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FLOW RATE

 Flow rate can be determined by integrating the

incremental flow, δQ through
– Annulus of radius, r
– Thickness δr across the flow from r = 0 or r = R

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 Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
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Q=v. A

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 Flow Rate in a Circular Pipes for
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Laminar Flow

 EQN 7

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 Average velocity for Laminar Flow in
Circular Pipes
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 Average velocity, v can be computed by

v = Q/A
where A = cross sectional area
A = πR2 or πd2/4, d = diameter of pipe
 Therefore, substitute
Q = Av in the equation 7
where A = πR2

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 Average velocity for Laminar Flow in
Circular Pipes
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 Relationship between Average
velocity and Maximum velocity for
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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
 Comparing

&

yields,

 Average velocity in the pipe is equal to half of the

maximum velocity (occurs in the centre)
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 Finding Pressure drop for Laminar
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Flow in Circular Pipes
 Substituting with
(the pressure drop per length of the pipe)

into equation 7. Thus,

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 Hagen Poisseuille equation for
32
Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
 Rearranging the equation to obtain Δp,
 Thus,

 also known as the Hagen Poisseuille equation

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 Head Loss due to friction for
Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
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 Head loss due to friction,

 Substitute the head loss due to friction in the Hagen

Poisseuille equation

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EXAMPLE 1.1

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 Solution for example 1.1
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 Solution for example 1.1
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 Solution for example 1.1
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EXAMPLE 1.2

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 Solution for example 1.2
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 Solution for example 1.2
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 Solution for example 1.2
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 Solution for example 1.2
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 Solution for example 1.2
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L= dx = incremental distance along the pipe

p = p
z if not given, assume 0
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 Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
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EXAMPLE 1.3

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 Solution for example 1.3
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EXAMPLE 1.4

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 Solution for example 1.4
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 Solution for example 1.4
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 Solution for example 1.4
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