Prepared by: Darshan T.

Dharajiya
Ph.D. (Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology)

Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology,

CPCA, S. D. Agricultural University.
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 Pulses as universal crops
 Viruses as a major constrain in pulse production
 Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD)
 Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV)
 Symptomology of YMD
 Losses due to YMD
 Transmission of YMV
 Epidemiology
 Disease Management
 Biochemical changes due to YMD
 Defence mechanism in plant by Salicylic Acid (SA)
 Natural defence mechanism
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 Pulses are the universal crops rated as one
among the important crops in the world.
Because of their possession of the biological
nitrogen fixing mechanism, they inherited
the in situ high protein contribution.
 Globally, 60 million tonnes of pulses are
produced annually from 70 million hectares
(Anonymous, 2010).

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 The contribution of developing countries like India,
China, Brazil, Turkey and Mexico accounts for nearly
two third productions.
 India is the largest producer with 33 per cent of global
area contributing 22 per cent of the world's production.
 In India, pulses are cultivated to an extent of 22.37
million hectares with an average production of 14.66
million tonnes with an average productivity 655 kg per
hectare in India during the year of 2008-09
(Anonymous, 2010).

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 Five most important pulse crops depending upon
there contribution in national production viz.,
 chickpea (39%)
 pigeonpea (21%)
 mungbean (11%)
 urdbean (10%)
 lentil (7%)
 They account for over 80 per cent of the total pulses
production in the country.
 Over 60 per cent of pulses produced in India are
grown during the rabi season. 5
 Area production and productivity of major pulses in India

Particulars Area Per cent Production Per cent Productivity

Chickpea 73.7 38.71 58.9 48.28 799.19
Pegionpea 36.3 19.07 27.6 22.62 760.33
Mungbean 34.4 18.07 14 11.48 406.98
Uradbean 31 16.28 14 11.48 451.61
Lentil 15 7.88 9.5 7.79 633.33
Total 190.4 100.00 124 101.64 651.2

Area production and productivity of major pulses in India

(Area: lakh ha, Production: Lakh tonnes, Productivity: kg/ha)
(Anonymous, 2011)

http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/area-production-and-productivity-major-pulses 6
 Important pulse crops in major States on area
under the pulses

Crop States to be covered

Chickpea Madhya Pradesh (32.97%), Maharashtra (18.36%), Rajasthan (16.70%),
Andhra Pradesh (8.55%), Karnataka (8.21%), Uttar Pradesh (6.85%)
and Gujarat (2.92 %)
Pigeonpea Maharashtra (32.37%), Karnataka (18.76%), Andhra Pradesh (12.75%),
Uttar Pradesh (10.14%), Madhya Pradesh (9.64%) and Gujarat (6.69%)
Mungbean Rajasthan (30.81%), Maharashtra (19.51%), Karnataka (15.35%),
Andhra Pradesh (12.79%), Orissa (7.41%), Tamil Nadu (4.97 %) and
Uttar Pradesh (2.09%)
Urdbean Maharashtra (18.55%), Andhra Pradesh (16.23%), Madhya Pradesh
(18.55%), Uttar Pradesh (12.61%), Tamil Nadu (11.00), Rajasthan
(4.68), Orissa (4.84%) and Karnataka (4.06)
Lentil Madhya Pradesh (40.53%), Uttar Pradesh (37.60%), Bihar (10.80%) and
West Bengal (4.00%)
(Anonymous, 2011)

http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/area-production-and-productivity-major-pulses 7
 Important pulse crops in major States on
production of the pulses

Crop States to be covered

Chickpea Madhya Pradesh (29.37%), Maharashtra (20.03%), Andhra Pradesh
(15.48%), Rajasthan (9.73%), Karnataka (9.63%), Uttar Pradesh (6.42%) &
Gujarat (3.57 %)
Pigeonpea Maharashtra (39.24%), Karnataka (17.57%), Andhra Pradesh (10.94%),
Uttar Pradesh (11.85%), Gujarat (10.65%) and Madhya Pradesh (7.86%)
Mungbean Rajasthan (34.67%), Maharashtra (30.92%), Andhra Pradesh (18.08%),
Karnataka (9.00%), Orissa (5.17%), Tamil Nadu (4.58%) and Uttar Pradesh
(3.33%)
Urdbean Maharashtra(23.36%) AP(18.50%), UP(12.29%), MP(11.86%), Tamil Nadu
(8.64%), Karnataka (4.57%), Rajasthan (4.29%) and Orissa (3.00%)
Lentil Uttar Pradesh (45.79%), Madhya Pradesh (30.21%), Bihar (12.00%) and
West Bengal (4.21%)

(Anonymous, 2011)

http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/area-production-and-productivity-major-pulses 8
(Annonymous, 2008) 9
 Most emerging infectious diseases of plants
are caused by viruses (Anderson et al., 2004).
 One of the major constrains in pulse
production are pathogens and viruses are
among the most important groups of plant
pathogens affecting pulse production
worldwide.
 Plant viral diseases cause serious economic
losses in many major crops by reducing seed
yield and quality (Kang et al., 2005).
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 Among the various diseases, the mungbean
yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease was
given special attention because of severity
and ability to cause yield loss up to 85 per
cent (AVRDC, 1998).
 Host resistance to the disease and/or the
vector has therefore been considered as the
only solution to control this important
disease (Kang et al., 2005).
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 The host range of the virus was reported to
be largely confined to the plants belonging to
the family Leguminaceae.
 The legumes like black gram, mungbean,
moth bean and pigeon pea from the hosts for
the MYMV.

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 The yellow mosaic disease (YMD) of mungbean was
first observed in India in 1955, at the experimental
farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi. (Nariani, 1960)
 Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) is reported to be the
most destructive viral disease among the various
viral diseases, caused by Yellow Mosaic Virus. It
causes severe yield reduction in all mungbean
growing countries in Asia including India (Biswass et
al., 2008).
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 MYMV have been placed in two virus species, Mungbean
yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) and Mungbean yellow
mosaic virus (MYMV) on the basis of nucleotide sequence
identity (Fauquet et al., 2003).
 Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) (Mandal et al.,
1997) and Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) (Morinaga
et al., 1990) were suggested to be associated in the etiology
of Yellow Mosaic Diseases (YMD) of legumes in India and
South Asia.
 MYMV and MYMIV occur across the Indian subcontinent.

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 Four species viz.,
 Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV)
 Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV)
 Dolichos yellow mosaic virus (DYMV)
 Horsegram yellow mosaic virus (HYMV)
are known to cause yellow mosaic disease in
different leguminous species.

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 MYMV affects the majority of legume crops
including
 mungbean (V. radiata (L.))
 black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)
 pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) mill sp.)
 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
 mothbean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.)
 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris (L.)
(Javaria et al., 2007).
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 MYMV belongs to the genera begomovirus of
the family Geminiviridae (Bos, 1999)
(Fauquet et al., 2003).
 The largest genus, Begomovirus, currently
contains 132 species (Fauquet and Stanley,
2005).
 The virus has geminate particle morphology
(20 x 30 nm capsid) and the coat protein
encapsulates spherical, single stranded DNA
genome of approximately 2.8 Kb (Hull, 2004).
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 The genus begomovirus includes geminivirus
species with bipartite genomes (DNA-A and DNA-B)
or monopartite genomes that were transmitted in a
circulative persistent manner by white fly Bemisia
tabaci (Nariani, 1960).
 The opposing transcription units of
begomovirus DNA-A and-B molecules are
separated by an intergenic region (IR) that
generally shares a highly conserved region
of approximately 200 nt, named the common
region (CR).
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 DNA-A typically has six open reading frames (ORFs):
AV1/V1 (coat protein, CP) and AV2/V2 (AV2/V2 protein)
on the virion-sense strand, and AC1/C1 (replication
initiation protein, Rep), AC2/C2 (transcriptional
activator, TrAP), AC3/C3 (replication enhancer, REn) and
AC4/C4 (AC4/C4 protein) on the complementary-sense
strand.
 DNA-B has two ORFs encoding movement proteins:
BV1 (nuclear shuttle protein, NSP) on the virus-sense
strand and BC1 (movement protein, MP) on the
complementary-sense strand (Rojas et al., 2005 & Seal
et al., 2006).
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 Genome and transcriptome of MYMV. The MYMV bipartite genome comprises two
components, DNA-A and DNA-B (variant KA22) (gray circles), of 2,728 and 2,660 nt,
respectively, which share a CR containing an invariant nonanucleotide (boxed) with a nick
site (indicated between t and a; the numbering starts from the latter nucleotide).

Shivaprasad P V et al. J. Virol. 2005;79:8149-8163

 YMV causes irregular green and yellow patches in older
leaves and complete yellowing of younger leaves.
 Affected plants produce fewer flowers and pods, pods often
develop mottling, remain small and contain fewer and
smaller seeds thus affecting yields qualitatively and
quantitatively.
 Infected leaves also show necrotic symptoms.
 Diseased plants are stunted and mature late.
 Reduction in number of pods/plant, seeds/pod and seed
weight are the main contributing factors for yield reduction
(Nene, 1973; Dhingra and Chenulu, 1985).

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Irregular green and yellow
patches in older leaves

complete yellowing of younger leaves

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 Depending on the severity of the disease, the yield penalty
may reach up to cent percent (Basak et al., 2004).
 However, based on the incidence of MYMV in mungbean,
urdbean and soybean, an annual loss of over US$ 300 million
is estimated in these crops (Varma et al., 1992).
 Among the various diseases, Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) is
reported to be the most destructive viral disease caused by
Yellow Mosaic Virus and it leads to severe yield reduction not
only in India, but also in Pakistan, Bangladesh and
contiguous areas of South East Asia (Biswass et al., 2008 &
John et al., 2008).

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 It can cause up to 100 per cent yield loss if
infection occurs three weeks after planting,
loss will be small if infection occurs after
eight weeks from the day of planting.

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 Quaiser Ahmed (1991) reported a yield loss of
83.9 per cent and a maximum growth
reduction of 62.94 per cent in Vigna radiata
cv. Pusa baisakhi due to mungbean yellow
mosaic gemini virus infection and he also
concluded that early crop infection reduced
yield more than late infection.

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 Aftab et al. (1993) reported MYMV infection
on Vigna ungiliculata sub sp. sesquipedalis at
Islamabad, Pakistan.
 The disease spread rapidly with increase in
whitefly population.
 Plant height, number of pods, seeds and
yield/plant were reduced by 10.3, 50.5, 44.7
and 49.2 per cent, respectively.

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 Chlorotic, irregular, yellow patches on the
leaves of the susceptible plants are
characteristic symptoms of virus infection;
which probably and as a consequence
decreases photosynthetic efficiency yield of
the crop is affected.

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 Geminiviruses are known to infect phloem
tissues, although they can also invade
mesophyl cells.
 The exact invasion process of geminiviruses
in plants is not fully understood.

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 Mechanical transmission:
 Attempts were made by Nariani (1960) to
transmit the disease by sap inoculation by
rubbing freshly extracted sap of mosaic
affected leaves on the healthy young
seedlings of mung.
 However, the disease could not be
transmitted in this manner.

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 Graft transmission:
 Nariani (1960) and Ahmed and Harwood
(1973) reported that transmission of MYMV
was successful by grafting.
 Chenulu and Varma (1988) reported that in
grafted plants symptoms appear in the young
auxillary shoots below the scion in 12-15 days
of grafting.

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 Insect transmission:
 Nariani (1960) first to report the occurrence
of mung yellow mosaic and its transmission
by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.)
predominantly and it has been reported to be
the vector of similar diseases on Phaseolus
lunatus L. by Capoor and Varma (1948) and
on Dolichos lablab by Capoor and Varma
(1950a).
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 Seed transmission:
 Bock (1982) reported that none of the gemini
viruses appears to be seed transmitted.
 Nariani (1960) found that mungbean seed
does not transmit mungbean yellow mosaic
virus.

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 Murugesan and Chelliah (1977) reported a
yellow mosaic on greengram sown during
March to May months.
 The increased disease incidence might be
attributed to the higher temperatures
prevalent during these months, which was
favourable for the vector, Bemisia tabaci to
develop and multiply.

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 YMD incidence was more during summer
(February to March).
 The population of MYMV vector whitefly,
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) thrives best under
hot and humid condition that is another
reason for higher incidence of disease during
summer (Malathi and John, 2008).

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 The spread of virus was gradual, cumulative
and was in direction of prevalent wind thus
depending on vector population built-up.
 In northern India, with the onset of monsoon
rain (June to July) population of vector
increased and the rate of spread of virus were
also increased whereas before the monsoon
rain the population of B. tabaci was non-
viruliferous.
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 Singh and Gurha (1994) studied the influence
of cropping seasons on incidence of yellow
mosaic in mungbean genotypes.
 All the genotypes showed a higher disease
incidence during summer compared to spring
and rainy season crops.
 This is attributed to unfavourable conditions
for multiplication of the vector Bemisia tabaci
in spring and rainy seasons.
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 Cultural control:
 Grow seven rows of sorghum as border crop.
Raghupathi and Sabitha (1994).
 Ravindrababu (1987) reported that maize, sorghum
and pearl millet barrier crops, sprayed with
endosulfan were effective in reducing the incidence
of mungbean mosaic as compared to barrier crops,
which were not sprayed.
 Yellow sticky traps attracts adult white flies.
Uthamasamy (1989)
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 Plant products and derivatives:
 Chandrasekharan and Balasubramanian (2002) evaluated the
efficacy of botanicals and insecticides against sucking pests,
viz., aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. and whitefly, Bemisia
tabaci Genn. on greengram.
 They reported that among the treatments, acephate 75 SP
@ 0.075 per cent and TNAU neem oil (C) 60 EC at 3.0 per
cent were found significantly superior by recording higher
percentage of reduction in aphid population and yellow
mosaic virus (YMV) incidence due to whitefly and also with
grain yield recording 8.5 and 7.4 q/ha, respectively.

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 Chemical control:
 Borah (1995) reported that the foliar
application of cypermethrin (0.01, 0.015%),
deltamethrin (0.0028, 0.0042%) and
dimethoate (0.03, 0.04 – 5%) were effective
in reducing whitefly incidence in green gram.
 Treat seeds with Imidacloprid 70 WS @
5ml/kg to control vector.

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 Rogue out MYMV infected plants early in the
season to eliminate the source of inoculum.
 Grow resistant varieties to yellow mosaic.
 ML 1, ML 5, ML 6, Meha, Vamban 2 as a resistant
variety in Mungbean.
 Pant U 19, Pant U26 and Pant U 30 as a resistant
varieties in Urdbean.

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 Virus infected leaves had significantly higher
moisture percentage and less chlorophyll and
sugar contents when compared with the
healthy leaves.
 Seeds of infected plants contained
significantly lower percentages of
chlorophyll, proteins, sugars, phenols, free
amino acids and oils as compared with the
seeds of healthy soybean plants. (Kaur et. al.
1991).
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 Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b
content and carbohydrate content decreased
in virus infected mungbean varieties.
 Total nitrogen and total protein content
increased and total phosphorus content was
found to be very high in virus infected plant.
(Sinha et. al., 2010)

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Kundu et.al., (2011)
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 Twenty-nine proteins identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF,
predicted to be involved in stress responses,
metabolism, photosynthesis, transport and signal
transduction, showed increased abundance upon SA
treatment.
 Susceptible plants showed characteristic yellow mosaic
symptoms upon MYMIV infection.
 A concentration dependent decrease in physiological
symptoms associated with MYMIV was observed upon
exogenous SA treatment prior to viral inoculation; and
no visible symptom was observed at 100 μM SA.
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 SA treatment stimulated SOD and GPX activity and
inhibited CAT activity thus preventing ROS
mediated damage.
 Significant increase in chlorophyll, protein,
carbohydrate, phenolic content and H2O2were
observed. Involvement of calmodulin for
transmission of defense signal by SA is suggested.
 A metabolic reprogramming leading to enhanced
synthesis of proteins involved in primary and
secondary metabolisms is necessary for SA
mediated resistance to MYMIV.
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 The resistant variety displayed synthesis but rapid
degradation of the early viral RNAs; the degradation
in the susceptible variety was delayed resulting in
accumulation of those transcripts later in infection.
 Accumulation of the late viral transcripts and DNA
replication were detectable only in the susceptible
variety.
 This indicates that rapid degradation of the early
viral transcripts, possibly through siRNA
mechanism, is one of the probable mechanisms of
natural resistance against geminivirus.
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 http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/crop_prot_crop
%20diseases_pulses_greengram.html
 http://www.growmorepulses.com/upload/images/india_pulses_state_big.gif
 G. Kaur, C.K. Gill, H.S. Rataul, R.K. Raheja (1991). Biochemical Changes in Soybean (Glycine
max L.) Cultivars Infected with Yellow Mosaic Virus. Biochemie und Physiologie der
Pflanzen, 187 (5): 357–371.
 A. Sinha and M. Srivastava (2010). Biochemical Changes in Mungbean Plants Infected
by Mungbean yellow mosaic virus. International Journal of Virology, 6: 150-157.
 Subrata Kundu, Dipjyoti Chakrabortya, Amita Pala (2011). Proteomic analysis of salicylic
acid induced resistance to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus in Vigna mungo. Journal Of
Proteomics. 74: 337–349.
 Rajiv Kumar Yadav, Rakesh Kumar Shukla, Debasis Chattopadhyay (2009). Soybean cultivar
resistant to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus infection induces viral RNA degradation
earlier than the susceptible cultivar. Virus Research, 144 (2): 89-95.

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