SENSOR & TRANSDUCER

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A. READING

Sensor & Transducer

One of the significant difference between the sensor and the transducer is that
the sensor senses the physical changes occur in the surrounding whereas the transducer
converts the physical quantity or nonelectrical into another signal or electrical signal. Some
other differences between the sensor and transducer are explained below in the comparison
chart.
The transducer and sensor both are the physical devices used in electrical and
electronic instruments for measuring the physical quantities. The sensor detects the energy
level and changes it into an electrical signal which is easily measured by the digital meters.
The transducer transfers the energy either in the same form or another.
Comparison Chart

Basis For
Comparis Sensor Transducer
on

Definitio Senses the physical changes The transducer is a device which,

n occurs in the surrounding and when actuates transforms the
converting it into a readable energy from one form to another.
quantity.

Compone Sensor itself Sensor and signal conditioning

nts

Function Detects the changes and Conversion of one form of energy

induces the corresponding into another.
electrical signals.

Examples Proximity sensor, Magnetic Thermistor, Potentiometer,

sensor, Accelerometer sensor, Thermocouple, etc.
Light sensor etc.
 Definition of Sensor
The sensor is a device that measures the physical quantity (i.e. Heat, light, sound,
etc.) into an easily readable signal (voltage, current etc.). It gives accurate readings after
calibration.
Examples – The mercury used in the thermometer converts the measurand
temperature into an expansion and contraction of the liquid which is easily measured with the
help of a calibrated glass tube. The thermocouple also converts the temperature to an output
voltage which is measured by the thermometer.

classification of sensors, sensors are divided into Active and Passive. The active
sensor is a sensor that requires an external excitation signal or a power signal.Passive
sensors, on the other hand, do not require external power signals and directly produce an
output response.
Types of Sensors
The following is a list of different applications. All these sensors are used for measuring
physical properties like temperature, resistance, capacitance, conduction, heat transfer etc.
1. Temperature Sensor
One of the most common and most popular sensor is the Temperature Sensor. A
Temperature Sensor, as the name suggests, senses the temperature i.e. it measures the
changes in the temperature.

In a Temperature Sensor, the changes in the Temperature correspond to change in its

physical property like resistance or voltage.
There are different types of Temperature Sensors like Temperature Sensor ICs (like LM35),
Thermistors, Thermocouples, RTD (Resistive Temperature Devices), etc.
Temperature Sensors are used everywhere like computers, mobile phones, automobiles, air
conditioning systems, industries etc.
A simple project using LM35 (Celsius Scale Temperature Sensor) is implemented in this
project: TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED SYSTEM.

2. Proximity Sensors
A Proximity Sensor is a non-contact type sensor that detects the presence of an object.
Proximity Sensors can be implemented using different techniques like Optical (like Infrared
or Laser), Ultrasonic, Hall Effect, Capacitive, etc.

Some of the applications of Proximity Sensors are Mobile Phones, Cars (Parking
Sensors), industries (object alignment), Ground Proximity in Aircrafts, etc.
Proximity Sensor in Reverse Parking is implemented in this Project: REVERSE PARKING
SENSOR CIRCUIT.
 3. Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor)
IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light based sensor that are used in various applications like
Proximity and Object Detection. IR Sensors are used as proximity sensors in almost all
mobile phones.

There are two types of Infrared or IR Sensors: Transmissive Type and Reflective
Type. In Transmissive Type IR Sensor, the IR Transmitter (usually an IR LED) and the IR
Detector (usually a Photo Diode) are positioned facing each other so that when an object
passes between them, the sensor detects the object.
The other type of IR Sensor is a Reflective Type IR Sensor. In this, the transmitter
and the detector are positioned adjacent to each other facing the object. When an object
comes in front of the sensor, the sensor detects the object.
Different applications where IR Sensor is implemented are Mobile Phones, Robots, Industrial
assembly, automobiles etc.
A small project, where IR Sensors are used to turn on street lights: STREET LIGHTS
USING IR SENSORS.

4. Ultrasonic Sensor
An Ultrasonic Sensor is a non-contact type device that can be used to measure
distance as well as velocity of an object. An Ultrasonic Sensor works based on the properties
of the sound waves with frequency greater than that of the human audible range.

Using the time of flight of the sound wave, an Ultrasonic Sensor can measure the
distance of the object (similar to SONAR). The Doppler Shift property of the sound wave is
used to measure the velocity of an object.

The sensors have many applications in the electronics equipment. The few of them are
explained below.
1. The motion sensors are used in the home security system and the automation door system.
2. The photo sensor senses the infrared or ultraviolet light.
3. The accelerometer sensor use in the mobile for detecting the screen rotations.

 Definition of Transducer
The transducer is a device that changes the physical attributes of the non-electrical
signal into an electrical signal which is easily measurable. The process of energy conversion
in the transducer is known as the transduction. The transduction is completed into two steps.
First by sensing the signal and then strengthening it for further processing.

classify transducers as passive and active transducers

1. PASSIVE TRANSDUCERS :- These are those transducers that derive the power required
for transduction from an additional power source. Other name is “externally powered
transducers “. Examples of passive transducers are : all resistive, Inductive and capacitive
transducers.
2. ACTIVE TRANSDUCERS :- These are those that do not require any additional power
source to produce their output. Other name “self generating type “. Examples of these
transducers are thermocouple, photovoltaic cells (solar cells) and Piezoelectric crystals.

The transducer has three major components; they are the input device, signal
conditioning or processing device and an output device.
The input devices receive the measurand quantity and transfer the proportional
analogue signal to the conditioning device. The conditioning device modified, filtered, or
attenuates the signal which is easily acceptable by the output devices.

B. STRUCTURE

A. Simple Present Tense

1. Transducer converts the physical quantity or nonelectrical into another signal or

electrical signal
2. transducer are explained below in the comparison chart.
3. The transducer and sensor both are the physical devices used in electrical
4. The sensor detects the energy level and changes it into an electrical signal
5. The transducer is a device which, when actuates transforms the energy from one
form to another
6. The transducer transfers the energy either in the same form or another.
7. The sensor is a device (simple present tense) that measures the physical quantity
8. Sensors are divided into (simple present tense) Active and Passive.
9. It gives accurate readings after calibration.
10. The active sensor is a sensor (simple present tense) that requires an external
excitation signal or a power signal.Passive sensors
11. sensors are used for measuring physical properties like temperature
12. The following is a list (simple present tense) of different applications
13. Temperature Sensors are used everywhere like computers
14. Parking is implemented in project reverse parking sensor circuit
15. IR Sensors are used as proximity sensors in almost all mobile phones.
16. the detector are positioned adjacent to each other facing the object
17. object comes in front of the sensor
18. the sensor detects the object.
19. IR Sensors are used to turn on street lights
20. The motion sensors are used in the home security system
 21. device that changes the physical attributes of the non-electrical signal into an
electrical signal
B. Present Tense(Modal)
1. device that can be used to measure distance as well as velocity of an object

C. VOCABULARY
1. Physical : (Translation: Fisik)
sensors can also detect physical changes
2. Occur: (Translation: Terjadi)
Energy changes occur due to the presence of a transducer
3. Surrounding: (Translation: Sekitarnya)
The sensor can detect changes in energy around it
4. Converts: (Translation: Mengkonversi)
the detection results on the sensor will be converted to a form of energy that can be measured
5. quantity : (Translation: kuantitas)
the sensor quantity affects the sensitivity of the reading
6. comparison : (Translation: perbandingan)
sensor readings can be seen from the comparison of input with output
7. both : (Translation: keduanya)
sensor and transducer, both are electronic circuits
8. devices : (Translation: perangkat)
to detect sensor changes requires additional devices
9. measuring: (Translation: mengukur)
The sensor can be used to measure temperature by calculating the linearity of the incoming
voltage
10. detects : (Translation: mendeteksi)
the sensor can detects changes in energy around it
11. actuates : (Translation: bertindak)
robots can actuates and work with mechanical sensors
12. conditioning: (Translation: pengkondisian)
room temperature conditioning with AC because there is a sensor inside
13. corresponding : (Translation: sesuai)
sensor is corresponding for making automation tools
14. readable : (Translation: bisa dibaca)
sensor output can be read by calculating the output voltage
15. accurate : (Translation: akurat)
sensor readings will be accurate if the quality is good
16. readings : (Translation: pembacaan)
sensor readings can also be seen on LEDs
17. contraction : (Translation: kontraksi)
sensor readings can also contraction and can cause damage
18. calibrated : (Translation: dikalibrasi)
 before using sensors need to be calibrated
19. divided: (Translation: dibagi )
the sensor is divided into active and passive sensors
20. requires : (Translation: membutuhkan)
sensors requires stimuli to be read
21. excitation : (Translation: perangsang)
sexcitation on sensors and environmental conditions
22. directly : (Translation: langsung)
Transducers can directly convert energy to other forms of energy
23. produce : (Translation: menghasilkan)
transducer can produce energy changes
24. correspond : (Translation: sesuai)
the output and input on the sensor must be correspond
25. adjacent : (Translation: berdekatan)
the sensor location must be adjacent to something that is detected so the result is accurate
26. distance : (Translation: jarak)
the proximity sensor will detect the distance of the object with the distance of the sensor
27. waves : (Translation: gelombang)
the waves generated by the sensor can be a high / low wave signal
28. greater : (Translation: lebih besar)
temperature sensor specification selection must be greater than the temperature to be
measured

D. READING COMPREHASION

1. What is the function of the sensor?

function of the sensor to detects the changes and induces the corresponding electrical
signals
2. what is the difference between active and passive sensors?
sensors are divided into Active and Passive. The active sensor is a sensor that requires
an external excitation signal or a power signal.Passive sensors, on the other hand, do
not require external power signals and directly produce an output response.
3. mention one of the applications from the sensor?
The motion sensors are used in the home security system and the automation door
system.
4. what is the meaning of the transducer?
The transducer is a device that changes the physical attributes of the non-electrical
signal into an electrical signal which is easily measurable.
5. what are the examples of transducer?
examples of transducer is Thermistor, Potentiometer, Thermocouple
6. what is meant by "externally powered transducer"?
 passive transducer are transducers that obtain the power needed for transduction from
additional resources. Another name is "externally driven transducer"
7. what's the difference between transmissive type and reflective type on infrared?
There are two types of Infrared or IR Sensors: Transmissive Type and Reflective
Type. In Transmissive Type IR Sensor, the IR Transmitter (usually an IR LED) and
the IR Detector (usually a Photo Diode) are positioned facing each other so that when
an object passes between them, the sensor detects the object.
The other type of IR Sensor is a Reflective Type IR Sensor. In this, the transmitter
and the detector are positioned adjacent to each other facing the object. When an
object comes in front of the sensor, the sensor detects the object.
8. what are the examples of sensor?
Examples of sensor is Proximity sensor, Magnetic sensor, Accelerometer sensor,
Light sensor etc.
9. what are the major components of the transducer?
The transducer has three major components; they are the input device, signal
conditioning or processing device and an output device.
10. what is the difference between sensors and transducer?
One of the significant difference between the sensor and the transducer is that the
sensor senses the physical changes occur in the surrounding whereas the transducer
converts the physical quantity or nonelectrical into another signal or electrical signal

E. DIALOG
Ngali: hi yoga, what are you doing?
Yoga: hi, i tried to assemble the sensor
Ngali: what sensor do you assemble?
Yoga: proximity sensor
Ngali: what will you do with the proximity sensor?
Yoga: i will put it in my car, i have trouble parking
Ngali: can i help?
Yoga: of course, can you do it?
Ngali: yes, i can program maybe i can help you
Yoga: what application do you use?
Ngali: i am using the arduino application
Yoga: incidentally, then, please fix this program
Ngali: what's your problem
Yoga: i can't display the distance on the screen
Ngali: well i will try it
Yoga: thank you