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Gopi Birla Memorial School Class-Xii Current Electricity Sub-Physics Teacher'S Name: Govind Y
Gopi Birla Memorial School Class-Xii Current Electricity Sub-Physics Teacher'S Name: Govind Y
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Question:Derive an expression to show the relation between current and drift velocity.
Ans: Consider a conductor of length and cross section area through which electrons flow in the opposite
direction to applied electric field. If total charge flows in time , current is given by
= ………………(1)
Let be number of electrons in one unit cubic volume
∴ The number of electrons in unit cubic volume = = =
∴ The total charge in unit cubic volume = =
=
=
=
=
=
= ×
=
=
Current density ( ):
=
=
=
Question: Deduce Ohm’s law using an expression to show the relation between current and drift velocity.
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Ans: Relation between current and drift velocity is given by ,
=
= [Where, ]
=
= [Where, ]
= ………….(1)
= [Where, , , , , and are constant]
Above equation is Ohm’s law. Hence Ohm’s law is deduced.
According to ohm’s law ,
= ………….(2)
From equation (1) and (2)
=
Resistivity(ρ):
ρ = [Where, = ρ ]
∴ρ =
Conductivity (σ ): σ =
∴σ =
Question:Derive the formula for the equivalent EMF and internal resistance for the series combination of two
cells with EMFs and and internal resistances and respectively. What is the corresponding formula
for the series combination?
Ans:Suppose two cells of emfs and and internal resistances and are connected in series between A
and C respectively. Let be the current flowing through the series combination.
The potential difference between the terminals A and C of the series combination is given by,
VAC = VAB + VBC ……………………..(1)
The potential difference between the terminals A and B and terminals B and are given by,
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Current from cell is given by,
= ‾ …………………(2)
Current from cell is given by,
= ‾ …………………(3)
Put equation (2) and (3) in equation (1)
= ‾ + ‾
= ‐ + ‐
= + ‐ ‐
= ‐
4
= ‐
= ‐
= ‐
= ‐ …………………(4)
If series combination is replaced by single cell of emf and internal resistance ,
= ‐ …………………(4)
Comparing equation (4) and (5)
=
=
= ×
=
=
Q:Derive the condition for obtaining maximum current through an external resistance from Cells in Series
combination
Ans:Cells are connected in series when they are joined end to end so that the same quantity of electricity must
flow through each cell
Consider n cells each of emf and internal resistance r be connected in series. Let R be the external resistance
connected in series with the arrangement.
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NOTE:
1. The emf of the battery is the sum of the individual emfs
2. The current in each cell is the same and is identical with the current in the entire arrangement.
3. The total internal resistance of the battery is the sum of the individual internal resistances.
Total emf of the battery = (for n no. of identical cells)
Total Internal resistance of the battery = (for n no. of identical cells)
Total resistance of the circuit =
Therefore, the current in the circuit is given by,
=
=
CASE:1)If R << nr, then =
CASE:2) If nr << R, then =
Conclusion: When internal resistance is negligible in comparison to the external resistance, then the cells
are connected in series to get maximum current.
Q:Derive the condition for obtaining maximum current through an external resistance from Cells in Parallel
combination.
Ans:Cells are said to be connected in parallel when they are joined positive to positive and negative to negative
such that current is divided between the cells.
Consider m cells each of emf and internal resistance r be connected in parallel. Let R be the external resistance
connected in series with the arrangement.
NOTE:
1. The emf of the battery is the same as that of a single cell.
2. The current in the external circuit is divided equally among the cells.
3. The reciprocal of the total internal resistance is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual internal
resistances.
Total emf of the battery =
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Total Internal resistance of the battery =
Total resistance of the circuit = =
Therefore, the current in the circuit is given by,
=
= =
CASE:1)If R << , then =
CASE:2) If << R, then =
Conclusion: When external resistance is negligible in comparison to the internal resistance, then the cells are
connected in parallel to get maximum current.
KIRCHHOFF’S RULE
(A) KIRCHHOFF’S FIRST LAW OR CURRENT LAW OR JUNCTION RULE
The algebraic sum of electric currents at a junction in any electrical network is always zero.
Sign Conventions:
1. The incoming currents towards the junction are taken positive.
2. The outgoing currents away from the junction are taken negative.
Note: The charges cannot accumulate at a junction. The number of charges that arrive at a junction in a given
time must leave in the same time in accordance with conservation of charges.
(B) KIRCHHOFF’S SECOND LAW OR VOLTAGE LAW OR LOOP RULE
In any closed loop of a circuit, the algebraic sum of the emfs is equal to the sum of products and resistances in it.
Sign Conventions:
1. The emf is taken negative when we traverse from positive to negative terminal of the cell through the
electrolyte.
2. The emf is taken positive when we traverse from negative to positive terminal of the cell through the
electrolyte.
The potential falls along the direction of current in a current path and it rises along the direction opposite to
the current path.
1.The potential fall is taken negative.(i.e. IR is taken negative if the loop is traversed
2.The potential rise is taken positive.
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The path can be traversed in clockwise or anticlockwise direction of the loop.
Example:
a)In loop ABCDA, (Loop in clockwise)
∴
∴
∴
b) In loop ABCDA, (Loop in anticlockwise)
c) In loop ABCDA, (Loop in clockwise)
∴
∴
∴
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Q:What is a Wheatstone bridge? When is the bridge said to be balanced? Apply Kirchhoff’s laws to derive the
balanced condition of the Wheatstone bridge?
Ans: Principle: It is an arrangement of four resistances used to determine one of these resistances quickly and
accurately in terms of the remaining three resistances.
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Bridge is said to balanced when the potential difference across the galvanometer is zero i.e no current flows
through galvanometer.
A wheatstone bridge consists of four resistances P, Q, R and S, connected to form the arms of a quadrilateral
ABCD. A battery of emf E is connected between points A and C and a sensitive galvanometer between B and D.
At balance, there is no current in galvanometer (i.e = 0).
In loop ACDA,
+ = 0
= 0
= ……………….(1)
In loop CDBC,
= 0
= 0
= ……………….(2)
Divide equation (1) by (2)
=
=
METERBRIDGE
Q: (a)What is a meter bridge? With the help of a circuit diagram, explain how it can be used to find an unknown
resistance. Explain the principle of the experiment and give the formula used. (b) How to increase sensitivity of
meterbridge?
Ans: (a) Meterbridge: Meter bridge is based on the principle of wheatstone bridge and it is used to find the
unknown resistance.
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Construction: It consists of a magnin or constantan or nichrome wire of length one metre and of uniform cross
sectional area stretched taut and clamped between two thick metallic strips bent at right angles, as shown. One
straight metallic strip is kept in between right angled strips such that two gaps are formed. The end points
where the wire is clamped are connected to a cell through a key. One end of a galvanometer is connected to the
metallic strip midway between the two gaps. The other end of the galvanometer is connected to a ‘jockey’.
Working: First we take out suitable resistance R from the resistance box, then jockey is moved along the wire AB
till there is no deflection in the galvanometer.
According to Wheatstone bridge,
= ……………(1)
=
= = [Where, ]
= ……………(2)
From equation (1) and (2)
=
∴
(b)(i)Battery should be so connected that the resistance in series with the resistance to be measured is greater
than the resistance in parallel with it.
(ii)Battery and the galvanometer , the one having the higher resistance should be connected between the
junction of the two highest resistances and the junction of the two lowest resistances.
POTENTIOMETER
Q:What is a potentiometer? Explian.
Ans: A potentiometer is a device used to measure an unknown emf or potential difference accurately.
Principle: When a constant current flows through a wire of uniform cross‐sectional area and composition, the
potential drop across any length of the wire is directly proportional to that length.
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Explain: For a wire of uniform cross‐section and uniform composition, resistivity and area of cross‐section
are constants. Therefore, when a steady current flows through the wire. Hence,
=
= =
=
= (Where , is constant and is called as potential gradient)
This is the principle of a potentiometer.
Potential gradient : The potential drop per unit length of the potentiometer wire is known as potential
gradient.
Q: (a)State the working principle of a potentiometer. Draw a circuit diagram to compare the emfs of two
primary cells. Derive the formula used. (b)Which material is used for potentiometer wire and why? (c) How
can the sensitivity of a potentiometer be increased?
Ans: (a) PRINCIPLE: when a constant current flows through a wire of uniform cross‐sectional area and
composition, the potential drop across any length of the wire is directly proportional to that length.
COMPARISION OF EMFS OF TWO PRIMARY CELLS:
To compare the emfs of two cells, set up of circuit is shown in the Figure. A constant current is maintained in
the potentiometer wire by means of a battery of emf through a key and rheostat . Let and be
the emfs of the two primary cells which are to be compared. The positive terminals of these cells are connected
to the end of the potentiometer wire and their negative terminals are connected to a high resistance box
through two ways key and ,where galvanometer and jockey are connected to other terminal of resistance
box.
When key is closed and is opened. Emf is introduced in the circuit.The jockey is moved along the wire
till the galvanometer shows no deflection. Let the position of the null point is obtained at and length of
wire 1 = . Using potentiometer principle,
= ………………….(1)
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To determine the internal resistance of the cell of emf , set up of circuit is shown in the Figure. Positive
terminal of emf whose internal resistance is to be measured is connected to the end of the potentiometer
wire and its negative terminal to a galvanometer and jockey . A resistance box . is connected across the
cell through a key . A constant current flows through the potentiometer wire.
When key is kept open. The jockey is moved along the wire till the galvanometer shows no deflection.
Let the position of the null point is obtained at for cell and length of wire 1 = .
= ………………….(1)
Close the key .The resistance from resistance box is introduced in the circuit as a result terminal voltage V
is effective in the circuit. Let the null point is obtained at for terminal voltage V and balancing length be 2 =
.
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= ………………….(2)
(1)/(2)
Ԑ
=
Ԑ
= ………………….(3)
= {Where, = and }
=
+ =
= –
= –
=
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