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THZ Focal Plane Arrays For High Sensitivity Direct Detection of Excised Tissue Characteristics
THZ Focal Plane Arrays For High Sensitivity Direct Detection of Excised Tissue Characteristics
excised tissue characteristics
ElectroScience Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State
ElectroScience Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH, 43212 USA
Application of terahertz imaging
Antenna The Terahertz band
Breast cancer detection: 1 out of 8 women will have breast cancer in
their life (American Cancer Society) •Safety ‐ THz radiation has low phonon energies (4 meV
Double slot antenna Modified double slot antenna @ 1 THz) and, therefore, is non‐ionizing toward biological
• Simple topology •The modified antenna exhibits a tilted receiving tissue.
Imaging system overview
• Single lobe directive pattern
Single lobe directive pattern beam and is used as off axis receiving elements
beam and is used as off‐axis receiving elements g p
•Fingerprint ‐ Many molecules have their rotational and
y
Æ good coupling to optics near the edge of the array vibrational modes in the THz frequency range.
• Diode monolithically integrated on antenna •Off‐ axis elements gain is enhanced •Transparency ‐ Many optically opaque materials are
• 97% of radiation coupled into dielectric half‐ •More elements can be used under a lens of fairly transparent in the THz range, allowing for the
space given diameter inspection of the internal structure.
Hans J. Liebe, Millimeter Wave Propagation Model, MPM93
Far field receiving pattern
100GHz double slot layout (inside the lens)
Needs Drawbacks of existing technology Off center 0
Power (dB)
•Broadband detection covering possible scanning which is a time consuming method μm -90 -45 0 45 90
• High
High responsivity , a.k.a. DC voltage per incident RF power
responsivity a k a DC voltage per incident RF power
Angle (degrees)
k
tumor markers • Direct detection: relatively low responsivity
Direct detection: relatively low responsivity DC
DC pad
pad -10
Normalized P
• Joint use with other screening methods -20
E-plane
H-plane (due to high curvature = 42.4 V‐1)
Monolithically
integrated diode
PEC -90 -45 0
Angle (degrees)
45 90
• High cutoff frequency (620GHz) due to low junction capacitance (13 fF/μm2)
Far field receiving patterns
Basic steps (outside the lens)
• Low noise due to lower junction resistance
V/Watt)
V/Watt)
Max Max
image plane PEC
4 Digital image constructed on computer
4. Digital image constructed on computer -20
20 150 responsivity: 15
responsivity:
Responsivity (kV
Responsivity (kV
-60
60 -40
40 -20
20 0 20 40 60 160 000 V/W
160,000 17 000 V/W
17,000
Angle (Degrees)
screen 100 10
50 5
objective lens 0 0
•Mechanically rigid Rectification process
80 90 100 110
Frequency (GHz)
120 400 450 500
Frequency (GHz)
550 600
and thermally stable
silicon
lens • Low cost Responsivity calculation for slot spiral antenna detector
output
• Increased antenna voltage (500 – 900GHz)
directivity (suppresses A/D converter 3.5
y (kV/Watt)
substrate modes) 2 → Due to broadband
3
Ideal match
Spiral antenna match
1 matching, detector
2.5
Responsivity
2
0.5
incident radiation 500 600 700 800 900
Focal Plane Array (FPA) DC pad
4
Far field receiving patterns for linear arrays More Terahertz Imaging Applications
(three dimensional)
Digital image reconstruction
Slot spiral antenna Far field receiving patterns for linear array
• Security screening applications
φ‐axis
(about 1600 pixels for 2D array) •With the help of
• Broadband performance (500GHz – 900GHz) electronics, diode’s output
0
→ identify possible tumor markers 900GHz voltage is digitized.
Relative Gain (dB)
50
Z antenna References
0 Single receiving
Im
-50
500 600 700 800 900
b
beam 1. G.C. Trichopoulos, G. Mumcu, K. Sertel, J. L. Volakis, “A Novel Approach for Improving Off‐axis Pixel
Performance of THz Focal Plane Arrays”. Submitted to IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech..
100
Frequency (GHz)
(500‐900GHz) 2. D.F. Filipovic, S.S. Gearhart and G.M. Rebeiz, "Double‐slot antennas on extended hemispherical •Astronomical observations
Impedance (Ω)
and elliptical silicon dielectric lenses," Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on ,
500GHz linear array (25 elements)
50
vol.41, no.10, pp.1738‐1749, Oct 1993. •Instrumentation for the industry of
0 real Z diode
Fabricated 10x1 element array prototype -50
imaginary
3. N. Su, R. Rajavel, P. Deelman, J. N. Schulman and P. Fay, “Sb‐Heterostructure millimeter‐wave
detectors with reduced capacitance and noise equivalent power”, IEEE Electron device Letters, vol. pharmaceutical drugs and semiconductors
operating at 500GHz 29, no. 6, pp. 536‐539, June 2008.
Monolithically
integrated diode
-100
500 600 700
Frequency (GHz)
800 900
4. U. A. Khan, N. Al‐Moayed, N. Nguyen, K. A. Korolev, M. N. Afsar and S. P. Naber, “Broadband •Nondestructive testing systems
dielectric characterization of tumorous and nontumorous breast tissues”, IEEE Trans. Microwave
Theory and Tech., vol. 55, no 12, pp. 2887‐2893, December 2007.
Engineered Composites Realizing Degenerate
Band Edge and Magnetic Photonic Crystals
S. Yarga, K Sertel, and J.L. Volakis
Realization of DBE Crystals Optimization of Metallic Inclusions Uniaxial Anisotropy via Layered Dielectrics
Low-cost Artificial Anisotropic Dielectrics (printed FSS) DBE design with artificial
Misaligned Uniaxial Layers 1) Stacked dielectrics Material Characterization
Constraints on low loss Printed Circuit Board uniaxial dielectrics
: ε1 ⎡ (ε 1 + ε 2 ) ⎤
: ε2 ⎢
⎢ 2
0 0 ⎥
⎥
(PCB) technology : Minimum feature width: 0.007 in.
φ2 φ1
≈
2ε 1 ε 2
= ⎢⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥
Minimum space between features: 0.007 in.
⎡ε A + δcos2ϕ1, 2 δsin2ϕ1, 2 0 ⎤ ε eq
(ε 1 + ε 2 ) Embedded Antenna
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ A1 A2 B
ε A = ⎢ δsin2ϕ1, 2 ε A − δcos2ϕ1, 2 0 ⎥ ⎢ (ε 1 + ε 2 ) ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 ⎥⎦ a 2a B=5a
⎢ 0 ε zz ⎥⎦
2 U n it : m m
⎣ 0 d<<λ
: Laminate,
Off-the-shelf possibilities ⎡16.05 0 0 ⎤ R4350 0.5” 7 .5
DBE e.g. Ceramics, ε=30 ε eq = ⎢⎢ 0 3.9252 0 ⎥⎥
4 0 .5
25 25
1” Alumina (A2O3) ⎡1 7 .8
ε a = ⎢⎢ 0
0
45
0 ⎤
0 ⎥⎥
⎡45
εb = ⎢ 0
0
1 7 .8
0 ⎤
0 ⎥
a=0.02in Titania (TiO2)
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 7 .8 ⎥⎦
⎢
⎢⎣ 0 0
⎥
1 7 .8 ⎥⎦
2) Metallic Inclusions
1”
w
++ dy=
Sapphire (Al2O3) Rutile (TiO2) + + + + + + + ++
++ + ++
⎡ 85 0 0⎤ + + + ++ ++ + ++ + 0.007in
⎡9.4 0 0 ⎤ + ++ • If dy>>dx
ε B = ⎢⎢0 11.55 0 ⎥⎥ ε B = ⎢⎢ 0 165 0 ⎥⎥ L=
-- ++
E -- -- -- -- Ba-Titanate
⎣⎢0 0 9.4⎦⎥ - - ++ - -+ + - - 0.09in
⎢⎣ 0 0 85 ⎥⎦ - - + +- - -+ + - - + +- -- -++ dx −4
++ - - - ++ ε ~ 80 tan δ = 3.7 × 10 at 2.13GHz
Low-anisotropy + + + ++ ++ - -+ ++ + ⎡ε A 0 0⎤
tanδ = 8x10−5 − 10−4 + ++
++
L ε eq = ⎢⎢ 0 0⎥⎥
-- -- Layered – 5.85GHz
1
Pure are low-loss --
-- -- --
-- -- ⎡ 45 0 0 ⎤ Alumina (A2O3)-
-- ⎢⎣ 0 1 ⎥⎦
ε = ⎢⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥
-- -- -- 0 Alumina--Al 2 O 3
samples are costly Artificial DBE
-- -- --
--
ax=0.09in w=0.007in ax=0.09in 17.8 Titanate (TiO2) Stacks
dy ⎣⎢ 0 0 17.8 ⎦⎥ for Artificial Anisotropy
Unit Cell ε ~ 10 tan δ = 2.82 × 10 −4 at 3.37GHz
Larger anisotropy than stacked dielectrics
Periodic tan δ = 1.88 × 10 −3 at 7.5GHz (organic glue)
Uniaxial – 5.83GHz
FEM
Mesh 1 Mesh 2 Mesh 3 Designed DBE Assembly (0.65λ0x0.65λ0x0.54λ0 )
Degenerate Band Edge Crystals with Artificial
Anisotropic Layers Using Printed FSS Laminates for Maximum Directivity
z
Metallic strips with 1mm 0.67mm L=2.67 mm y
an offset angle, φ
x
Isotropic host
e.g. free space 12 Double BE B=0.08in
B=0.1in Finite
dy2 0.4 0.6 0.4
B=0.14in A1 0.54λ 0
W=0.1
11 Design A2 1.6 cm
DBE B
10
x z a3=1
Frequency(GHz)
Δa3=0.01
y
9 A1 A2 B 6 Layers
1.9108 cm
a2
a1=1
RBE
8
Δa1=0.01
0.65λ 0 = 1.9108 cm
¾Tuning free space thickness degenerate band edge behavior
k-ω diagram for dy2=1.5 k-ω diagram for dy2=1.2 k-ω diagram for dy2=0.6
7 15
Band Diagram A2
0.25
⎡ 38.1944 11.7876 0 ⎤
ε A1 = ⎢⎢11.7876 24.5833 0 ⎥⎥
6 Degenera
0.25 0.25
0.2
⎢⎣ 0 45⎥⎦
Frequency
DBE behavior obtained for te Band 0
0.2 0.2
0.15
A1
(GHz)
Edge
5
wa/c
wa/c
wa/c
0.15 0.15
0.1
0.1 0.1 F=0.1 in. at 10 GHz 10
Regular (DBE)
0.05
0.05 0.05 Band Edge ⎡19.6013 6.8056 0 ⎤
ε A2 = ⎢⎢6.8056 43.1765 0 ⎥⎥
3π/4 π 5π/4
0 0 0
(RBE)
0 pi/2 pi 3pi/2 2pi 0 pi/2 pi 3pi/2 2pi 0 pi/2 pi 3pi/2 2pi
⎢⎣ 0 45⎥⎦
ky ky ky
Regular Band Edge Degenerate Band Edge Double Band Edge Crystal 0
k (Bloch Wave Number) 5
0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π Φ2=15o
y Aperture
K (Bloch y Cut
Wavenumber) Φ1=60o εB = 1
z
x Top View
Printed Antennas Emulating Degenerate Band
Edge Dispersion (G. Mumcu, K. Sertel, and J.L.Volakis)
Partially Coupled TRL Emulating DBE Prototype DBE Antenna Design
DBE Structure – 1D volumetric crystals 4.5 dB Gain at 1.48 GHz
DBE Modes can be achieved by tuning CoorsTek AD-995 substrate:
Frequency (GHz)
3.00 RBE
2.90 strip lengths/widths Alumina ε = 9.7 2inch x 2inch x 50mil
2.80 λ 0 / 9.4
2.70 DBE
Æ Printed Lines (Std. Fabrication Technology) λ0 / 9
0.85 inch
2.60 (2.16 cm)
2.50 • Small antennas employing DBE resonance 0.88 inch
0.7π 0.8π 0.9π π λ 0 / 16
K for impedance matching (2.24 cm)
0.5 inch
• Miniature Printed Arrays Coax feed
(1.27 cm)
10
Emulating Anisotropy with Coupled Lines • Small Couplers, Delay lines and Phase stacked
Shifters layers
2 inch
⎡ 45 0 0⎤ ⎡ 38.1944 11.7876 0 ⎤
εeq (0) = ⎢⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ε eq (ϕ) = ⎢11.7876 24.5833 0 ⎥⎥
2 inch
17.78
⎢
⎣⎢ 0 0 45 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 45 ⎥⎦ Possible Applications:
Top surface Bottom surface (ground plane)
Uncoupled Uncoupled
Coupled
DBE resonance
Antenna Element ~2.85GHz, 4.5dB Directivity
ε Observed Field along the DBE Microstrip Coupled Lines Indicating Field Amplification
Triply Coupled TRLs Emulate Symmetric SIP Emulation of SIP on Ferrite TRLs
I1 I4
Possible Realizations of Symmetric SIP:
V1 L11 L 21 V4
Realizing MPC modes New filter and isolator development
C11 C21
CM1 Coupling via Lumped Capacitors Coupled lines on Multilayer
Substrates 1 2 N
I2 CM3 I5
CM1 Magnetic field bias Ferrite substrate
V2 L12
C12
L22
C22
V5 … … …
CM2 Z01 Z03
I3 I6
… … …
Z02 Z04
V3 L13 L 23 V6
C13 C23
CM2
CM3
3 Uncoupled lines 3 Uncoupled lines 3 Coupling Capacitors
L11 = L12 = L13 = L21 = L22 = L23 = 1nH, C11 = 10pF, C12 = 5pF, C13 = 1pF, C21 =
Microstrip
Coupled lines C22 = C23 = 1pF, CM1 = 2pF, CM2 = 2pF, CM3 = 2.6pF Transmission Lines
Effect of Tree-way Coupling (CM3 nonzero) on K-ω Diagram: Bloch Mode Analysis
• Lower order K-ω branch can display a 6th order behavior.
• Symmetric stationary inflection points (similar to SIP in MPCs) One way
9
3
ξ 10 ξ 10
9
transparency due
2.7
Higher order •Symmetric Stationary to spectral
Higher order
2.5
K-ω
K-ω Curve
curve nonreciprocity:
Inflection Points in the
Frequency (GHz)
Frequency (GHz)
2.6
Propagation Spectrum Unidirectional
2
Propagation
2.5
1.5
•Achieved without resorting to
1 2.4 lossy ferromagnetic layers!
0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2
K – Bloch Wavenumber K – Bloch Wavenumber
Volumetric CEM Tools for Inhomogeneous and
Periodic Media (B. Usner, K Sertel, and J.L. Volakis)
Why a Hybrid VSIE? Doubly Periodic Structures
Frequency Selective Volumes (FSVs)
Full-wave analysis of metamaterial structures and devices
Main Advantage:
require numerical codes that can model… • Only need to evaluate the periodic Green’s
SIE VIE FE-BI function for currents radiating into free-space
• Background medium
chosen to be lossy
VSIE Simulation
X
εΔ = 2.5
ε=4
Highly Efficient Parallel Fast Multipole Method
Solver (C. Waltz, M. Carr, K. Sertel, and J.L.Volakis)
Parallel Performance of ML-FMA ML-FMA vs. FMM-FFT Comparison
This implementation provides poor scaling due to
overwhelming communication costs
Speedup limited to 2x
16
14 Ideal
FMM-FFT MVP Time speedup
12 Actual
10
1/time
1 2 4 6 8 12 16
Processors Time requirements comparison of ML-FMA and
FMM-FFT. FMM-FFT curves show 1, 4, 16, and
64 processors. “Best Parallel ML-FMA” curve ML-FMA MVP Time speedup
Speedup curve for PEC ogive Timeline of communication events
shows an 8x speedup.
with 35,000 unknowns.
15 Receiving
Tx Rx Horn
dy=
0.007in NWA and post process to form
10
2.9”x2.128” l= the correct Gaussian
5 0.09in Z-slide
Transmitting
Horn
d1=0.5″
y
d2=10″
controller Beam
0 z
0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π 1.85”x1.28” DBE Crystal
k(Bloch Wave Number) x 2.3″
ax=0.09in w=0.007in ax=0.09in PC Hardware for motion
control and data collection
Measurement Setup in OSU-ESL Anechoic Chamber Measured S21 Vs. Calculated S21
1) dielectric slab of er = 9 Æ Extracted er = 8.79 ~9.09, max error of 2.3 % !
linear slide 1 120
Rx-probe reflector Rx-probe
Calculated S 100
Δy SUT SUT Δφ 0 21
Measured S 80
-1 21
Δx
Magnitude (dB)
Phase (degree)
60
-2
Δθ 40
2.08 m
1.22 m
Tx-probe feed -3
Calculated S21
20
-4 Measured S21
0
-5
za = 10λ 3.66 m 3.66 m
-20
-6 -40
ee x 10
8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12
Planar Scan Spherical Scan Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
90 2
120 60 2
1.5
1.8
w/o sample
150 1
0.5
30
1.6
2) 8-layer DBE Crystal Æ Fabry-Perot Peaks are clearly identified !
Tx-probe x 1.4
z 180 0
1.2
1.25
1
300 Calculated S21
y 210 330 0.8
Measured S21
0.6
1 200
240 300
Calculated S21
Magnitude (V/m)
Phase (degree)
0.4
Rx-probe
270
Δφ
-3
ss
Measured S21
x 10
90 2
sample
120
1.5
60 1.8
0.75 100
1.6
150 1 30
Δx w/ DBE
1.4
0.5
1.2 Δθ 0.5 0
180 0 1
Δy
0.8