isxy,

12 jk fY%aKsh

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

^2009 jif¾ isg l%shd;aul fõ&

isxy, fomd¾;fïka;=j
NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
m<uqjk uqøKh 2009

NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmkh wdh;kh

uqøKh #
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u'

i
 fmrjok

j¾I 2007 § 6 iy 10 fY%aKsj,g y÷kajd fok ,o ksmqK;d mdol bf.kqï b.ekakqï

m%fõYh l%ufhka jißka jir 7" 8 yd 11 hk fY%aKsj, úIh ud,dj iïnkaOfhka o fhdod
.kakd ,o w;r 2009 jif¾È th w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& mka;sj,g wod< úIhud,dj iïnkaOfhka
o jHdma; lsÍug cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha úIhud,d iïmdoljreka iu;a ù ;sfí' tu ksid
12 yd 13 jk fY%aKsj, úúO úIh yd wod< úIh ks¾foaY o .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y o isiqka
;=< m%.=K l<hq;= ksmqK;d o ksmqK;d uÜgï o ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul f;dr;=re bÈßm;a fldg
;sfí' fuu f;dr;=re ;u úIh yd wod< bf.kqï - b.ekakqï wjia:d iïmdokfha § .=rejrekag
uy;a fia m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'

w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úIh i|yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y ilia lsÍfï § úIhud,d
iïmdoljreka úiska lksIaG oaú;shsl úIhud,dj yd fcHIaG oaú;Shsl ^10"11 fY%aKs& úIh
ud,dj ilik úg wkq.ukh fldg we;s m%fõYhg jvd fjkia jQ m%fõYhla wkq.ukh fldg
we;s nj i|yka lrkq leue;af;ñ' 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" yd 11 hk fY%aKsj, § úIh lreKq b.ekaùfï
§ wkq.ukh l< hq;= bf.kqï yd b.ekakqï m%fõY iïnkaOfhka .=rejreka wNsu; wdlD;shlg
fhduq lrk ,o uq;a w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y iïmdokfha
§ .=rejrekag ;u wNsu;h mßÈ l%shdlsÍug;a m%Yia; ksoyila N=la;s ú§ug;a bv m%ia;dj i,id
;sfí'fuu ;,fha § .=rejrekaf.ka wfmaCId lrkqfha ta ta úIhg tallhg fyda mdvug kshñ;
ksmqK;d iy ksmqK;d uÜgï j¾Okh lsßu msKsi fhdað; b.ekakqï l%uj,ska ;uka wNsu;
b.ekakïq l%uhla fhdod .ekSuh' ;uka fhdod .kakd b.ekakï q m%fõYh i;=goq dhl yd ld¾hCIu
f,i fhdod .ksñka wfmaCIs; ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï <Õd lr .ekSu .=rejreka úiska
fkdmsßfy<d bgq lrkq ,eìh hq;=h' fuu ksoyi .=rejrekag ,nd §ug ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa
w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.fha we;s jeo.;alu iy tu úNd.h flfrys wOHdmk moaO;sfha ish¨
u wh olajk ixfõ§ nj ie,ls,a,g f.k nj igyka lrkq leue;af;ñ'

fuu .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh .=rejreka yg udyeÕs w;afmd;la fõjdhs m%d¾:kh

lrñ' wfma orejkaf.a keKi mdokakg fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha we;s f;dr;=re
l%ufõo iy Wmfoia wmf.a .=rejreka yg ksis u.fmkaùula lrkq we;ehs wfmaCId lrñ'

uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd

wOHlaI ckrd,a

i
 ix{dmkh

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh 2009 j¾Ifha isg 12 jk fY%aKsh i|yd bf.kqï -
b.ekAùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu i|yd .=re Nj;=kayg m%fhdackj;a fõ'

fuu fmd; iïmdokh lsÍug mdol lr.;a úIh ks¾foaYh fuf;la mej;s úIh
ks¾foaYj,g jvd fjkia jQjls' tu fjki y÷kd .ekSug fhduqjk Tng th ksmqK;d mdol
úIh ks¾foaYhla nj oelsh yels h' fuys oelafjk ksmqK;djla tu fY%aKsh ;=<§ u idlaId;a
lr .; hq;= hehs wfmalaId fkdflf¾' we;eïúg ta i|yd fndfyda l,la .;úh yels h' tfy;a
ksmqK;d uÜgï yd tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgï hgf;a oelafjk bf.kqï M, tu fY%aKsh ;=<§ u
w;am;a lr .; hq;= fõ' tneúka fY%aKshg wod< mdvï ie,iqï lr .ekSfï § tu ksmqK;d
uÜgï yd bf.kqïM, Tng fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a fõ' fuu bf.kqïM, bf.kqï - b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha § tla tla wruqKq ilid .ekSug fuka u mka;s ldurfha § isÿ flfrk we.hSï
WmlrK ilia lr .ekSfï § ks¾Kdhl f,i fhdod .ekSu flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾' fuu úIh yeoEÍfï § mßYS,kh l< hq;= w;sf¾l fmd;a m;a ms<sn|
isiqka oekqj;a lsÍug o fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh Tng m%fhdackj;a fõ'

fuys fhdað; l%shdldrlï Tn ks¾udKYS,S .=rejrfhl= jYfhka l%shd lsßfï wfmalaId

iys; j wdo¾Yj;a f,i bÈßm;a l< tajd jYfhka i,lkak' .=re flakaøSh mka;s ldur
l%shdj,sh fjkia lr YsIH flakaøSh njla we;s lsÍu úfYaIfhka wfmalaId flf¾' tneúka
isiqka úúO fmd;am;a mßYS,khg wka;¾cd, Ndú;h jeks .fõIKhg fhduq flfrk bf.kqï
wjia:d yels yeuúg u Wod l< hq;= fõ' b.ekaùfï § idïm%odhsl f,i igyka bÈßm;a lsÍu
fjkqjg wdl¾IKSh f,i kj oekqu uQ,O¾u wdÈh bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' ta i|yd ;dlaIKh
yels;dla ÿrg fhdod.;a ikaksfõok Wml%u Ndú; lsÍu kj mka;s ldurh ;=< § Wkkaÿ úh
hq;= fõ' ta i|yd kj ;dlaIKsl WmlrK yels;dla ÿrg Ndú; lsÍug ks¾udKYS,Sùu wjYH
fõ'

12 jk fY%aKsfha § fuu úIh bf.kSu wrUk Tnf.a isiqkag úIh ks¾foaYh ukdj
meyeÈ,s lr fokak' j¾Ih mqrd l%shd;aaul lrk Tnf.a b.ekaùfï ie,eiau y÷kajd fokafka
kï th isiqka ;=< fm<Uùula jkq we;' uq¿ úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh lr .ekSug mdi, fj;
isiqka wdl¾IKh fõ' fuu úIhud,d m%;sixialrK rgg oefkk mka;s ldur bf.kqï -
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkila we;s lrkq i|yd wod< úIh ks¾foaYh fuka u fuys fhdað;
l%shdj,s weiqfrka Tnf.a ks¾udKYS,S yelshd mqnqÿjd .kakd fuka o b,a,ñ'

fuu ud¾f.damfoaYh ieliSfï § odhl jQ úoaj;a ieug" .=reNj;=kg

a iy cd;sl wOHdmk
wdh;kfha ks,Odßkag uf.a ia;=;sh ysñ fõ' fï ld¾hh i|yd uÕfmkajQ wOHlaI ckrd,a
uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd ue;s÷ka fuka u uqøK lghq;= isÿlr mdi,aj,g ,nd§fï j.lSu
Ndrf.k lghq;= l< wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a we;=¿ ld¾hh uKav,hg o uf.a
úfYaI ia;=;sh mqo lrñ' fuys we;=<;a lreKq ms<sn| j ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd wef;d;a ud
fj; ,ndfokafkakï lD;{ fjñ'
úu,a ishU,df.dv
iydldr wOHlaI ckrd,a
NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh'
iii
 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdol uKavh

WmfoaYkh - uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd uy;d

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

wëlaIKh - úu,a ishU,df.dv uy;d

iydldr wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh úfYaI{ Wmfoia - uydpd¾h r;ak úfÊ;=x. uy;d

iïnkaëlrKh - B'wd¾' ksu,a fm%aul=udr uy;d

jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ

úIh ud,d lñgqj - uydpd¾h ta'ù' iqrùr uy;d

uydpd¾h fÊ'î' Èidkdhl uy;d
uydpd¾h r;ak úfÊ;=x. uy;d
uydpd¾h fla'tka'´' O¾uodi uy;d
uydpd¾h úu,a Ô n,.,a, uy;d
uydpd¾h ;siai ldßhjiï uy;d
uydpd¾h pkaøisß m,a,sh.=re uy;d
uydpd¾h .dñKS oE< nKavdr uy;d
uydpd¾h wkqr úl%uisxy uy;d
uydpd¾h frdaysKS mrKú;dk uy;d
wdpd¾h kkaofiak .udÉÑ uy;d
úu,a ishU,df.dv uy;d
tia'´' m%kdkaÿ uy;d
frdayK okafoksh uy;d
mshiS,S chj¾Ok uy;añh
tia' Èidkdhl uy;añh
fmauisß iqnisxy uy;d
tÉ'mS' iqis,a isßfiak uy;d
ví,sõ' mS' ux., .=Kr;ak uy;d
úu,d rKisxy uy;añh
khk ;s,la r;akdhl uy;d
fÊ' fifkúr;ak uy;d
hQ'fÊ'Ô' ud.%Ü uy;añh
tka'tï' úu,fiak uy;d
iqcd;d Tfífialr uy;añh

iv
f,aLl uKav,h ^wNHka;r& - tia'ta' fmauisß iqnisxy uy;d
m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odrs

- B'wd¾' ksu,a fm%aul=udr uy;d

jHdmD;s ks,Odrs

- l=l=rïfmd< [dKúu, ysñ

jHdmD;s ks,Odrs

- ví,sõ'mS' ux., .=Kr;ak uy;d

iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odrs

- tï'Ô' uqKisxy uy;d

iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß

- mS'à'tï' r;akdhl ñh
iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß

- mS'ta'ã' rejks isiscd l,afoard fuh

iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß

f,aLl uKav,h ^ndysr&

- tÉ'mS' iqis,a isßfiak uy;d
lÓldpd¾h

- fÊ' fifkúr;ak uy;d

úÿy,am;s ^úY%dñl&

- Ô'tï' fmaur;ak uy;d

ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s ^úY%dñl&

- wd¾'mS' O¾umd, uy;d

.=re fiajh

- ví,sõ'tï'tka' nKavdr uy;d

.=re fiajh

- ví,sõ'wd¾'ta'tia't,a' rKisxy uy;añh

.=re WmfoaYsld

v
 - tï'tia' úu,iQßh uy;d
.=re WmfoaYl

- wreK bkaÈl fõr., uy;d

.=re fiajh

NdId ixialrKh - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

mß.Kl jpk ieliqu - bfïId l=udß

fjí wvúh - www.nie.lk

vi
 mgqk

msgq wxlh

fmrjok ii

ix{dmkh iii

ye¢kaùu viii

u<.sh we;af;da kjl;dj 1

r;akdj,S kdgHh 6

mqrd;k .oH 9

.srd ikafoaYh 18

flál;d 24

kQ;k moH 35

NdIdj yd jHdlrKh 54

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùu 32

mdi, mdol lr.;a we.hSu 64

vii
1'0 ye¢kaaùu
ksmqK;d mdol lr.;a w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& isxy, úIh ks¾foaYdkql+, j fuu .=re
ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ilia lr we;' fuys we;=<;a f;dr;=re Wiia fm< isxy, úIh W.kajkq
,nk .=re uy;au uy;aókaf.a bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu myiq
lrjkq we;' úIh ks¾foaYh m%Odk ksmqK;d 13lska iukaú; fjhs' thska ksmqK;d 07la 12 jk
fY%aKsh i|yd jk w;r ksmqK;d 06la 13 jk fY%aKsh i|yd fjhs' tla tla ksmqK;dj,g wod<
j ksmqK;d uÜgï we;=<;a lr we;' bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr.ekSu i|yd
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh my; i|yka YS¾I hgf;a ilia lr we;'

1'0 ksmqK;d

úIh ks¾foaYfha 12 jk fY%aKsh i|yd wod<jk tla tla ksmqK;dj fï hgf;a olajd
we;'

2'0 ksmqK;d uÜgï

mQ¾fjdala; ksmqK;dj lrd <Õd úh yels ksmqK;d uÜgï fuhg we;=<;a fjhs''

3'0 ld,Éfþo tl;=j

by; oelajQ ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g wod< j bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr

.ekSfï § fhdað; ld,Éfþo ixLHdj iqÿiq mßÈ fjkia lr .ekSfï wjldY mj;S'

4'0 bf.kqïM,

tla tla ksmqK;djg wod< j isxy, úIh bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh wjidkfha
wfmalaIs; isiq p¾hd fjkialï fï hgf;a bÈßm;a lr we;' wod< l%shdldrlï ;lafiarelrK
ks¾Kdhl jYfhka o Ndú; l< yels h'

5'0 bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg w;aje,la

tla tla ksmqK;d idlaId;a lr.ekSug WmldÍjk bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

ixúOdkh lr .ekSu i|yd ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g wod< úIh wka;¾.;h fláfhka fï hgf;a
olajd we;' úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| lreKq wjidkfha wod< ksmqK;d uÜgï fj; isiqka
<Õdlr .ekSug WmldÍjk l%shdldrlï lSmhla fhdackd lr we;' fuu l%shdldrlï fjkalr
.ekSfï § ks¾udKd;aul kj l%shdldrlï ilia lr .ekSfï o wjldYh .=re uy;au uy;aóka
i;= ld¾hhls'

6'0 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha l%h

s dldrlï wjidkfha we.hSula bÈßm;a lr we;' isiq .fõIKh
u.ska lreKq /ialr .ekSug fm<Uqula we;sjk mßÈ tu we.hqï ie,iqï lr ;sfí' .=re
ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh wjidkfha bosßm;a lr we;s we.hSï mdi,a mdol we.hSï i|yd fhdod.;
hq;= h' jdrhlg we.hSï wjia:d 03 ne.ska jdr;=k i|yd we.hSï 09 la bÈßm;a lr we;'
viii
7'0 mßYS,kSh .%ka:

tla tla ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g wod< j bosßm;a lr we;s úIh wka;¾.;h
m%idrKh lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH .%ka: lsysmhla fï hgf;a olajd we;s w;r fï lD;s wOHhkh
lsÍug isiqka fm<Uùu;a bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkfha § tu lD;sj, wka;¾.;
lreKq wdY%h lr .ekSu;a .=re uy;au uy;aókaf.ka wfmalaId flf¾'

ix
u<.sh we;af;da

ksmqK;dj 1'0 # kjl;d yd kjl;d uQ,O¾u ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hqla; j

u<.sh we;af;da kjl;dj úpdrhg ,la lrhs

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 1'1 kjl;djl uQ,sl ,laIK úia;r lrhs

1'2 isxy, kjl;dfõ wdrïNh yd úldih meyeÈ,s lrhs
1'3 kjl;dx. flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka u<.sh we;af;da
kjl;dj úpdrh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj # 40 hs'

bf.kqï M,

• zkjl;djZ hkq l=ulaoehs ks¾jpkh lrhs'

• kjl;djl uQ,sl ,laIK bÈßm;a lrhs'
• kjl;dj" flál;dfjka fjkia jk whqre úia;r lrhs'
• isxy, kjl;dfõ wdrïNh ms<sn| lreKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• isxy, kjl;d b;sydih ixlaIsma; j úia;r lrhs'
• zu<.sh we;af;daZ kjl;dj lshjhs'
• zu<.sh we;af;daZ kjl;dfõ l;d jia;=j y÷kdf.k úia;r lrhs'
• zu<.sh we;af;daZ kjl;dfõ NdIdj" l;d úkHdih ms<n
s | .fõIKh l< f;dr;=re
úpdrYS,S j bÈßm;a lrhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg w;aje,la

f;audj$ wkqN+;sh$ jia;= úIh

—fofjkafodrd˜ kue;s isxy, is;a;rl= —fkdßflda˜ kue;s cmka ;reKshlg ne¢

fm%auhla jgd f.dv ke.=Kq l;d mqj;

úIh wka;¾.;h

• l,dlrefjl=f.a fm%au jD;dka;hla ms<sìUq flfrk ir, .oH ldjHhls'

• —fofjdkafodrd˜ iy —fkdßflda˜ f.a pß; ksrEmKh flf¾'
• —fkdßflda˜ kue;s cmka l;l ksid is;a;rdf.a is;ays we;s jQ iqkaor;ajh úia;r
flf¾'
• udkj Nla;sfhka hq;= idkqlïmsl is;a we;af;l=f.a iajrEmh fy<s flf¾'
• cmka ixialD;sh yd iuld,Sk cmka iudcfha f;dr;=re ì|la wkdjrKh flf¾'

1
pß; ksrEmKh

fofjkafodrdf.a pß;h
iÔù iajNdjhlska ksrEmKh ù ;sfí'
ishqï yeÕSï we;s l,dlrefjl= f,i ksrEms; h'
mdßißl fjkialï iu. ksrka;r >Ügkhg ,lajk pß;hls'
ir, jQ o iqkaor jQ o wOHd;auhl msú;=re nj fï pß;fhka ksrEms;h'
oeä WfmalaIdfjka yd ixhufhka hq;= j pß;h ksrEmKh fldg we;'
Ôú;h is;ska wdiajdoh lrk fi!kao¾hjd§ woyiaj,ska msreKq pß;hls'

—fkdßflda˜f.a pß;h

b;d ishqï úkaok Yla;shla we;a;shls'

yeÕSïnr ukilska hqla; h'
idkqlïms; yoj;la we;'
ir, .;s mej;=ï yd ir, Ôjk rgd we;a;shls'
idïm%odhsl cmka ixialD;sl yrhkays ixfla;hla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
we;eï úfgl ish ienE yeÕSï iÕjd .kshs'
úfgl wef.a ixlS¾K .;s mej;=ï o biau;= fjhs'

l;d úkHdih

kj l;dfõ ish¨ isÿùï yd wjia:d ukd fya;=M, in|;djlska hq;=j f.dvk.d

we;' kjl;dfõ ksrEms; úúO isÿùïj,g ta ta pß;h iïnkaO jk wdldrh úIo lsÍfuka
l;d úkHdih f.dvk.d.;a wdldrh mÍlaId l< yels h'

NdIdj

ldjHd;aul" NdjmQ¾K nia jyrla kjl;dj mqrd u Ndú; fõ' ixjdo yd wdLHdk
WÑ; f,i fhdod f.k we;'

Ôjk oDIaáh

ukqIH Ôú;h foi WfmalaId iy.; oDIaáhla fhduq flf¾'

2
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
l%shdldrlu 1

mshjr 1
issxy, kjl;d b;sydih yeoEÍfï § jeo.;ajk my; i|yka kj l;dlrejkaf.a
kjl;d o we;= < ;a jk fia fmd;a m% o ¾Ykhla mj;a j ka k ' ta i|yd mdi,a
mqia;ld,hdêm;s$m;skshf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .kak'

ihsuka is,ajd
ví,sõ'ta' is,ajd
mshodi isßfiak
Ô'ì' fiakdkdhl
ud¾áka úl%uisxy
tÈßùr irÉpkaø
.=Kodi wurfialr
fla' ch;s,l

mshjr 2

tu m%o¾Ykfha § zkjl;dj yd isxs y, kjl;dfõ úldYhZ hk uefhka iïuka;K % hla

ixúOdkh lrkak' tys § kjl;dj hkq l=ulaoehs y÷kajñka isxy, kjl;dj yd tys
b;sydih ms<sn| foaYkhla fyda foaYk lsysmhla mj;ajkak' ta iïnkaO w;am;%sldjla ilia
lr isiqka fj; ,nd fokak'

mshjr 3
fmd;a m%o¾Ykhg fhdod.;a kj l;d lshùug isiqka fhduq lr kjl;dj ms<sn|
ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug i,iajkak'

l%shdldrlu 2
kjl;djl l,d;aul ,laIK y÷kd .ksuq'

mshjr 1
fuys § my; olafjk lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka isik
q a iu. idlÉPdjla
fufyhjkak'

• kjl;dj i|yd fhdodf.k we;s oDIaá fldaKh

• Wmfhda.S lr.;a NdIdj
• l;d ikao¾Nh
• ixfla;" wjia:d' isoaê" pß; wdÈh ksrEmKh
• kjl;dfjka lsishï o¾Ykhla bÈßm;a lsßu

3
mshjr 2
isiqka úiska m%o¾Ykh i|yd fhdod.;a isxy, kjl;dj, l,d;aul ,laIK myla
f;dardf.k tu l,d;aul ,laIK ldâ m;aj, igyka lrf.k meñKSug Wmfoia
fokak' tla kjl;djl kula bÈßfha ;sria f,i ish¨ ldâm;a fm< .iajd m%o¾Ykh
lrkak' ^rEm igyk wd¾Yhg .kak' &

kjl;dfõ kjl;dfõ kjl;dfõ kjl;dfõ kjl;dfõ

ku ku ku ku ku

l,d;aul
,laIK

• isiqka m%o¾Ykh l< lreKq weiqßka kjl;djl l,d;aul ,laIK ms<sn|

idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

• l,d;aul kjl;djl uQ,sl ,laIK ms<sn| igykla ms<sfh, lr .ekSug isiqkag

Wmfoia fokak'

l%shdldrlu 3 —u<.sh we;af;da˜ kjl;dfõ ikao¾Nh jgyd .ksuq'

mshjr 1
• u<.sh we;af;da kjl;dfõ rij;a fldgia lSmhla f;dardf.k tajd rij;a j
bÈßm;a lrñka u<.sh we;af;da kjl;dj lshùug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
mshjr 2
• kjl;dj lshùfuka wk;=rej kjl;dfõ l;d ikao¾Nh wdjrKh jk mßÈ
m%Yakdj,shla ilia lrkak'
• tu m%Yak isiqka fj; bÈßm;a lrñka kjl;dfõ ikao¾Nh wkdjrKh lr
.ekSug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
mshjr 3
• jpk 350 l Wmßuhlg hg;a j kjl;dfõ ikao¾Nh .fõIKh lsÍfï mejreul
isiqka ksr; lrjkak'

4
mshjr 5
• mejreï ld¾hhka mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

we.hSu'
mshjr 1

isxy, kjl;d b;sydih

my; i|yka j.=j wkqj isxy, kjl;d b;sydih ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'

kjl;dfõ ku m<jQ j¾Ih l;=jrhd f;audj oDIaáfldaKh m%Odk pß;

mshjr 2
kjl;dj yd isxy, kjl;dfõ úldih ms<sn| jpk 2000 lg fkd wvq rpkhla
ks¾udKh lrkak' tys § my; i|yka f;dr;=re we;=<;a lrkak'

• kjl;dj hkq l=ula o@

• isxy, kjl;dj wdrïN jQ whqre
• isxy, kjl;dfõ úldih

mßYS,kSh .%ka:
isxy, kjl;dfõ b;sydih yd úpdrh - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
isxy, kjl;dfõ úldYh - ir;apkaø úl%uiQßh
kjl;d l,dj - Ô'î' fiakdkdhl
kjl;d ks¾udKh yd wjfndaOh - ta'ù' iqrùr
ks¾udK miqìu - ir;apkaø úl%uiQßh
Wmkaod isg - ud¾áka úl%uisxy
msx we;s iriú jrla fokafka - tosrùr irÉpkaø
m%nkaO l:d uQ,O¾u - Woh m%Ydka; ueoafoa.u
kQ;k isxy, idys;Hh - fla'ã'mS' úl%uisxy
u<jqkaf.a wjqreÿ od - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
fkdu< pß; - bkaømd, wfíùr
isxy, m%nkaO l:dfõ úldYkh - ;siai ldßhjiï
isxy, kjl;dfõ wdrïNh - wdßh rdclreKd
kjl;dj yd iudch - fla' ch;s,l
isxy, kjl;dfõ ixialD;sl miqìu - fla' ch;s,l

5
r;akdj,S kdgHh

ksmqK;dj 2'0 # ixialD; kdgH uQ,O¾u y÷kdf.k r;akdj,S kdgHh ri

ú¢hs

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 2'1 ixialD; kdgH l,dfõ b;sydih meyeÈ,s lrhs

2'2 idys;Hdx.hla f,i kdgH l,dfõ úfYaI;d úia;r lrhs
2'3 r;akdj,S kdgHfha fm< lshjd wjfndaO lr .kshs
2'4 r;akdj,S kdgHfha pß; ms<sn| ú.%yhl fhfohs
2'5 kdgH úpdr uQ,O¾u ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;=j r;akdj,S
kdgHh úpdrh lrhs
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj # 40 hs'

bf.kqï M,

• kdgH idys;Hhg úfYaI jQ ,laIK úia;r lrhs'

• ixialD; kdgH l,dfõ uQ,sl ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
• ixialD; kdgH wx. flfrys ie,ls,su;a fjñka r;akdj,S kdgHh úpdrh lrhs'
• r;akdj,S kdgHfha l;d idrh bÈßm;a lrhs'
• r;akdj,S kdgHfha kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d y÷kdf.k bÈßm;a lrhs'
• r;akdj,S kdgHfha ksrEms; pß;j, ,laIK bÈßm;a lrhs'
• r;akdj,S kdgHfha fhdodf.k we;s NdIdj y÷kd.ksñka tys iqúfYaI;d meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
• kdgH úpdr uQ,O¾u y÷kdf.k úia;r lrhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg w;aje,la

• ixialD; oDYHldjHhkaf.a úfYaI ,laIK

• fonia .oHfhka rpkdùu'

• lsishï o¾Ykhl miq;,hla ujdmEfï § fyda pß;hl jQ yeÕSula m%ldY lrk úg
moH fh§u'
• pß; wkqj NdIdfõ úúO;ajhla olakg ,eîu'
• ia;%S iyNd.s;ajh by<ska mej;Su'
• kdgH O¾ó fyj;a ffY,s.; rx. ffY,sh Ndú; lsÍu'
• m%ia;djkdjlska wdrïNùu'
• úúO fya;=ka ksid fm%AlaIlhkag boßm;a fkdl< yels foa fonia u.ska y÷kajd§u"
fkam:Hd.drfha isg md;%hka lrk weÕùï wdÈ Wml%u fhdod .ekSu'
• p;=¾úO wNskh Ndú; lsÍu
• kdgH ikao¾Nh fldgia mylska hqla; ùu
wdrïN
m%h;ak
m%dma;HdYd
ksh;dma;s
M,d.u

6
r;akdj,S kdgHh

l%s'j' 7 jk ishjfia Ndr;Sh krm;sfhl= jQ Y%S y¾I úiska ,shk ,o lD;shls'

kd.dkkao" m%sho¾Ysld hkq Tyq úiska ,shk ,o ;j;a kdgH lD;s folls'
r;akdj,S kdgHhg md,s idys;Hfha i|yka j;ai rdc pß;h jia;= îch ù we;'
fuh wxl 4 lska hq;a oDYH ldjHhls'
miqld,Sk kdgH úpdrlhska ixialD; kdgH isoaOdka;j,g WodyrK oelaùfï §
r;akdj,sh fndfyda fihska bjy,a lrf.k we;'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

l%shdldrlu 1 - ixialD; kdgH l,dj y÷kd .ekSu'

mshjr 1
mqia;ld, Ndú;h u.ska ixialD; kdgH l,dj ms<sn| f;dr;=re .fõIKhl isiqka
ksr; lrjkak'
ta weiqßka my; i|yka f;aud hgf;a lreKq igyka lr .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'
- kdgHh l,dj hkq l=ula o@
- kdgH l,dfõ úúO ,laIK yd iïm%odhka
- ixialD; kdgH idys;Hfha úfYaI ,laIK
- ixialD; kdgH úpdr uQ,O¾u

mshjr 2
isiqka úiska /ialr.;a f;dr;=re mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
isiqka bÈßm;a l< lreKq o ie,ls,a,g .ksñka ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh ms<sn|
iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'

l%shdldrlu 2 - r;akdj,S kdgH úpdrh

mshjr 1
mka;sfha isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï y;rlg fnokak'
iEu lKavdhula u kdgHfha m<uqjk wxlh lshjd my; i|yka f;aud hgf;a
lreKq .fõIKhl ks;r lrjkak'
- kdgHfha fm< lshùu'
- l;d idrh f.dvke.Su'
- m%Odk isoaê yd wjia:d wkqms<sfj<ska fm< .eiaùu'
- pß; yd isÿùï ms<sn| úpdrYS,S woyia oelaùu'
.fõIKh lrk ,o f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd §u'
WÑ; mßÈ iudf,dapkhl fh§u'

mshjr 2
kdgHfha fojk" f;jk yd isõjk wxl i|yd o m<uq mshjf¾ § wkq.ukh l<
l%ufõoh u Ndú; lrkak'

mshjr 3
ixialD; kdgH úpdr uQ,O¾u ms<sn| ;jÿrg;a lreKq .fõIKh lrkak'

7
we.hSu'
mshjr 1
ixialD; oDYHldjHj, úfYaI ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrkak'
my; i|yka lreKq Tiafia ms<s;=re f.dkq lrkak'
- NdIdj
- fonia Ndú;h
- ffY,s.; rx. iïm%odh
- úúO l:k l%u Ndú;h

mßYS,kSh .%ka:

kdgH oDIaáh yd r;akdj,s - tï'tÉ' .=K;s,l

isxy, .eñ kdglh ^m<uq mßÉfþoh& - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
kdgH .fõIK - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
fjia uqyqK o ienE uqyqKq o - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
l,amkd f,dalh - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
idys;Hh - kdgH ms<sn| úfYaI l,dmh
fid÷re wd{dodhlhd fyj;a kdgH ksIamdokh - iq.;md, o is,ajd
ueá lr;a;h ^ixialD; kdgHfha rx.ffY,sh keue;s ,smsh& - mshodi ksYaYxl
kdgH m%fõYh - iqpß; .ï,;a
ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh - chfoaj ;s,lisß
Nr;uqks m%KS; kdgH Ydia;% - fjda,ag¾ udrisxy
ixialD; kdgH iïm%odh yd r;akdj,S - fjda,ag¾ udrisxy
isxy, kdgH úldikh - ;siai ldßhjiï
úYaj úoHd, ldjH jxih - ;siai ldßhjiï
úis jirl isxy, kdgH b;sydih - ;siai ldßhjiï
úis mia jirl kdgH b;sydih - ;siai ldßhjiï

8
mqrd;k .oH - ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh

ksmqK;dj 3'0 # mqrd;k .oH idys;H mßYS,kfhka ,nd .;a Ôú; mß{dkh
yd NdId mßph ks¾udKd;aul NdId ld¾hhka i|yd fhdod
.kshs
ksmqK;d uÜgu #3'1 mqrd;k .oH idys;Hfha b;sydih meyeÈ,s lrhs
3'2 ks¾ÈIag l;djkays ÿrjfndaO jpkj, wre;a meyeÈ,s
lrhs
3'3 ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfha wka;¾.;h" NdId ,laIK yd rpkd
ffY,sh y÷kdf.k ú.%y lrhs
3'4 mkaish mkia cd;l fmdf;ys wka;¾.;h" NdId ,laIK
yd rpkd ffY,sh y÷kdf.k ú.%y lrhs
3'5 ioaO¾ud,xldrfhys wka;¾.;h" NdId ,laIK yd rpkd
ffY,sh y÷kdf.k ú.%y lrhs
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj # 40 hs'

bf.kqï M,

• mqrd;k .oH idys;Hfha ,laIK lsysmhla f.k yer olajhs'

• mqrd;k .oH idys;Hfhys hq. wkqj we;s jQ úldYh ieflúka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• w¾:djfndaOfhka hq;= j ks¾osIag mqrd;k .oH idys;H fldgia lshjhs'
• mqrd;k .oH idys;Hfha wdlD;sh" NdId ffY,sh" rpfkdaml%u y÷kdf.k úpdrh
lrhs'
• mqrd;k .oH idys;H ks¾udKj, wjia:d" isoaê yd pß; ksrEmKh y÷kdf.k
úu¾Ykh lrhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg w;aje,la

• mqrd;k iïNdjH .oH idys;Hh

- isxy, idys;H b;sydih hq. jYfhka fufia fnod oelaúh yels h'
wkqrdOmqr ^l%s'mQ' 437 - l%s'j' 1058&
fmdf,dkakre ^l%s'j' 1058 - l%s'j' 1234&
oUfoKs ^l%s'j' 1220 - l%s'j' 1293&
l=reKE., ^l%s'j' 1293 - l%s'j' 1347&
.ïfmd< ^l%s'j' 1347 - l%s'j' 1412&
fldaÜfÜ ^l%s'j' 1412 - l%s'j' 1580&
iS;djl ^l%s'j' 1580 - l%s'j' 1592&
uykqjr ^l%s'j' 1480 - l%s'j' 1815&
fld<U l%s'j' 1815 isg

9
• ks¾ÈIag .oH lD;s fï hq. hgf;a wka;¾.; lsÍu'

• mqrd;k .oH idys;Hfhys iajNdjh

- nqÿ isß; jia;= îc fldg .ekSu'
- l;=jrekaf.ka fndfyduhla NslaIQka jykafia,dùu'
- nKl:d idys;Hhla wka;¾.; ùu'
- Y%e;sf.dapr ffY,sfhka ,shù ;sîu'
- ta ta hq.hg wh;a NdId ,laIK" ms<sìUq ùu'
- fndfyda .%ka: ñY% isxy, NdIdfjka ,shù ;sîu'

• ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh
- l;=jrhd O¾ufiak kï h;sjrfhl= nj .%ka:djidkfha i|yka .d:djlska lshefõ'
- oUfoKs hq.hg wh;a .oH ldjHhls'
- md,s OïumoÜG l;dfõ modkq.; mßj¾;khla fkdj wkqjdohls'
- Y%djlhka iÉpdß;% O¾uhkays msysgqùu l¾;Df.a wruqKhs'
- .eñ jyßka fmdaIs; nila Wmfhda.S lr f.k we;'
- l;=jrhdf.a Wmud fh§fï Yla;sh wkdjrKh fõ'

mgdpdrd jykaoEf.a jia;=j

• l;dfõ wka;¾.;h
isgq l=ußhl jQ mgdpdrdj isgq ueÿrl iemj;a Ôú;hla .; lsÍu'
weh /ln,d .ekSug fouõmshka .;a W;aidyh
isgq ueÿf¾ fiajlhl= iu. ñ;% ùu
Tyq iu. ryiska mek hEu
mgdpdrdjf.a m<uq ore m%iQ;sh
wef.a fojk ore m%iQ;sh i|yd foujqmshka fj; hEug msg;a ùu'
w;ru.§ ore m%iq;sh isÿùu" wld, fï>h" ieñhf.a wld, urKh
ish weia yuqfõ orejka fofokd ñh hEu
foujqmshkaf.a yÈis urKh
mgdpdrdj Wu;=ùu
nqÿrÿka fj; meñK wdOHd;añl iqjh ,eîu

pß; ksrEmKh #

mgdpdrd - yeÕSïj,g jy,a ù ;SrK .ekSfuka yd ta wkqj lghq;= lsÍfuka

fÄockl brKulg uqyqK ÿka ldka;djlf.a pß;hls' fya;=M,
iïnkaO;dj wkqj úldYh jk pß;hls' iÔù pß; ksrEmKh
oelsh yel'

Nø fh!jkfha isrldßhl f,i Ôj;aùug isÿùu'

wdorh wd,h ms<sn| yeÕSï msì§u'
fiajlhd flfrys wd,fhka isgq iïm;a yer hEu'
Tyq iu. i;=áka Ôj;aùu'
wkfmalaIs; fÄojdplhg uqyqK§ug isÿùu'
ord.; fkdyels Ñ;a; mSvkh fya;=fjka Wu;= njg m;aùu'
fufylre - Tyq ;ud w;ska isÿjQfha n,j;a jrola nj is;hs' ore m%iQ;sh i|yd
foujqmshka fj; hEfï woyig Tyq tlÕ fkdjkafka jrog o~qjï

10
 ,efn;ehs ìfhks' Tyq ieñfhl= f,i Nla;su;a j mgdpdrdj /l
n,d .;af;a h'

wjia:d ksrEmKh #

isgql=ußh fufylre iu. m,dhk wjia:dj

m<uq ore m%iQ;sh isÿjk wjia:dj
fojk ore m%iQ;sh isÿjk wjia:dj
ieñhd ñh .sh nj oek.;a wjia:dj
.xj;=r fya;=fjka orejka wysñ jQ wjia:dj
foujqmshkaf.a yÈis urKh ie, jQ wjia:dj

hk ;kays § l;=jrhd wjia:d ksrEmKfhys,d olajk l=i,;dj biau;= lr oelaùu

jeo.;a fõ' m%ij fõokdjla iu. wld, fï>hla we;sùu yd iei£u'

NdId ffY,sh

wjia:d yd pß; ksrEmKfha § id¾:l f,i NdIdj fhdodf.k we;s wdldrh'

Wmud Ndú;h - —fros lvlska jid Æ ueKslla mßoafoka''˜
—msg msg fy,d wl=Kq myrkakd fia'''˜
nK l;d Í;sh
ck jyr fhdod .ekSu

l;=jrhdf.a Ôjk oDIaáh

udkj ohdfjka hq;= j mgdpdrdjka foi fy<kafka idkqlïms oDIaáhls'

we.hSu
mgdpdrd jykaoEf.a jia;=fõ wjia:d ksrEmKfha § l;=jrhd olajd we;s olaI;dj
m<uq ore m%iQ;sh
fojk ore m%iQ;sh
ieñhd ñhhdu
.xj;=r ksid orejka wysñùu hk wjia:d Tiafia meyeos,s lrkak'

mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;

- fuys l¾;D ms<sn| u; fNao mj;S' tla l;=jrfhl= fkdj l¾;D uKav,hla úiska
lrk ,oehs hkak woyils'

- cd;l fmdf;a m%ia;djkdfõ fufia oelafõ'

—mkaish mkia cd;l O¾u foaYkdj t¿fjka olajkakg jqjukdhehs lshd
mrdl%u kï weue;s i;amqreIhdf.a wdrdOkdfjka yd ùrisxy m;srdc kï
wudf;Hd;a;uhdf.a W;aidyfhka wgqjd idñka ,shQ cd;l kshdj fkd
jrojd t¿fjka ,sh jQ cd;l l:dj i;amqreI ukqIHhska úiska lka fhdud
is;a ys,d weish hq;='˜

11
 - ld,h l=reKE., idys;H hq.hg wh;a h'
- uQ,dY%h md,s cd;lÜGl;djhs'
- nqÿrÿkaf.a w;S; ckau ms<sn| l;d we;=<;a h'
- iEu l;djla u idys;H rifhka wkQk jk w;r .; yels Ôú;do¾Y o fndfyduhls'

Poaoka; cd;lh

wruqK #
fndai;=kaf.a odk mdrñ;d .=Kh m%lg lsÍu

j¾;udk l;dj
;reK NslaIQKshl nqÿrÿkaf.a rej oel iskdiSu yd yeéu

w;S; l;dj

Poaoka; we;=" ú, yd jkh ms<sn| jekqu

pQ,a, iqNød yd uyd iqNød we;skakshka ms<sn| f;dr;=re
pQ,a, iqNødjf.a im;akSfrdaIh
wef.a ffjrh yd m%d¾:kdj
pq,a, iqNødjf.a wk;=re ckauh
wef.a fod<ÿl
fidakq;a;r jeoaod Poaoka; we;= fidhd hEu
Wml%uYS,S j we;= ú§u
jeoaod flfrys wkqlïmd lsÍu yd o< oka§u
pq,a, iqNødjf.a urKh
ifudaOdkh

pß; ksrEmK
Poaoka; we;=
uyd i;a;ajfhl=f.a pß; ,laIK
rEmldh iïm;a;sh
f;acdkaú; nj
fndaêi;a;aj .=K
pq,a, iqNød
ìß|lf.a im;akSfrdaIh m%lg lrk pß; ,laIK
uyd iqNød ms<sn| B¾IHdj
iajdñhd ms<sn| ffjrh
m<s.ekSfï fÉ;kdj yd m%d¾:kh
ld¾h idOkfhys W;aidyj;a nj
wjia:d ksrEmK
pq,a, iqNødjf.a im;akSfrdaIh biau;= jk wjia:d
iqNødf.a fod<ÿl
fidakq;a;r jeÈ mq;%hd we;= ú§u yd o< lemSu
iqNød miq;eú,s ùu wdÈ wjia:djka Ñ;a;rEm uefjk wdldrfhka újrKh fldg
we;s whqre úuiSu'
jvd;a ixfõ§ wjia:djka ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu'

12
j¾Kkd
Poaoka; we;d
ú,
jkh

NdId ,laIK
ñY% NdId ,laIK
Wmud rEmld§ w,xldr Ndú;h
j¾Kkd;aul ffY,sh ^Y%e;sf.dapr&
§¾> jdlH
flá jdlH

we.hSu
isiqka iqÿiq mßos lKavdhï lrkak'
Poaoka; cd;l l;dfõ tk j¾Kkd y÷kd.kakg i,iajkak'
tu j¾Kkd isiq lKavdhïj,g ,nd § ta ms<sn| j we.hSula lsÍug fhduq lrkak'
tajd mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj fokak'
isiq woyia o ,ndf.k iudf,dapkhl ksr;jkak'

.Kav ;Skaÿ cd;lh

l;dfõ wruqK #
oi rdc O¾ufhka rdcH md,kfhys w.h jgyd§u'

j¾;udk l;dj
rfcdajdo cd;lh lshjkak'

w;S; l;dj

lïms,a, rg W;a;r m[apd, kqjr m[apd, rÊcqrejkaf.a wOd¾ñl rdcH md,kh

hqj rc fifkúr;a wdosyq okõ jeishka mSvdjg m;a lrñka whnÿ .ekSu
rgjeisfhda Tjqkag ìfha j,a je§u'
fï nj ÿgq fndai;a rela foú rcqg wjjdo fohs
ÈjH mq;%hdf.ka lreKq oek.;a rÊcqrefjda fjiaj,df.k mqfrdays; nuqKd iu.
úúO ;ekaj, weúos;s
rdc mqreIhkag ìfha j,a jeÿKq mqreIfhl= ;udf.a f.hs fodr lgq fldfy,ska jid
f.dia miq Èk lgq fldfyd,a yßk wjia:dfõ § lgqjla wefkhs' lgqj bj;g
.kakd wjia:dfõ § rÊcqrejkag fodia lshhs' fjiaj,df.k meñKs rÊcqrejkag th
wefihs' j,g jeo or" m,d úfldg Ôj;ajk tl ia;%shla j,g jeo m,d lvk úg
w; jer§ f.dia ìu fyj lÿ¿ msiouñka rÊcqrejkag wdfl%daI lsÍu"
k.=f,ys iS je, wekS mi ;=jd, jQ f.dkq k.=, we£ug wfmdfydi;a ùu ksid
f.dúfhl= ta ms<sn| j rcqg fodia lSu'

rdc fiajlhkaf.a wKska fndfyda fldg lsß f.fkk f,i l< b,a,Su ksid l=¿
fofklf.ka lsß foùug .;a W;aidyfha § l=¿fokf.a myr lE f.dm,a,d rcqg
neK je§u'

13
 t< foklf.a jiafil= uerE fyhska fokl ;K meka fkdld rÊcqrejkag fodia
ke.Su'
j;=r is÷Kq fmdl=Kl ueäfhl= j;=r is£u ksid ueähkag isÿjk lror
mjiñka rÊcqrejkag fodia lSu'
lreKq f;areï .kakd rÊcqrejka Od¾ñl rdcH md,khg fhduqùu'

pß; ksrEmKh
m[apd, rÊcqrefjda
hqjrcjre
ks,Odßka
fiajlhka

wjia:d ksrEmKh
rcqg uqK .efik úúO mqoa.,hska yd i;a;ajhska uqyqKfok ÿla .eyeg

j¾Kkd
rela foúhka rÊcqrejkag wkqYdikd lsÍu

NdId ,laIK
j¾Kkd;aul NdIdj
m%dKj;a fonia
Wmud Ndú;h
ñY% NdId ,laIK

we.hSu
isiqka lKavdhï follg fjkalrkak'
rcqf.a wúpdrj;a rdcH md,kh bÈßm;a lsÍug l;=jrhd fh¥ Wml%u ms<sn| isiqka
lKavdhï fol w;r ixjdohla we;s lrjkak' ixjdofha oS u;=jk jeo.;a lreKq igyka
lr .ekSug

Wmfoia fokak'
igyka lr.;a lreKq wyUq f,i f;dard.;a isiqka lsysm fofkl= u.ska mka;shg
bÈßm;a lrjkak'
bÈßm;a l< lreKq o ie,ls,a,g .ksñka iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'

14
ioaO¾ud,xldrh

• l;=jrhd - .v,dfoKs úydrdêm;sj jev úiQ chndyq foajrlaÅ; ysñhka

• ld,h - 14 jk Y;j¾Ih - .ïfmd< idys;Hh hq.h
• uQ,dY%h - rijdyskS kï jQ md,s .%ka:h
• wka;¾.;h - l;d jia;= 24 ls' thska 12 la oUosj miqìï lr.;a l;dh'
wfkla l;d 12 ,xldj miqìï fldg .;a tajd h'
• ft;sydisl iudc f;dr;=re - Y%S ,xldfõ merKs ft;sydisl yd iudc f;dr;=re
fy<s lrk uQ,dY% .%ka:hla jYfhka w.h l<
yels h'
• Í;sh - ckm%sh O¾u foaYkd Í;sh wkq.ukh lrñka rÑ; uyd nK
fmd;ls'
• id,srdc jia;=j
l;dfõ wka;¾.;h
- ÿgq.euqKq rc mq;a id,sh l=urd yd wfYdalud,d ms<sn| fm%au jDka;dka;h
l;djg we;=<;a fõ'
l;d úkHdih
- id,sh l=uref.a w;S; ckauh ms<sn| l;dj
- ÿgq.euqKq uy rcqg mq;aj bm§u
- hqjrc ;k;=r ,eîu iy lrk ,o mska oyu
- wfYdalud,d yuqùu
- wfYdalud,djf.a w;S; ckauh ms<sn| l;dj
- wfYdalud,d pKavd, l=,hl bm§u
- ÿgq.euqKq rcqf.a úfrdaOh iy m%idoh
- id,sh wfYdalud,d újdyh iy rclu m%;slafIal lsÍu
pß; ksrEmKh
- id,sh wfYdalud,d" ÿgq.euqKq rcq fuys m%Odk pß;fhda fj;s'
id,sh l=uref.a pß;h
- mskg oyug <eos nj
-fm%au h ms<sn| wp, ia:djrhl mej;Su
- rdcH f,daNfhka f;drùu
- l=, fNaoh fkdie,lSu
wfYdalud,d pß;h
- rEu;a nj
- ksy;udkS nj
- m;s Nla;sh
- wd.ka;=l i;aldrfhys <eÈ nj
ÿgq.euqKq rc pß;h
- udkj ys;jd§ nj
- úu¾YkYS,S nj
- mq;= fifkyi
- bjiSu
j¾Kkd
- wfYdalud,djf.a rEm iïm;a;sh uq,a lrf.k ia;%S ,d,s;Hh ms<sn| lrk
úis;=re j¾Kkd folls'
-WoHdk j¾Kkdjla we;=<;a h

15
 wjia:d ksrEmKh
- id,sh wfYdalud,d yuqj
- ÿgq .euqKq rcq id,sh wfYdalud,d yuqjQ wjia:dj

NdId ,laIK
- ixialD; ;;aiu Yío iys; ñY% NdId ,laIK
- È.= jels" flá jels Ndú;h
rpkd ffY,sh
- Y%e;s f.dapr O¾u foaYkd ffY,sh
- j¾Kkd;aul ffY,sh

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

l%shdldrlu 1 - mkaish mkia cd;l fmd; ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu'

mshjr 1
cd;l l;djl fldgila" WÑ; l%ufõohla u.ska Y%jKh lsÍug ie,eiaùfuka
mdvug m%fõY jkak'

mshjr 2
mkaish mkia cd;l fmd; ms<sn| j uQ,sl f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug isiqkag mjrkak'
- l¾;D
- ld,h
- wruqK
- jia;= úIh wdÈh ms<sn|j
fidhd.;a lreKq tl;= lr l=vd m;%sldjla ilia lsÍug wjia:dj fokak'

mshjr 3
fidhd .;a lreKq bÈßm;a lsßug wyUq f,i f;dard.;a isiqka lsysm fofkl=g
wjia:dj i,ikak'

isiqka bÈßm;a l< lreKq o wod< lrf.k mkaish mkia cd;l fmd; yd ks¾ÈIag
cd;l l;d ms<sn| j flá iudf,dapkhla lrkak'

fuu l%shdldrlu ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh yd ioaO¾ud,xldrh .%ka: ms<sn| f;dr;=re

/ialsÍu i|yd o Ndú; l< yels h'

l%shdldrlu 2 - ÿrjfndaO jpkd¾: meyeÈ,s lsÍu'

mshjr 1
mka;f s ha isik
q a iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lrkak' ks¾ÈIag mqrd;k .oH tla tla lKavdhug
,nd fokak'
- mgdpdrd jykaoEf.a jia;=j
- Poaoka; cd;lh
- .Kav;skaÿ cd;lh
- id,srdc jia;=j

16
mshjr 2
tla tla lKavdhug ,enqKq l;d jia;=j, ÿrjfndaO jpk ,ehsia;=.; lsÍug
wjia:dj i,ikak'
YíofldaI mßyrKh u.ska ÿrjfndaO jpk i|yd wre;a imhd .ekSug wjYH uÕ
fmkaùï lrkak'

mshjr 3
lKavdhï fidhd.;a ÿrjfndaO jpkd¾: meyeÈ,s lsÍï mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug
wjia:dj i,ikak'

mshjr 4
.fõIKh u.sska isiqka fidhd.;a ÿrjfndaO jpkd¾: meyeÈ,s lsÍï weiqßka fmd;a
msxp ne.ska ilia lsÍug lKavdhïj,g Wmfoia fokak'

mshjr 5
isiq bÈßm;a lsÍï o ie,ls,a,g f.k iudf,dapkhl ksr; jkak'

l%shdldrlu 3 - ks¾osIag l;d úpdrh lsÍu

mshjr 1
mqrd;k .oH idys;H hgf;a ks¾ÈIag tla l;d m%jD;a;shl l;d idrh mka;shg
bÈßm;a lrkak'

mshjr 2
tu l;dj ;jÿrg;a wOHhkh fldg my; i|yka f;aud hgf;a f;dr;=re .fõIKhl
isiqka ksr; lrjkak' ^m%udKj;a YsIH ixLHdjla isàkï lKavdhï l%uh fï i|yd fhdod
.kak'&
l;=jrhdf.a wruqKq
NdId ffY,sh
l;d úkHdih
wjia:d ksrEmKh
pß; ksrEmKh
l;=jrhdf.a Ôjk oDIaáh

wdÈ wx. ms<sn| flá úia;r igyka lr .ekSug fhduq lrkak'

mshjr 3
isiq l%shdldrlï bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj i,ikak'

mshjr 4
isiq bÈßm;a lsÍï o ie,ls,a,g f.k flá iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'
wfkl=;a l;d i|yd o fï l%uh fhdod .; yels h'

17
l%shdldrlu 4 - idys;H úpdrh
mshjr 1
mka;sfha újdohla meje;aùu i|yd isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhïj,g fnod fhdacl
iy m%;sfhdacl lKavdhï ilia lr .kak'
my; i|yka ud;Dldj,ska tlla ms<sn| lreKq .fõIKh
ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh O¾u .%ka:hlg jvd idys;H .%ka:hla f,i w.h l< yels h'

isxy, idys;Hfha fmdaIKhg jvd;a bjy,a jQfha cd;l fmd;hs'

f;dard.;a ud;Dldjg wkqj újdoh meje;aùug wjYH lreKq .fõIKhl isiqka
ksr; lrjkak'

mshjr 2
mka;sfha lKavdhï fol w;r újdofha m<uq jgh meje;aùug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
úksYaph uKav,hl iydh ,nd .kak'
mshjr 3
fmr f,ig b;sß jQ ud;Dldjg wkqj lreKq .fõIKh fldg újdohla mj;ajkak'

mshjr 4
isiqka boßm;a l< lreKq o ie,ls,a,g f.k iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'
uOHia: j idys;H úpdrhl fh§ug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

we.hSu
ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh cd;l l;d iy ioaO¾ud,xldrh wod< l;dj, fþo lSmhla
weiqfrka wjfndaOh i|yd m%Yak lsysmhla bÈßm;a lrkak'
ÿrjfndaO jpk lsysmhla fjka fldg tajdfhys w¾: oelaùug wjia:dj fokak'

mßYS,kSh .%ka:
mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;
nK l;d idys;Hh - ud¾áka úl%uisxy
cd;l l;d úuiqu - ud¾áka úl%uisxy
isxy, idys;Hfha keÕSu - ud¾áka úl%uisxy
idys;H ,sms - ã'î' ch;s,l
isxy, idys;H II,III - wdkkao l=,iQßh
idys;H l;d - fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s ysñ
isxy, idys;H iïm%odh - ta'ù' iqrùr
isxy, l;d l,dfõ úldih - fla' ch;s,l

18
.srd ikafoaYh

ksmqK;dj 4'0 # .srd ikafoaYh mßYS,kh lrñka ikafoaY idys;Hh ms<sn|

úu¾Ykhl fhfohs

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 4'1 ikafoaY ldjH idys;Hfha iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lrhs

4'2 ikafoaY ldjHhl ,laIK bÈßm;a lrhs
4'3 .srd ikafoaYh mßYS,kh lrñka ridiajdofha fhfohs

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj # 40 hs'

bf.kqï M,

• fiiq moH idys;H ks¾udK w;ßka ikafoaY idys;H fjka fldg y÷kdf.k
úia;r lrhs'
• ikafoaY ldjHhl uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ikafoaY idys;Hfha úldYh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• fldaÜfÜ hq.fha ikafoaY idys;Hfha úfYaI;d u;= lr olajhs'
• .srd ikafoaYfha lú lshjd wjfndaOfhka hq;=j w¾:h ,sys,a niska ,shd olajhs'
• .srd ikafoaYfha moH .dhkd lrñka ri ú¢hs'
• .srd ikafoaYfha tk j¾Kkd w.hñka tajdfha iqúfYaI;d f.kyer olajhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg w;aje,la

isxy, ikafoaY idys;Hfha wdrïNh yd úldYkh

• .ïfmd< hq.h
- uhqr ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1375 - 1391&
- ;sir ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1409 - 1415&

• fldaÜfÜ hq.h
mfrú ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1430 - 1440&
fldals, ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1440 - 1446&
ie<,sysKs ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1450&
.srd ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1457 - 1465&
yxi ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1457 - 1465&

• uykqjr hq.h
i. lyl=re¨ ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1710 - 1739&
ii. leglsß,s ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1788&
iii.kS,fldfnda ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1780&
iv.Èh iejq,a ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1813&
v.lsr, ikafoaYh ^l%s'j' 1815&

19
ikafoaY ldjH wdlD;sh

m%isoaO mqoa.,fhl= l:dkdhlhd ùu'

b;sydi l:djlska fyda wdYs¾jdohlska weröu
¥;hd f,i m%isoaO W;=ï mqoa.,fhl= fhdod .ekSu'
iqjÿla úuiñka ¥;hd j¾Kkd lsÍu'
¥;hdg hdhq;= ia:dkh mejiSu'
w;ru. yuqjk m%N+ka yd ia:dk j¾Kkd lrñka ud¾.h oelaùu'
ikafoaY .%dylhd Wiia f,i j¾Kkd lsÍu'
ikafoaYh lshùu'
¥;hdg ia;=;s lsÍu yd fi;a me;Su'

fldaÜfÜ hq.fha ikafoaY idys;Hh

mfrú ikafoaYh
• l¾;D - f;dg.uqfõ Y%S rdyq, ysñ
• wruqK - pkaøj;S l=ußhg ieñfhl= yd mqf;l= m%d¾:kd lsÍu
- merl=ï rcqg Wmq,ajka foúhkaf.a wdYs¾jdoh m%d¾:kd lsÍu'
• .uka u. - Y%S chj¾Okmqrh - foõkqjr Wmq,ajka fofjd,
• moH - 203
fldals, ikafoaYh
• l¾;D - foúkqjr ;s,l msrejkam;s ysñ'
• wruqK - hdmdmgqk imqu,a l=ureg iaÒr lr fok f,i Wmq,ajka foúhka
heÈ nj Tyqg oekaùu i|yd
• .uka u. - foúkqjr - hdmdmgqk
• moH - 291

ie<,sysKs ikafoaYh
• l¾;D - f;dg.uqfõ Y%S rdyq, ysñ
• wruqK - W,l=vh foaúhg mqf;l= ,nd fok fuka úNSIK foúhka he§u'
• .uka u. - fldaÜfÜ Y%S chj¾Okmqrh - le,Ksh
• moH - 108
.srd ikafoaYh
• l¾;D - w{d;hs ^f;dg.uqfõ Y%S rdyq, ysñhka kdhl;ajh ÿka .%dujdiS
.=re l=,hg wh;a rdyq, ysñhkaf.a YsIH NslaIQka jykafia kula .srd
ikafoaYh rpkd lrkakg we;ehs wkqudk flf¾'&
• wruqK - merl=ï rcq jekSu yd foajdisß me;Su;a Y%S rdyq, ysñhka j¾Kkd
lsÍu;a h'
• .uka u. - Y%S chj¾Okmqrh - f;dg.uq úchnd msßfjK
• moH - 254
yxi ikafoaYh
• l¾;D - ùod.u uyd ffuf;%h ysñ
• wruqK - merl=ï rcqg fi;a me;Su
• .uka u. - Y%S chj¾Okmqrh - lEr., moaudj;S msßfjK
• moH - 200

20
.srd ikafoaYh

.srd ikafoaYfha j¾Kkd

• ¥; j¾Kkdj
• chj¾Okmqr jekqu
• merl=ïnd rc jekqu
• mems,shdk úydr jekqu
• Èhfl<s jekqu
• ie|E jekqu
• wïn,fï l;d
• jk jekqu
• f;dg.uq fjfyr jekqu
• úhchnd msßfjK jekqu
• isß ry,a ysñ jekqu

.srd ikafoaYfha j¾Kkdj, úfYaI ,laIK

• .srd ikafoaYfha iajdNdj fi!kao¾h jekqïj, § iajdNdúl iqkaor;ajh biau;=jk

whqßka bÈßm;a lr ;sîu'
• .srd ikafoaYfha fn!oaO iajrEmh úuiSu
• j¾Kkdj,g WÑ; úß;a nyq, j Ndú; fldg ;sîu'
- iuqøf>daI úß; Ndú;fldg we;'
- oshfl<s" jk" wïn,fï l;d wd§ jekqïj, § úß; fjkia fõ'
- w¾: rih yd Yío rih u;= flfrk j¾Kkd úuiSu

• Wmud" rEmld§ ldfjHdaml%u Ndú;h yd .srd ikafoaY lúhdf.a niajyr flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
• ¥;hdg .uka uf.ys § yuqjk iqúfYaI ia:dk yd mqoa.,hska weiqßka iuld,Sk -
iudc f;dr;=re úuiSu
• .srd ikafoaY lúhdf.a j¾Kkd pd;+¾hh ú.%y lsÍu
- idïm%odhsl weoys,s" úYajdi" iqnkele;a wdÈh .ek lúhdf.a wdl,am
y÷kd.ekSu

21
we.hSu
isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; i|yka ud;Dld wkqj f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug
Wmfoia fokak'

ikafoaY ldjH ms<sn| ft;sydisl f;dr;=re isxy, idys;Hfha wdrïNh yd úldYh

hq. wkqj
- fldaÜfÜ hq.fha idys;Hh
.srd ikafoaYh
ld,h
hq.h
wruqK
mKsúvh wdÈ f;dr;=re

lKavdhï u.ska bÈßm;a l< lreKq f.dkq lrñka zfldaÜfÜZ ikAfoaY ldjH
b;sydih hk uefhka ,smshla ,shkak'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

l%shdldrlu 1

mshjr 1
mka;sfha isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr tla tla lKavdhug my; i|yka ud;Dld
,nd fokak'

uhqr ikafoaYh
;sir ikafoaYh
mfrú ikafoaYh
fldals, ikafoaYh
ie<,ssysKs ikafoaYh
yxi ikafoaYh

mshjr 2
tla tla ikafoaYfha ,laIK ms<sn| .fõIKhg isiq lKavdhïj,g wjia:dj i,id
fokak'
hq.h yd l;=jrhd
,sùfï wruqK
ikafoaY ydrlhd
lú ixLHdj
wdÈ f;dr;=re mqia;ld, mßyrKh u.ska fidhd .ekSug bv i,ikak'

mshjr 3
fidhd.;a lreKq mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug tla tla isiq lKavdhïj,g wjia:dj
i,ikak'

mshjr 4
isiqka bÈßm;a l< lreKq o ie,ls,a,g .ksñka iudf,dapkhla lrkak'

22
l%shdldrlu 2

mshjr 1
mka;sfha isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lrkak'
.srd ikafoaYfha wdrïNfha isg tk j¾Kkd isiqka iu. idlÉPd lr fjka fjkaj
y÷kd.kak'
iqÿiq mßÈ isiqka lKavdhï lr tla j¾Kkdjla ne.ska lKavdhïj,g ,nd fokak

mshjr 2
tu jrKkdfõ we;s ÿrjfndaO jpk ,ehsia;= .; lsÍug lKavdhïj,g Wmfoia
fokak' YíofldaI mßyrKh u.ska tu ÿrjfndaO jpk i|yd wre;a imhd .ekSug isiq
lKavdhïj,g uÕ fmkajkak'

mshjr 3
wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd isiq lKavdhïj,g wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

mshjr 4
isiq bÈßm;a lsÍï o w.h lrñka iudf,dapkhl ksr;jkak'
isiqka fidhd.;a ÿrjfndaO jpk yd wre;a meyeÈ,s lsßï mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh i|yd
iqÿiq mßÈ ilia lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'
fiiq j¾Kkd i|yd o fuu l%uh fhdod .; yels h'

l%shdldrlu 3

mshjr 1
mka;sfha isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lrkak'
.srd ikafoaYfha f;dard.;a lú tla tla lKavdhu fj; ,nd fokak'

mshjr 2
tla tla lKavdhu fj; ,nd ÿka lú ridiajdoh lsÍu i|yd wjia:dj i,ikak'
tys§" tu lúj,
wre;a
niajyr
ldjHd,xldr
úß;
wdÈ ,laIK flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrjkak'
mshjr 3
ridiajdo bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd lKavdhïj,g wjia:dj i,ikak'

mshjr 4
isiq bÈßm;a lsÍï o ie,ls,a,g .ksñka iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'

we.hSu
ikafoaY ldjHhl olakg ,efnk fmdÿ ,laIK olajkak'
kshñ; fldgi weiqfrka .srd ikafoaYfha úfYaI;d meyeÈ,s lrkak'

23
mßYS,kSh .%ka:
isxy, idys;Hfha ke.Su - ud¾áka úl%uisxy
isxy, idys;H jxYh - mqxÑ nKavdr ikakia.,
isxy, ikafoaY idys;Hh - mqxÑ nKavdr ikakia.,
fldaÜfÜ hq.fha isxy, idys;Hh - fla'ã'mS' úl%uisxy
isxy, idys;H ,;d - fld;auf,a wurjxY ysñ
idys;H úfõpk - wfYdal lreKdr;ak
isxy, idys;H iïm%odh - ta'ù' iqrùr
idys;H úoHdj - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
l,amkd f,dalh - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
fldaÜfÜ hq.fha ikafoaY ldjH - nkaÿfiak .=Kfialr
úpdr ú,dih - ta'ù' iqrùr

24
flál;d

ksmqK;dj 5'0 # isxy, flál;d udOH yd tys ,laIK .fõIKh lrñka

flál;d idys;Hh ms<sn| úu¾Ykhl fhfohs

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 5'1 isxy, flál;d l,dj ms<sn| j úpdrj;a njla m%o¾Ykh
lrhs
5'2 ks¾ÈIag flál;d úpdrh lrhs
5'3 flál;d lshùfuka ,nd .;a oekqu ks¾udKd;aul
f,aLkh i|yd fhdod .kshs
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj # 40 hs'

bf.kqï M,

• flál;dj hkq l=ula oehs ks¾jpkh lrhs'

• flál;djl uQ,sl ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
• úúO flál;d iïm%odhka y÷kdf.k meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• flál;d úpdr uQ,O¾u lsysmhla y÷kdf.k m%ldY lrhs'
• ks¾ÈIag flál;d lshjhs'
• ks¾ÈIag flál;d ms<sn| ridiajdohla ,shhs'
• flál;d lsysmhla ks¾udKh lr m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg w;aje,la

• flál;d l,dfõ ,laIK

w;aoelSï j¾.
iajlSh w;aoelSï
wka whf.a w;aoelSï
ld,amksl w;aoelSï

flál;d ikao¾Nh
wdrïNh
úldYh
;SrKd;aul wka;h

flál;djl oDIaá fldaKh

W;a;u mqreI oDIaá fldaKh
m%:u mqreI oDIaá fldaKh
i¾jfõ§ oDIaá fldaKh

pß; ksrEmKh
ir, pß;
ixlS¾K pß;
me;,s pß;
jgl=re pß;
miqìï pß;

25
 wfkl=;a wx. ,laIK
l;d úkHdih
miqìï j¾Kkd
ixfla;
Ôjk oDIaáh
NdIdj Ndú;h

isxy, flál;d lrejka lsysm fofkla

ví,sõ'ta' is,ajd
ud¾áka úl%uisxy
Ô'î' fiakdkdhl
.=Kodi wurfialr
fla' ch;s,l
uvj, tia' r;akdhl
wð;a ;s,lfiak
ihsuka kj.;af;a.u
wereõj, kkaÈñ;%
fidaur;ak nd,iQßh
ta'ù' iqrùr
ñksjka mS' ;s,lr;ak
mshiS,S úfÊudkak
ohdfiak .=Kisxy
ch;s,l lïue,a,ùr
rxcka O¾ulS¾;s

l%shdldrlu 1 - flál;dj hkq l=ula oehs ks¾jpkh lsÍu'

mshjr 1
Tn lshjQ flál;d weiqßka flál;djla hkq l=ula oehs ;udf.a u ks¾jpkhla
l=vd ldâm;aj, ,sùug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
tu ldâm;a m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
mshjr 2
tu ldâm;a weiqfrka isiq ks¾jpk ms<sn| idlÉPdjl fhfokak'

mshjr 3
flál;dj ms<n
s | m%ios O
a f,aLlhkaf.a ks¾jpk lsym
s hla mka;f
s ha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
tlS ,laIK ks¾ÈIag flál;dfõ ;sfíoehs kej; idlÉPd lr ks¾jpk ;yjqre
lrkak'
ks¾jpk igyka lr .ekSug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

26
l%shdldrlu 2 - flál;djla úpdrh lruq'
mshjr 1
flál;djl uQ,sl ,laIK ms<sn| j idlÉPdjl fhfokak'

mshjr 2
mka;sfha isiqka l=vd lKavdhïj,g fnokak'
my; i|yka f;aud Tiafia lreKq .fõIKhl fhdojkak'
flál;djl ikao¾Nh
flál;djl NdIdj
flál;djl mßir j¾Kkd yd ixfla;
flál;djl pß; ksrEmKh
isiqka fidhd.;a lreKq mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
mshjr 3
YsIH l%shdldrlï bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
flál;d úpdr uQ,O¾uj,g wkqj YsIH woyia iudf,dapkh lrkak'
iudf,dapkfha § tl;= jQ lreKq o fhdod .ksñka w;a m;%sldjla ilia lsÍug
Wmfoia fokak'

l%shdldrlu 3

mshjr 1
iy lshùfï l%ufõoh wkq.ukh lrñka flál;djla mka;sfha § lshjkak

mshjr 2
oïje,a l%ufõoh wkq.ukh lrñka lshjk ,o l;dfõ l;d idrh f.dv k.kak'
jeo.;a isoaê yd wjia:d .s<sfyaoehs .=rejrhd ie,ls,su;a jkak'

mshjr 3
flál;d ridiajdoh lsÍfï § my; i|yka f;aud Tiafia ridiajdofha fhÈh yel'
Ôjk oDIaáh
wkqN+;sh
pß; yd pß; ,laIK
wjia:d yd isoaê ksrEmKh
ixfla;
NdIdj
oDIaáfldaKh

27
flál;d

mqreoao

w;aoelSu # .ïno fjolu yd fjfol=f.a pß;fha wjia:d ksrEmKh w;aoelSula

f,iska

oDIaá fldaKh # m%:u mqreI oDIaáfldaKfhka rpkd ù we;'

l;d úkHdih # fya;=M, iïnkaO;dj u; l;dj úldYkh fõ' fonia" ixjdo

wdY%s; j wdLHdk ffY,sfhka ks¾ñ; h'

pß; ksrEmKh # m%Odk pß;h jf,ka;s kñka ksrEmKh fõ' .ïno fjo uyf;l=f.a
ffjoH fiajfha wdo¾Yj;a wjia:d fulS pß;fhka úIo flf¾'
fjk;a fjouy;=kaf.a fijfha § olakg fkd,efnk isoaëka jgd
l;dj úldYh flf¾' ksrEms; we;eï wjia:dj,ska fjk;a fjojreka
fkdlrk úiauh okjk iq¨ fiajdodhl;ajhla jf,ka;s fjo
pß;fhka biau;=fõ'

wjia:d yd isoaê
ksrEmK # flál;dlrejdf.a wfmalaIs; wruqK jkafka jf,ka;s fjo
pß;fhka úiañ; pß;dx. u;= lsÍu;a tu pß;fha u my;a .;s
,laIK ms<ìs Uq lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu;a h' ckafug jvd mqreoao f,dl=h
hk WmyerKh fuu l;dfõ isoaê weiqßka m%ldY fõ' f,fvl=
iqjlsÍu i|yd m%dfhda.l
s j úúO l%h
s dldrlï u.ska jf,ka;s fjoeÿrd
W;aidy .kshs' fyf;u ish jD;a;shg ks.d lrjk wjev l%shdjla
isÿl< nj l;dj wjidkfha tk l;=rla fidrlï lsÍfï isoaêfhka
wkdjrKh fõ wdo¾Yj;a pß;hl mjd we;eïúg .+V ,laIK
mj;sk nj fï l;dfjka .uH fõ'

miqìï j¾Kkd # fjouy;df.a fjolfï iajNdjh yd ta i|yd .kq ,enQ l%shdud¾.

m%ldYjk whqßka isoaê l:kh jd¾;d iajrEmfhka ,sheù we;'
fjfiia jekqï oelsh fkdyels h'
Ôjk oDIaáh # fjk;a fjoeÿrkaf.ka ms<sìUq fkdjk fjfiiajQ mrd¾:ldó fjo
fiajhla u.ska iudc fiajhg lemjqKq odhl;ajhla fjoeÿrdf.a
pß;fhka ms<sìUq flf¾'

NdIdj # ir," .%dóh joka nyq, NdId rgdjla fhdod f.k we;'

28
;ukaf.a orefjda

w;aoelSu # ksoiqkla f,i Okm;s mdka;sl mjq,l .Dym;skshlf.a {d;s

ÈhKshl flfrys olajkq ,nk wldreKsl nj fmkakqï lsÍula
w;aoelSu njg m;a lrf.k we;'

oDIaáfldaKh # m%:u mqreI oDIaá fldaKfhka rpkd ù we;'

l;d úkHdih # mjq,a ixia:dj ;=< isoaê l%ñlj ksrEmKh jk mßÈ l;dj úldih
fõ' zf,dl= ydñfkaZ kï Okm;s mdka;sl ìß|l ish {d;s ÈhKshl
jk .=Kj;S flfrys olajk wldreKsl;ajh jgd isoêa " fonia újrK
lrñka l;d úkHdih f.dvkxjhs'

pß; ksrEmKh # wldreKsl;ajh" orejkaf.a ÿl yuqfõ fkdief,k oeä iajNdjh

f,dl= ydñfkaf.a pß;fhka ksrEms; h' wirKhkag mssysgjk iq¨
wdrÉÑ uy;df.a pß;fhka ohdj úoHudk fõ'

wjia:d yd isoaê ksrEmK # ðkodi kï wikSm jQ mqf;l=g wiSñ; fifkyi olajk f,dl=
ydñfka ish ksjfiys fjfik .=Kj;S kï wikSm jQ ish {d;s
ÈhKsh fj; wvq Wmia:dk yd wudkqIsl f,i ie,lSfuka
.=Kj;Sf.a frda.S ;;ajh jeäùu ksid fjfol=f.ka m%;sldr
.ekSug ish udud jk wdrÉÑ uy;d úiska W;aidy lsÍu;a l;dfõ
wjia:d hgf;a újrKh flf¾'

NdIdj # ir, nia jyrla Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;' l;d jHjydrfha tk

joka" ixjdo i|yd fhdod f.k we;'

29
i;a.=Kj;a idfu,a

f;audj # ksoiqka f,i idfu,a ñhhdu yd ne÷Kq isÿùï jia;= úIh lr.kshs'

oDIaá fldaKh # W;a;u mqreI oDIaá fldaKh fhdod .kshs'

l;d úkHdih # isoaê wkqms<sfj<ska olajhs' fonia" isoaê weiqre lrf.k l;d mqj;
újrKh lrhs' fya;=M, iïnkaO;dj flfrys úfYaIdjOdkh fhduq
lrñka l;d úkHdih f.dv k.hs'

pß; ksrEmKh # fuys tk idfu,a ixlS¾K .;s ,laIK iys; j ksrEms; h' l:lhd
iy ,hk,a rd,ydñ fuka u fidmsydñ hk pß; idfu,af.a pß;h
ksrEmKh lsÍug fhdod .kshs' idfu,af.a pß;h ;=< wNHka;r
fuka u ndysr .;s ,laIK o y÷kd .; yels w;r ndysr pß; ,laIK
w;r idOkSh .;s ,laIK lsysmhla y÷kd.; yelsh' wNHka;r .;s
,laIK w;r ksfIaOkSh .;s ,laIK o y÷kd.; yels h'
,hk,a rd,ydñ .eñ Okm;sfhl= f,i ksrEmKh lr we;'
flál;dj ;=< ksrEms; wm%Odk pß;" m%Odk pß;h ksrEmKh i|yd
mokï lr f.k we;'

miqìï j¾Kkd # .eñ iudcfhys Ôj;a jQ oßø;dfjka fm¿Kq mqoa.,fhl=f.a is;=ï

me;=ï o tu iudcfha mqoa.,hkaf.a tÈfkod Ôú;h" Tjqkaf.a yeisÍï
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla we;sjk whqßka miqìï j¾Kkd o fhdodf.k
we;s wdldrh úu¾Ykh l< yels h'

wjia:d yd isoaê # idfu,af.a urKh yd iïnkaO isÿùï o idfu,a ms<sn| fy<slrk

ksrEmKh ixjdouh wjia:d fhdodf.k wdLHdk ffY,sfhka wjia:d yd isoaê
ksrEmK lrhs'

NdId Ndú;h # mdGl ukfiys Ñ;a; rEm uefjk whqßka f,aLlhd ni fhdod
.ksh's pß; ksrEmKhg WÑ; NdId rgdjla Ndú; lrhs' fidmsydñf.a
iy ,hk,a rd,ydñf.a uqjg kxjk joka Bg ksoiqka h' tla tla
pß; i|yd Bg wdfõKsl NdId rgdjla fhdod .kshs'

Ôjk oDIaáh # Ôj;aùu i|yd wkjr; wr.,hl fhfok .eñhka foi

idkqlïms;j ne,Sug l;=jrhd W;aiql fõ'

30
;d;a;d

w;aoelSu # wiSñ; msh fifkyi is; ;=< isr lrf.k iudc Ôú;hg wj;S¾K
jQ mq;%hl= uqyqK fok .egqïldÍ ;;ajhka yd ta yd ne÷Kq isÿùï
mdol lr .ksñka rÑ; flál;djls'

oDIaá fldaKh # W;a;u mqreI oDIaá fldaKfhka l;dj rpkd ù we;'

l;d úkHdih # ixjdo fonia wdÈfhka fmdaIKh ,nñka wLHdk ffY,sfhka

f.dvke.=Kq l;djls'

pß; ksrEmKh # fuys tk ;d;a;d .eñ mqreId¾:hka ysiska .;a ore fifkyiska
yoj; ysia fkdl< ksy~ fkdief,k pß;hls' nf,ka yslaujd .;a
wd;au ixhuhlska hq;= jqj o jyd lsfmk iq¨ oeä is;la mq;df.a
pß;h ;=< we;'

wjia:d yd isoaê # mq;df.a mjq,a Ôú;hg wod< we;eï .egqïldÍ wjia:djka fuu
ksrEmKh flál;dj ;=< b;d Woafõ.ldÍ f,i ksrEmKh flf¾' fuys tk
we;eï m%fldamldÍ yeisÍï tjka mq;f
% hl=f.ka wfmalI
a d l< fkdyels
;rï idyisl h' ish tl u orejd flfrys Wmka fkdief,k odrl
fm%auh fï flál;dj mqrd u .,dhkafka ;d;a;d yd iïnkaO isÿùï
ud,dj iu. h'

ks¾udK yd NdId # Ô'î' fiakdkdhlhkag u wkkH jQ flá jels iys; wmQre NdId
rgd Ndú;h fuys§ fkdwvqj olakg ,efí' f,aLk jyr nyq, j
fhdÿ .;a; o bka mdGlhd fjfyik iq¨ njla fkd yefÕhs'

Ôjk oDIaáh # wm%ldYs; j mej;sh o msh fifkyi orefjl=f.a yoj; .eUqßka u

iam¾Y lrk nj ñka m%ldYs; h' tjeks ne£ula ì£ hdfuka yg
.kakd lïmkh h<s f.dv ke.sh fkdyels fia fooreï lE yelsh
hkak fuys oS èjks; fjhs'

31
uqÈhkafia udud

w;aoelSu # újdydfmalI
a ;
s jhi blaujd hñka isák oshKshl yd újdydfmalI
a ;
s
ÈhKshl l=vd mq;%fhl= o iu. l=gqïnh ;=< ;ks jQ jekaoUqjl jgd
fuu flál;dj f.dvke.S we;' ish u,a,S jk uqÈhkafia ududf.a
wdfgdam idfgdam iys; kd.ßl Ôú;fha fijKe,a, iDcqj u fuu
l=gqïnh fj; m;s; j we;' Tjqka hï uq<djlg yiqjkafka o tlS
fijKe,a, ksid u h'

oDIaá fldaKh # m%:u mqreI oDIaáfldaKfhka flál;dj rpkd ù we;'

l;d úkHdih # ixjdo fonia mßir j¾Kkd wdÈh u.ska wjia:d yd isoaê w;r ukd
fm<.eiaula iys; j l;d úkHdih f.dv ke.S we;' fuys ikao¾Nh
mßiudma;sh w;ska muKla fkdj ri ckkh w;ska o fmdfydi;a h'

pß; ksrEmKh # fuys tk jekaoUq ia;%shl jk l¿;r ydñfka ish u,Kqjka ksid
Wmka .¾jhlska ysi Wÿïud.;a pß;hls' iÕjd,sh fkdyels
mßoafoka biau;= jk wirK nj l¿;r ydñfkaf.a pß;h mqrd u
olakg ,efí' uqÈhkafia udud iudcfha by< ia;rhlg keÕSfï
fkd;s;a wdYdfjka uvkd ,o is;a we;s pß;hls' ukqIH iudch mqrd
u úisÍ we;s l<lsÍï" fõokd" úkaok wd§ ish,a, foi wkqlïmdj
uqiq ne,aula fy<kakg oerE W;aidyhla fï flál;dfjkaa fy<sfõ'

wjia:d yd isoaê #.=KiS, uqÈhkafia l¿;r ydñfkaf.a f.or ñÿ,g iïm%dma; jk

ksrEmKh wjia:dj ruKSh jdla Ñ;%hla jekak' wk;=rej Èjd wdydr wjia:dfjys
u;=jk mshodif.a ye¢ .Eremamq yrUh o úÑ;%j;a h' uqÈhkafia
ududf.a f.or § ud,skSf.a weiska úia;r jk isoaê yd wjia:d újrK
kd.ßl Ôú;fha idvïnr" wdfgdam iys; nj ukdj ksrEmKh
lrkakg iu;a h'

mßir j¾Kkd # fuys tk mßir j¾Kkd" l;d rih ;Sj% lsÍug ksrka;r j fya;=
mdol fjhs' .Õg miqìï jQ l¿;r ydñfkaf.a ksji l;=jrhd úia;r
lrkqfha Y+r Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= fuks' mqia ne÷Kq f;;a jQ f.hs ì;a;s
wdÈh mjd ta f.hs jikakjqkaf.a we;=<dka;h fudkjg úoydmdhs'

Ôjk oDIaáh # iudc h:d¾:h .eUqßka wjf,dalkh lsÍfuys ,d l;=jhd i;=

yelshdj ñka m%lg fjhs' ñksia iudcfha cks; jk fõokd úkaok
ÿla iqiqï yd ne÷Kq wej;=ï mej;=ï ñka uekúka m%;sks¾udKh fjhs'

32
idlals ;=kla

w;aoelSu # ñkSuereï yd ne÷Kq w;aoelSï úIh fldg f.k ne÷Kq l;djls'

oDIaá fldaKh # nyq wd;au NdIK oDIaá fldaKfhka rpkd ù we;'

l;d úkHdih # idlaIH igyka ud¾.fhka l;d ikao¾Nh úIo fldg olajhs'
cmka flál;dlrefjl= jk wl=;.djdf.a zjk ,eyenl§Z kï
flá l;dfjka meyeÈ,s wdf,dalhla ,nd we;' fjk;a flál;dj,g
jvd l;d ffY,sfhka yd wdlD;sfhka fjkia h' kvqjlg iïnkaO
idlaIH 03 la we;=<;a isoaê l:khla jd¾;d iajrEmfhka bÈßm;a lr
we;'

pß; ksrEmKh # l:lhd yd Tyqf.a fidfydhqrd iy fidfydhqrdf.a ñ;=frl= jk

fmd,sia Ngfhl= jYfhka pß; ;=kla fï l;dfõ oelsh yels h'

wjia:d yd isoaê # l;dj uq,a fldgfia fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl= l:lhdf.a fidfydhqrd

ksrEmKh yuqjg .Ks;h bf.kqug meuKSu;a ish fidfydhqrd u.ska fyf;u
l:lhdg y÷kajd§u;a isÿfõ' miqj fmd,sia ks,Odßhd úiska l:lhdg
lshùu i|yd mrK ,smsf.dkqjl jQ kvqjla iïnkaO idlaIH igyka
03 l f;dr;=re ,ndfohs' fuh l;dfõ fojk fldgila fia úoHudk
fõ'
j,õjl mkia mia jhie;s yduq flfkl=;a ish tl u mq;= jk
iqÔj;a ish ksjig miqld,Skj fiajhg meñKs fmdäkd yd wef.a
iqrEmS ÈhKsh jk iqokS;a ms<sn| ;;= bosßm;a flf¾' j,õfõ isÿ jQ
fmdäkdf.a urKh ms<n| idlals 03la Tiafia isoaê l:khla jd¾;d
iajrEmfhka bÈßm;a flf¾'

ixfla; Ndú;h # ùrfialr uqo,s yd iqÔj ùrfialr úiska OfkaYajr mka;sh

ixfla;j;a flf¾'

Ôjk oDIaáh # Okm;s mdka;sl iudch ;=< o wudkqIsl yd wYS,dpdrlï iq,n j

oelsh yels nj;a" thska È<s÷ mka;sh mSvdjg m;ajk nj;a l;dj
;=<ska cks; jk Ôjk oDIaáhla fia oelaúh yels h'

33
mq;df.a YsIH;ajh

w;aoelSu # iajlSh mq;%hdg úfoaYSh rgl YsIH;ajhla ,ndoSug W;aidy .kakd

.=K;s,l kue;s mshdf.aa pß;h uqyqKfok .egqïldß ;;ajhka yd ta
yd ne÷Kq isÿùï mdol lrf.k zngysr rgj, foaYmd,k n,fõ.
wm rfgys cd;sl Ñka;kh jekiSug l=uka;%Kh lr;sZ hs hk
foaYmd,k moku l;=jrhd f;aud lr .kshs'

oDIaá fldaKh # m%:u mqreI oDIaáfldaKh Ndú; lr flál;dj rpkd lr we;'

l;d úkHdih # pß; iy isÿùï w;r in|;dj mj;ajd .ksñka w;S;dj¾ck o

Ndú; lrñka wdLHdk ffY,sfhka l;dj f.dvk.d ;sfí'

pß; ksrEmKh # ;reK wjÈfha § iudcjd§ woyia oerE foaYmd,k m%jdyhg tla j
isg ish mq;= jQ iqkkao w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuka miq uqyqK mE lgql
w;aoelSï fya;=fjka tu foaYmd,k woyia bj; oeuQfjl=f.a pß;hla
f,i .=K;s,lf.a pß;h ksrEms; h' .=K;s,l iuld,Sk foaYmd,kh
ms<sn| we,auereKq WodiSk m%;spdr olajkafkls' iajlSh mq;%hdf.a
is;=ï me;=ï ms<sn| .eUqre wjfndaOhla fkdue;s pß;hls' .Dyia:
Ôú;h ;=< § ish ìß| iy mq;= iu. in|;dfõ § r¿ .;s ,laIK m<
lrhs' tfy;a mq;= flfrys oeä fifkyila we;af;ls'

iajlSh Ôú;dfmalaId uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSug fkdmiqng W;aidyhla

ork ;eke;af;l= f,i isßkd: foKsmsáhf.a pß;h ksrEms; h'
foaYh
S Ñka;kfhka neyer jQ ngysr is;ï
= me;=ï lrmskk
a d.;a pß;hls'
flál;dfjys ksrEms; wm%Odk pß; m%Odk pß; ksrEmKh i|yd
mokï lr .kshs'

miqìï j¾Kkd # .=K;s,lf.a is;=ï me;=ï ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd isßkd: fldgqjg
f.dia foKsmsáh fidhd hk .uk mdol lr .kshs'

wjia:d yd isoaê # .=K;s,l fld<Ug hk .uk iy Tyq w;S;h wdj¾ckh lsÍu

ksrEmKh u.ska isoaê ksrEmKh fldg we;' .=K;s,l iy Tyqf.a mq;= w;r
isÿjk ixjdoh fia u isßkd: foKsmá
s h .=K;s,lf.a mq;= YsIH;ajhg
f;dard.;a nj mejiSug .=K;s,lf.a ksjig meñKSu o m%n, isoaê
f,i ksrEmKh fldg we;'

ixfla; Ndú;h # .=K;s,lf.a pß;h iudcjd§ foaYmd,kfha ixfla;hla f,i

fhdod .kshs' isßkd: foKsmsáhf.a pß;h ngysr woyia lrmskakd
.;af;l= ixfla;j;a lsÍug fhdod .kshs'
ùr;=x. iy .=K;s,lf.a mq;h% df.a pß;h cd;sl Ñka;kh ixfla;j;a
lsÍug fhdod .kshs' .=K;s,l olsk oj,a isyskh o ixfla;hls'

Ôjk oDIaáh # ngysr rgj,a l%shd;aul lrk iQlaIau foaYmd,k Wml%u yuqfõ
foaYSh Ñka;kh ì| jefgk wdldrh flfrys ;shqKq ksÍlaIKhla
bÈßm;a flf¾'

34
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
l%shdldrlu 1

mshjr 1
mka;sfha isiqkag flál;djl uQ,sl ,laIK ms<sn| flá foiqula lrkak'

mshjr 2
mqia;ld, mßyrKh u.ska flál;d l,dfõ wdrïNh yd úldYh;a flál;djl
uQ,sl ,laIK ms<sn|j ;a f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug isiqkag mjrkak'

mshjr 3
isiqka .fõIKh l< lreKq mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj i,ikak'
mshjr 4
isiq bÈßm;a lsÍï o wdY%h lr .ksñka flá iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'
we.hSu
flál;dj ckm%sh idys;Hdx.hla ùug fya;= olajkak'
kjl;dj yd flál;dj w;r fjkialï y÷kdf.k flál;djg wkkH jQ ,laIK
igyka lr mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
zisxy, flál;d l,dfõ mqfrda.dñfhdaZ kñka ,smshla ks¾udKh lrkak'
wdrïNh
úldYh
úfYaI ,laIK Tiafia lreKq bosßm;a lrkak'

mßYS,kSh .%ka:
woH;k isxy, flál;d 1 - l=,;s,l l=udrisxy
woH;k isxy, flál;d 2 - l=,;s,l l=udrisxy
isxy, flál;dfõ l,d;aul uqyqKqjr - l=,;s,l l=udrisxy
isxy, flál;d ixjdo úu¾Yk - l=,;s,l l=udrisxy
flál;d úpdr uQ,O¾u yd iïm%odh - l=,;s,l l=udrisxy
idys;H úoHdj - tosßùr irÉpkaø
l,amkd f,dalh - tosßùr irÉpkaø
isxy, idys;Hfha ke.Su - ud¾áka úl%uisxy
jy,a¨ - ud¾áka úl%uisxy
ks¾udK wOHhkh - ir;a úfÊiQßh
flál;d l,dj - Ô'î' fiakdkdhl
h:d¾:h yd ks¾udKh - pkaøisß m,a,sh.=re
iïm%odh" ks¾udKh yd úpdrh - ta'ù' iqrùr
isxy, flál;d ix.%yh - ir;a úfÊiQßh$ l=iu q d lreKdr;ak
flál;d l,dj - fidauùr fiakdkdhl
isxy, l;d l,dfõ úldYkh - fla' ch;s,l
kjl;d ks¾udKh" yd wjfndaOh - ta'ù' iqrùr
nj ;sñr - ta'ù' iqrùr
ks¾udK miqìu - ta'ù' iqrùr
flál;d ks¾udKh uQ,O¾u yd wjfndaOh - rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s
isxy, flál;dfõ úldikh - ta'ù' iqrùr
ud¾áka úl%uisxy lD;s tl;=j 1 yd 2 fj¨ï - ye¢kaùï ,sms

35
kQ;k moH yd

ksmqK;dj 6'0 # kQ;k moH idys;H hq. y÷kdf.k úpdr isoOa dka;j,g wkqj
ks¾ÈIag moH mka;s ridiajdofha fhfohs

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 6'1 kQ;k moH idys;H b;sydih meyeÈ,s lrhs

6'2 kQ;k hq.fha lúfhys úúO;d meyeÈ,s lrhs
6'3 isxy, lúfhys kj m%jK;d .fõIKh lrhs
6'4 úpdr uQ,O¾uj,g wkqj fld<U hq.fha moH úpdrh
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj # 40 hs'

bf.kqï M,

• kQ;k moH idys;Hfhys tla tla hq. y÷kdf.k meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• kQ;k ldjH hq. wkqj lúfhys úfYaI;d ú.%y lrhs'
• isxy, lúfhys kj m%jK;d úu¾Ykh lrhs'
• kQ;k moH ri ú¢ñka tajdfha wkkH ,laIK bÈßm;a lrhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg w;aje,la

• lúh hkq l=ula o@ ^ks¾jpk lsysmhla&

rih wd;au fldg.;a jdlHh ldjHhhs'

úYajkd:
lúh hkq wkq;aidyislj .,d tk m%n, yeÕSï h'
ú,shï yeia,sï
lúh jkdys fyd|u jpk fyd|u ms<sfj,g fh§u h'
tia'ù' t,shÜ
ruKSh wre;a m%;smdokh lrk Yíoh ldjHhhs'
c.kakd:

• ldjH úpdr uQ,O¾u

- ldjH NdIdj
- ldfjHdala;s ^Wmud" rEml wdÈ w,xldr fhÿï&
- ldjHhl úúO wdlD;s
- úß;" ßoauh" ,h
- mßl,amkh$ m%;sNdj
- úúO ldjH ffY,Ska

36
• kQ;k moH idys;H b;sydih

- fld<U hq.fha uq,a mrmqrg wh;a lùka

- wdkkao rdclreKd
- weia' uyskao ysñ
- Ô'tÉ' fmf¾rd

- fld<U hq.fha fojk mrmqrg wh;a lùka

óuk fm%au;s,l
mS'î' w,aúia fmf¾rd
id.r m,kaiQßh ^flahia&
úu,r;ak l=udr.u
tÉ'tï l=v,s.u

- fy< yjqf,a lùka

uqksodi l=udr;=x.
/msh,a f;kakfldaka
wßfika wyqnqÿ

- ksoyia lùka
Ô'î' fiakdkdhl
isß .=Kisxy
.=Kodi wurfialr
uy.ufialr
úu,a Èidkdhl

- w;s kùk lùka

fudksld rejka m;srK
mrdl%u fldä;=jlal=
ohdfiak .=Kisxy
r;ak Y%S úfÊisxy
wdßhjxY rKùr
huqkd ud,skS fmf¾rd
kkaok ùrisxy
tßla b,hmamdrÉÑ

37
l%shdldrlu 1 - lúh hkq l=ulaoehs y÷kd .ekSu

mshjr 1
ish w;aoelSï wkqj lúh hkq l=ula oehs ks¾jpk iemhSug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd
fokak'

mshjr 2
wod< lreKq iys; fmd;a lsysmhla fyda w;am;%sldjla isiq lKavdhïj,g ,nd §
lúh ms<sn| ks¾jpk .fõIKhl ksr; lrjkak'
mka;h
s g bosßm;a lr m<uq mshjf¾ § wkdjrKh lr.;a isiq w;aoelSï iu. ii|kak'

mshjr 3
isiqkaf.a .fõIKj,ska fidhd.;a ks¾jpk ikd: lsÍu i|yd ksoiqka lú bÈßm;a
lrñka lúh ms<sn| riúkaokhl fhfokak'

l%shdldrlu 2 - fld<U hq.fha lùka y÷kd .ksuq'

mshjr 1
kQ;k hq.fha lùka lsysm fofkl=f.a mska;+r m%o¾Ykh lrñka tu lùka ms<sn|
ixlaIsma; idlÉPdjl ksr;jkak'

mshjr 2
kQ;k lùka ms<sn| my; f;aud Tiafia lreKq .fõIKhl isiqka ksr; lrjkak'
kQ;k lùkaf.a Ôjk f;dr;=re

tu lùkaf.a ks¾udK yd tu ks¾udKj, iqúfYaI ,laIK ^fï i|yd flaj, fyda

lKavdhï l%uh Ndú;hg .; yels h'&

mshjr 3
YsIH .fõIK f;dr;=re mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
ksjerÈ lreKq ;yjqre lr igyka ;nd .ekSug u. fmkajkak'
iqÿiq mßos iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'

38
l%shdldrlu 3 - moH riúkaokh

mshjr 1
riúkaokhg wod< moHh iqÿiq l%ufõohla fhdod .ksñka mka;f
s ha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
ish¨fokdgu th lshjd .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'

mshjr 2
mka;sfha isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lrkak'
lKavdhu ;=< iajlSh riúkaokd;aul woyia idlÉPd lsÍug wjia:dj i,id
fokak'
lKavdhfï nyq;r woyia iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï lrjkak'
mshjr 3
lKavdhï bosßm;alsÍï i|yd wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
YsIH woyiao ie,ls,a,g .ksñka riúkaokhl ksr;jkak'

39
kQ;k moH

lúh y÷kd .ekSu'

kQ;k isxy, lúfhys b;sydih ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOh

kQ;k lúfhys m<uq yd fojk hq.j, isxy, lúfha úfYaI ,laIK y÷kajd §u'
isxy, lúfha .ukau. iïnkaOfhka fy< yjqf,a lùkaf.a odhl;ajh y÷kd
.ekSu'
ksoyia ldjH iïm%odfhys m%:u hq.h yd fojk hq.h ms<sn| flá ye¢kaùula lsÍu'

lúh hkq l=ulaoehs wjfndaO lr .ekSu'

fmr wmr foÈ. úpdrlhkaf.a ks¾jpk weiqßka lúh y÷kd .eksu'
ldjH úpdr iïm%odhhka ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu'
rijdoh
w,xldrjdoh
èjksjdoh
Í;sjdoh
T!Ñ;Hjdoh
Ndú; úpdrh wdÈh

—lúhd˜ y÷kd .ekSu'

m%;sNdj
jHq;am;a;sh
i;;dNHdih
lúhdf.a ld¾h Ndrh

lúfhys wruqKq
ri ksIam;a;sh
wdkkaofhka m%{dj lrd /f.k hEu
iudc fufyjr

ldjH ks¾udK" úpdrh yd riúkaokhg wod< uQ,sl lreKq ms<sn| wjfndaOh'

ldjHdkqN+;sfhys wmq¾j;ajh yd w¾:j;a nj
rislhd ;=< pu;aldrh oekùu ^wruqK&
ldjHdkqN+;sh m%ldY lsÍug WÑ; wdlD;shla f;dard .ekSu'
ldjHuh nia jyrla fhdod .ekSu
NdIdfõ jpkj, fldaId¾:
jdpHd¾:
,laIHd¾:
jHx.Hd¾: ms<sn| wjfndaOh
Yíod,xldr yd w¾:d,xldr WÑ; f,i fhdod .ekSu'
ks¾udKlrejdf.a mßl,amk Yla;sh
jia;= úldYh yd jia;= tldnoaO;dj
l;=jrhdf.a Ôjk oDIaáh

40
isxy, lúfhys kj m%jK;d y÷kd .ekSu'
lúfhys wdlD;sh
lúfhys w;aoelSu
ldjH NdIdj

mlaIs NdIdj

m%fõYh
wdkkao rdclreKd lúhdf.a m%lg <ud lúhla .dhkd lsÍu'
mlaIs NdIdj lú mka;sh ;d,dkql+, j .dhkd lsÍu'
<ud lúj, úfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu yd idlÉPdjla lsÍu'

ye¢kaùï
mlaIs NdIdj wdkkao rdclreKd lúhd úiska rpkd lrk ,oaola nj
wdkkao rdclreKd fld<U hq.fha uq,a mrmqf¾ lúhl= nj
kQ;k hq.fha uq,a mrmqf¾ lúhkaf.a ks¾udKj, úfYaI ,laIK we;s nj
<uhska Wfoid ks¾udKh lrk ,o moH mka;shla nj

wka;¾.;h
l=re¨ kdoh jia;= úIh lrf.k rpkd fldg we;s nj y÷kd .ekSu'
mlaISkaf.a úúO p¾hd rgd yd kdo rgd újrKh fldg we;s wdldrh y÷kd .eksu'
iajNdj fi!kao¾hh we.hSug ,la lsÍu'
<ud Ôú;hg ióm iqkaor w;aoelSula f,i y÷kd .ekSu'
w;aoelSfuys wmQ¾j;ajh

lfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
iqÿiq wdlD;shla fhdod .ekSu —jxYia;˜ kñka y÷kajk isf,da úß;g wh;a Pkaoilska
rpkd fldg we;'
úß; m%ia;=;hg WÑ; nj
ir," iq.u nia jyrla fhdod .ekSu' <uhska i|yd ,shk ,oaola fyhska ni ir, ùu
úß; /l .ekSu i|yd jHdlrK fkdi,ld yßk ,o ;eka we;'
Wod # —f;ms oekqï fo;s'˜
w,xldr Ndú;hla ke;' iajNdfjdala;sh muKla fhdod .efka'
mqkrela;s fh§ we;;a th fodaIhla f,i fkdfmfka' th Yíod,xldrhla f,i
fhfohs'

Ôjk oDIaáh
fidnd oyug" fidnd oyfï fid÷re odhdohla jk mlaISkag wdorh l< hq;= nj

we.hSu
wdkkao rdclreKd lúhdf.a <ud lú ms<sn| úu¾Ykhla lrkak'
—mlaIsNdIdj˜ l=vd orejka ;=< fidnd oyug wdorh lsÍfï we,au ÈhqKq lrkakls'
úuikak'
fld<U hq.fha uq,a mrmqf¾ lúhkaf.a ldjH ks¾udKj, we;s úfYaI ,laIK
meyeÈ,s lrkak'

41
ore ke<ú,a, fyj;a cd;sl f;dá,a,

m%fõYh
ks¾ÈIag moH we;=<;a ore ke<ú,a, fyj;a cd;sl f;dá,a, ldjH .%ka:h y÷kd
.ekSu'
wod< moH ;d,dkqrEmj .dhkd lsÍu'
moH ks¾udKfhka cks; ldjHuh ri ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍu'

ye¢kaùï
áfnÜ cd;sl weia' uyskao ysñhkaf.a fjk;a ldjH ks¾udK ms<sn| idlÉPdjl
ksr;ùu'
Wkajykafiaf.a úúO ks¾udK i|yd mdol lr.;a wkqN+;Ska y÷kd .ekSu'
iuld,Sk iudc jd;djrKh iajlSh ks¾udK i|yd mdol lr .;a nj
ldjH ks¾udK i|yd f;dard.;a wdlD;Ska y÷kd .ekSu'

wka;¾.;h
<ore úfha isg u Y%S ,dxlslhd ;=< iajlSh foaYh" cd;sh" wd.u ms<sn| wkqrd.hla yd
wNsudkhla we;s lsÍu'
w;S; Y%S úN+;sh iaurKh lrñka j¾;udkh f.dvkxjd .ekSu'
Wmka foaYhg Kh ke;af;l= f,i cSj;a úh hq;= nj'
f;dá,af,a isg u foaYh" cd;sh yd wd.u fjkqfjka hq;=lï mqreÿ mqyqKq l< hq;= nj'

ldfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
<ud uki wdl¾IKh lr .; yels ldjH úß;la Ndú; lsÍu' ^ud;%d 12 ka ieliQ
moH mdo we;s fmo úß;&
f;dá,af,a ke<fjk <orefjl=g fhda.H NdId rgdj
w¾: rih u;=jk f,i ks¾udKh lsÍu'
ir, Wmud rEml Ndú;h yd bka .eUqre wre;la èjks; lsßu'
t<siuh wkqm%di jeks ldjH Wml%u Ndú;h'
uqLH woyi ;Sj% lr .ekSug iajlSh lú;ajh m%fhdackhg .ekSu'

Ôjk oDIaáh
iajlSh foaYh" cd;sh" wd.u fjkqfjka oeä wd,hlska lghq;= l< w;S; úrejka
y÷kd .ekSu yd ta u;ska j¾;udkh f.dv kxjd .ekSu'
foaYfha úuqla;sh fjkqfjka j;auka <ud yd ;reK mrmqr lem úh hq;= nj
foaYhg Kh ke;af;l= f,i ñhhdu W;=ï nj

we.hSu
lúhdf.a iuld,Sk iudc jd;djrKh ms<sn| lreKq .fõIKhg fhduq lrùu'
foaYdNsudkS ldjH ks¾udK fidhd we.hqug ,la lrùu'
ks¾udK ld¾hhka flfrys fhduq lrùu'

42
mrf,djg mKsjqvhla

m%fõYh
fhdod.;a ldjH úß; yd tys .dhkd iajrEmh y÷kd .ekSu'
ldjH ks¾udKh ;d,dkqrEmj .dhkd lsÍu'
ldjH ridiajdoh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu'

ye¢kaùu
kQ;k hq.fha lùka w;r Ô'tÉ' fmf¾rd lúhdg ysñ ;ek y÷kd .ekSu'
Ô'tÉ' fmf¾rd lúhdf.a fjk;a ldjH ks¾udK ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍu'
—mrf,djg mKsjqvhla˜ ldjH ks¾udKfhys wkqN+;sh ljf¾oehs y÷kd .ekSu yd
tys úfYaI;dj ljf¾oehs oek.ekSu'

wka;¾.;h
cd;sl wkkH;dj wu;l l< iudchl iajNdjh .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu'
ngysr isß;a úß;aj,g .e;s isxy,hka Wmydihg ,lalsÍu'
wdÈ ,dxlslhkaf.a wNsudkj;a .;s isß;a isysm;a lsÍu'
bx.%Sis wOHdmkhg wkaOdkqlrKfhka fhduqùu ksid isxy, NdIdj wu;l lsÍu'
ks,;," ;dkak udkak wfmalIa dfjka ngysr cd;Skga .e;slï lrkakjqkf
a .a iajNdjh
y÷kd .ekSu'
mq¿,a iudc fYdaOkhl wjYH;dj u;= lr oelaùu'

ldfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
f;audjg WÑ; ldjH wdlD;shla fhdod .ekSu ^isf,da úß;g wh;a ud,skS úß;&
lúfha uq," ueo iqÿiq wjiaa:dj, t<siuh fh§u'
mrf,dúka fuf,djg meñfKkafkl=g fï rfÜ iajNdjh y÷kajdfok wdldrfha
wmQ¾j Wml%uhla Ndú; lsÍu'
mqoa., ÿ¾j,;d" ksjg kshd¨lï" uÈmqxÑlï Wmydihg ,la lsÍug iqÿiq NdId
Ndú;h'
jHjydr NdIdj fuka u .eñ fhÿï o Ndú;hg .ekSu'

Ôjk oDIaáh
iudch ;=< mj;sk úúO ÿ¾j,;d" wvq ¨yq~qlï" ksjg kshd¨lï Wmydifhka hq;=j
bÈßm;a lsÍu'
tlS ÿ¾j,;dj,ska ñÿKq iudc mßirhla f.dvkxjd .ekSug ux fm;a fy<s lsÍu'
fï ms<sn| .eUqßka fidhd ne,Sug iyDohd fhduq lsÍu'
iudc ixfYdaOkhl wjYH;dj u;=lsÍu'

we.hSu
cd;sl wNsudkh mokï lr.;a fjk;a ldjH ks¾udK flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak'
tu ldjH ks¾udK lsysmhla ms<sn| we.hSula lrkak'
cd;sldNsudkh .eíjqKq .S;j, ld,Sk wjYH;dj ms<sn| woyia olajkak'

43
ysÕkakd

m%fõYh
l=udr;=x. uqksodi iQÍkaf.a NdId idys;H fiajh ms<sn| idlÉPdjla'
moH mka;sh .dhkd lsÍu'
moH mka;sfha uqLHd¾:h y÷kd .ekSfï idlÉPdjla'

ye¢kaùu
—ysÕkakd˜ l=udr;=x. uqksodi iQÍkaf.a YslaId ud¾.h fojk fmd;ska Wmqgd .kakd
,o moH mka;shla nj
<ud ldjH ks¾udKhla nj
l=udr;=x. uqksodi uy;d kQ;k hq.fha uq,a mrmqf¾ lúfhl= nj
t;=ud isxy, NdIdfõ yd idys;Hfha Wkak;sh i|yd úYsIag fufyjrla l< úhf;l=
nj
t;=ud w;ska rij;a moH rpkd /ila ,sheù we;s nj
t;=ud fy< yjqf,a ks¾ud;D nj

wka;¾.;h
ysÕkafkl=f.a lgql Ôú;h jia;= úIh lrf.k rpkd lrk ,o lú mka;shls'
ysÕkafkl=f.a u uqúka msgjk ÿla wf|dakdjl iajrEmfhka rpkd jQjls'
ysÕkakd ms<sn| jQ f;dr;=re iÔù f,i bosßm;a lsÍug iu;a fõ'
ysÕkakdf.a wirK nj yd Ôú;h ms<sn| jQ l<lsÍu ;shqKq f,i bÈßm;a flfrhs'
ysÕkakd ms<sn| wkqlïmd iy.; yeÕSu;a iu. lreK rih biau;= fjhs'

ldfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
úß; # úiumdoj, ^1-3& ud;%d 14 ne.ska o iumdoj, ^2 - 4& ud;%d 16 ne.ska o fhfok
.S úß;la fhdodf.k we;'
ysÕkafkl=f.a ÿla wfodakdjla m%ldY lsÍug wdlD;shla fhdodf.k we;s nj
w;aoelSu m%ldY lsÍug WÑ; ir, nia jyrla fhdodf.k ;sîu'
ysÕkakdf.a ÿlaÅ; Ôú;h m%ldY lsÍug WÑ; ldfjHdala;s fhdod .ekSu'
m%ia;=;hg WÑ; ixl,am rEm fhdod .ekSu'
Wod # f,dj f.a wyihs mshiai ''''' ^rEml&
úß; /lSug mo úlD; fkdlsÍu'
ke;" kE" nE" wfyda" wfka hk fhÿïj,ska u;=jk èjks;d¾:

Ôjk oDIaáh
isÕdlEfuka Ôj;ajk ÿlaÅ; ñksiqka ms<sn| j wkqlïmd l< hq;= nj

we.hSu
l=udr;=x. uqksodi iQÍkaf.a ldjH ks¾udKj, olakg ,efnk iqúfYaI ,laIK
y÷kajd fokak'
—ysÕkakd˜ rislhdf.a yoj; ohdkqlïmdfjka mqrjd ouk ldjH rpkhls úuikak'

44
jjq¨ yuqj

m%fõYh
lú mka;sh .dhkd lsÍu'
—jjq¨j˜ ldjH .%ka:h ms<sn| ye¢kaùula
fy< yjqf,a lúhka ms<sn| idlÉPdjla

ye¢kaùu
—jjq¨ yuqj˜ /msfh,a f;kakfldaka lsú÷kaf.a —jjq¨j˜ ldjH .%ka:fhka Wmqgd
f.k we;s nj
moH 557 lska mßñ; jjq¨j fy<fha uyd Wmydi ldjHhla nj
leúähl yd jjqf,l= w;r /hla mqrd we;sjk ixjdohla u.ska l;dj úldYkh jk
nj
leúäh" jjq,d" rdjK" úNSIK" rdu" ,laIauka" iS;d" ykquka fuys we;=<;a pß; jk
nj
rdudhKfhys tk l;dj ;=<k s a u rdjKhkaf.a fY%IA G
a ;ajh biau;= lsÍu l;=jrhdf.a
wruqK jk nj
jjq¨j ldjH ks¾udKh i|yd úúO úß;a fhdodf.k we;s nj

wka;¾.;h
wkqrdOmqr wnh jeõ bjqf¾ uika .il ljqvq leoe,a,ls' tys ljqvq hqj<la meáfhl=
o iu. jdih lr;s' ljqvd f.dÿre fidhd Wfoa u msg ù .sh;a w÷r jefgk;=re;a
ksjig fkd meñKsfhka leúäh ìfhka" fidalfhka yd fldamfhka u. n,d
isákakS h' w÷f¾ meñfKk ieñhdf.a rej ÿgq weh wefik muKg <xjQ úg ier
mreI jpkfhka neK jÈhs' tfy;a ta meñKsfha ieñhd fkdj jjq,l= nj ÿgq weh
lg jerÿK nj f;areï .;a;d h'
jjq¨fõ m%Odk pß; fol yuq jQ wjia:dj ksrEmKh fõ'
leúähf.a .efyk" W;=rk fldamfha iajNdjh;a" ieñhd hhs is;d jjq,dg neK
jÈk wdldrh;a Wmydih okjñka újrKh fjhs'

ldfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
m%lg iuqøf>daI jD;a;fhka rpkd l< nj lú l;djg .e<fmk úß;la fhdod.;a
nj
m%ia;dfjdaÑ;j ldjHuh nia jyrla fhdod f.k we;s nj
leúähf.a yeÕSï yd bßhõ iÔù f,i m%ldY lsÍug WÑ; NdIdjla fhdod .ekSu'
úfYaI ldfjHdala;Ska ks¾udKh

jHx.Hd¾:j;a nia jyrla fhdod .ekSu

Wod # fydg ueof.ke
Èj .; W.= ÿkakd

úis;=re Wmud Ndú;h

Wod # kgk fia wexðula
n;a ie<shla n÷ j
jka f,i weisKs fyKhla ilaj, .,g

45
 wkqm%di iys; fhÿï
Wod # lg fndreue lsh lshd
mek mek .efyk yo ;o fldge
kgd .id f.dia
ixjdod;aul ldfjHdala;s

Ôjk oDIaáh
ñksia .;s ,laIK leúähf.a j¾hdj ;=<ska biau;= lrñka Wmydihg ,la lsÍu'

we.hSu
olaI lúfhl=g id¾:l ldjH ks¾udKhla ìyslsÍug idïm%odhsl wdlD;Ska ndOdjla
fkdjk nj —jjq¨ yuqj˜ lú mka;sh weiqßka meyeos,s lrkak'
lú mka;sh ms<sn| ridiajdohla lrkak'
—jjq¨ yuqj˜ ;=<ska l;=jrhdf.a NdId m%N+;ajh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

46
wkaO lúhd

m%fõYh
lú mka;sh .dhkd lsÍu'
w,aúia fmf¾rd lúhdf.a ldjH ks¾udK ms<sn| idlÉPdjla
fld<U hq.fha fojk mrmqf¾ lúh ms<sn| idlÉPdjla

ye¢kaùï
mS'î' w,aúia fmf¾rd lúhdf.a ks¾udKhla nj
w,aúia fmf¾rd fld<U hq.fha fojk mrmqf¾ lúhl= nj
fld<U hq.fha fojk mrmqf¾ lúhkaf.a ldjH ks¾udKj, úfYaI;ajhla we;s nj
w,aúia fmf¾rd iajNdj fi!kao¾h" iudc widOdrKh" mka;s wr.,h wd§ úúO
f;aud wkqj lú ks¾udKh fldg we;s nj

wka;¾.;h
lú mka;sh wkaO lúfhl=f.a wd;au NdIKhla f,i bÈßm;a fõ'
ñh.sh ish ìß| ms<sn| jQ w;S; wkqiaurKhka iu. lúhdf.a isf;ys my< jk
wkqfõokSh yeÕSï jia;= úIh ù we;'
m%h
s úm%fhda.h fya;f
= jka yg.kakd jQ ÿlaL fodaukiaihka iy wkaONdjh fya;f
= jka
yg.;a;d jQ wirK nj uq,a fldg f.k my< jk fYdalS Ndjhka fy<s lrhs'
wkaO lúhd ;u iqr;,a ÈhKsh wu;d lrk m%ldYhl jHdcfhka lú mka;sh
úldYh lr we;'
lúhdg oefkk mßir iajNdjhka Tyqf.a Ndjhka wjÈ lsÍug fya;= fõ'

ldfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
tla mdohlg ud;%d 30 ne.ska jQ isjqmo úß;la ldjH ks¾udKh i|yd fhdodf.k
we;'
lúhdf.a ika;dkfhys my< jQ fYdAlS iajrfhys ßoauh m%ldY lsÍug WÑ; èjkshla
u;= lsÍug úß; fya;= fjhs'
jHjydfrdaÑ; ir, niajyrla fhdodf.k lúhdf.a ufkdaNdjhka .eUqßka újrKh
lsÍug iu;a ù we;'
Yío rih yd w¾: rih Woa§mkh lrk ldfjHdala;s id¾:l f,i fhdod .kshs'

jHx.Hd¾:j;a nia jyrla fhdod .ekSu

Wod # udhd isyskh ueoafoa mSkñ
f,dalh msì§ fodvu¨ ù we;
wd,h W,am;a fo;ekl msmsÍ

m%n, ixl,am rEmdj,shla u.ska uqLHd¾:h biau;= lsÍu'

Wod # jeõ nkafoaish fidnd fid÷ß fj;
rkau,a uoyi

47
Ôjk oDIaáh
ÿlaL fodaukiaihkaf.ka .yK jQ Ôú;h ms<sn| tla h:d¾:hla mila lr .ekSug
iqÿiq wkqN+;shla f,i bÈßm;a flf¾'

we.hSu
wkaOlúhdf.a iss;sú,s le|jdf.k hEug mßirh fld;rïÿrg n,md we;a o@
mS'î' w,aúia fmf¾rd lúhdf.a ldjH ks¾udKj, olak ,efnk úfYaI;d meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
lú mka;sh ms<sn| ridiajdohla lrkak'

48
mßKdud

m%fõYh
id.r m,kaiQßh lúhdf.a fjk;a moH ks¾udKhla .dhkd lsÍug ie,eiaùu'
—mßKdud˜ moH ks¾udKh ;d,dkqrEmj .dhkd lsÍu'
ks¾udKfhka bÈßm;a flfrk woyi;a iu. ri úkaokh ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍu'

ye¢kaùï
—mßKdud˜ ks¾udKlrejd ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsÍu'
id.r m,kaiQßh fld<U hq.fha lúfhl= nj y÷kd .ekSu'
iuia; iudchg u idOdrK h:d¾:hla lú mka;sfhka bosßm;a jk nj
id.r mkaiQßh lúhd ;u ldjH ks¾udKhka i|yd fhdod.;a wkqN+;Ska ms<sn| j
wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu'

wka;¾.;h
fl<sf,d,a wjêfha isg j.lSï iys; jeäysá wjêh olajd Ôú;hl mßKdufha
úúO wjia:d ú.%y lsÍu
ta i|yd iqkaor ldka;d Ôú;hl úúO wjia:d wmQ¾j;ajhlska hq;= j Ndú;hg
.ekSu'
f,dj h:diajNdjh olajñka Ôú;hl mßKduh iuia; iudchg u fmdÿ nj
meyeos,s lsÍu'

lfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
b;d ir, .eñ nia jyrla fhdod .ekSu'
ir, úß;la Ndú;hg .ekSu'
iEu ;rd;srul wfhl=g u ri ú¢h yels mßoafoka bÈßm;a lsÍu'
iajdNdúl mßirh weiqßka ir, Wmud rEml ks¾udKh lr .ekSu'
ldka;djlf.a iqkaor;ajh fhdod .ksñka cSú;hl úúO wjia:d ksrEmKh lsÍu'

Ôjk oDIaáh
mßKdóh wjia:d fmkakqï lrñka iEu wfhl=f.a u Ôú;h wjika jk nj
ldka;djlf.a iqkaor;ajh Wmf;a isg ñh hdu f;la u úúO iajrEmj,ska fmkakqï
flfrk nj
f,dj mj;sk h:diajNdjfhys fmdÿ nj èjks; lsÍu'

we.hSu
Ôú;hl h:diajNdjh olajk fujeks ldjH yd .S; ks¾udK fidhd úu¾Ykh
lrkak'
ldjH ks¾udKlrKh flfrys fhduq lsÍu'

49
fyar;a ydñ

m%fõYh
lú mka;sh .dhkd lrñka ri úkaok idlÉPdjla lsÍu'
úu,r;ak l=udr.u lúhdf.a ldjH ks¾udK ms<sn| idlÉPdjla meje;aùu'

ye¢kaùu

—fyar;aydñ˜ úu,r;ak l=udr.u lúhdf.a ks¾udKhla nj

úu,r;ak l=udr.u mßmd,k ks,Odßfhl= jYfhka ck Ôú;h h:d¾:fhka wjfndaO
lr .;a lúfhl= nj
ck Ôú;fhys wkqfõokSh w;aoelSï Tyqf.a ldjH ks¾udKj,g mdol ù we;s nj
—fyar;aydñ˜ kue;s pß;h mdol fldg f.k rpkd fldg we;s nj

wka;¾.;h
fyar;aydñf.a pß; iajNdjh újrKh lrñka Tyq ms<n s | wkqfõokSh yeÕSula rislhd
;=< oekùu lúhdf.a wruqK ù we;'
li< fYdaOkh" u< ñkS lemSu jeks lïlre jD;a;shl ksr; jqj o Tyq wúysxil"
ksy;udkS whl= nj lúhd lshhs'
fyar;aydñf.a pß;fha úiauh okjk wjia:djla f,i Tyqf.a ke.Kshf.a urKh
lúhd y÷kajhs'
mSä; mka;fs ha ckhdf.a ÿl oelSfuka lúhdf.a is; ii, jQ wdldrh moH mka;fs hka
m%lg fjhs'

ldfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
idïm%odhsl lú iuh wkqj hñka iuqøf>daI úßf;ka rpkd lrk ,o lú mka;shls'
jia;= úldYfha id¾:l;jhg úß; fya;= ù we;'
jHjydfrdaÑ; ir, nia jyrla fhdod f.k we;'
pß; iajNdjh biau;= fldg oelaùug WÑ; ldfjHdala;s fhdod .ekSu'

Wod #
Tyq ug jvd úis ;sia .=Kfhka oEó
ye~qj kuq;a Tyq ke.Ksh uereKq Èfka
WK.;aodg je,fmhs fk; lÿ¿ fmfka

Ôjk oDIaáh
mSä; mka;sfha ñksiqkaf.a Ôú; foi tî n,ñka Tjqka ms<sn| <fhys Wmka lreKdj
m< flf¾'

we.hSu'
fyar;aydñf.a pß;fhys olakg ,efnk iqúfYaI ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrkak'
úu,r;ak l=udr.u ck yo y÷kd.;a lúfhls' úuikak'
idïm%odhsl ldjH wdlD;sh;a jHjydr ni;a j¾;udk ldjHdkqN+;Ska m%ldY lsÍug
ndOdjla ù ke;s nj —fyar;aydñ˜ lú mka;sfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

50
rej oelSu

m%fõYh
Ô'î' fiakdkdhl iQÍkaf.a Ôjk pß;fhys mej;s iqúfYaY ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu'
isxy, ksi|eia wdrïNl wjia:dj ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsÍu'
—rej oelSu˜ ks¾udKh lshjd bka èjks; w¾:h úuid ne,Su'

ye¢kaùu

—rej oelSu˜ Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.a —m<s.ekSu˜ kï lD;sfhka Wmqgd .;a;la nj

tys we;=<;a ks¾udK ms<sn| j Ô'î' fiakdkdhlhka oelajQ woyia úuid ne,Su'
Ô'î' fiakdkdhl iQÍkaf.a ks¾udKj, mj;sk iqúfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu'
iuld,Sk fjk;a lùka ksi|eia ms<sn| j l< w;ayodne,Sï úuid ne,Su'

wka;¾.;h
tla;rd rc;=ful= mia jila .ï kshï.ïj, ießird újdy fldg.;a l=ußh mia
jilg miq ud<s.hg le|jdf.k wd Èkfha § u ÿgq fodrgq md,lhska oshKsh jvd
rEu;a nj l=urdg is;aùu'

ldfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
flá joka iu.ska ni yiqrejdf.k we;s wmQ¾j;ajh'
ks¾udKh mqrd olakg ,efnk ixlaIsma; nj
ixl,am rEm ks¾udKh lsÍug olajk idu¾:Hh'
wkqN+;sh bÈßm;a l< wmQ¾j;ajh'

Ôjk oDIaáh
mqoa., ika;dk.; wdYdjkaf.a iSud rys; nj
ld,hg idfmalaIj reÑl;ajh fjkia jk nj
ksrka;rfhka fk; .efgk fohl wmQ¾j;ajhla fkdolsk nj

we.hSu'
—rej oelSu˜ ks¾udKfhys mj;akd úfYaI;d y÷kd .eksu'
ksi|eia ms<sn| j Ô'î' fiakdkdhl iQÍka —m<s.ekSu˜ lD;sfhys olajk woyia
úuiSu'
isxy, moHfhys wdlD;sh yd wka;¾.;h iïnkaOfhka ksoyia moH rplhka l<
w;ayod ne,Sï ú¾Ykh lsÍu'

51
l;r.u

m%fõYh
.=Kodi wurfialr uy;d lúfhl= muKla fkdj fjk;a idys;H lD;s rpkfhys
o kshqla; jQfjl= jYfhka y÷kd .ekSu'
.=Kodi wurfialr lúhdf.a ldjH ks¾udKj, úfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .ekSfï
idlÉPdjla meje;aùu'

ye¢kaùu
.eUqre ixl,am ks¾udKlrKfhys fhdod .kafkl= f,i ks¾udKlrejd y÷kd
.ekSu'
nqoaêuh Ôú;h;a" Ndjuh Ôú;h;a w;r mj;sk .egqfï iajrEmh ú.%y lsÍu'

wka;¾.;h
;¾ldkql+, nqoaêh hgm;a j Nla;sh u; mokï jQ Ndjuh ðú;h u;= j tk wdldrh
fmkajd§u'
fofjd,la ;=< isÿjk mqo mQcd ndrydr ùï hd;sld hkdÈh ;¾ldkql+, nqoaêhg yiq
fkdjqK o nqoaêfhka m%;slafIam lsÍug wfmdfydi;a ùu'
ukei;a uiei;a tlsfkl wkaO j mj;sk wjia:djka ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍu'
ks¾udKh jk mßirh iu. nqoaêh hgm;a j yeÕSï biau;= jk wdldrh'

ldfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
Ndú; NdId rgdj .ek úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lsßu'
iajlSh ldjHdkqN=;sh bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd fhdod.;a ldjHuh wdlD;sh yd úß;a
Ndú;h ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su'
fofjd,l isÿjk úúO l%shdldrlï yd hd;sldÈh u.sska ixl,am rEm u;= lsÍu'
we;eï ldfjHdala;s kej; kej; fh§fuka ks¾udKhg ,nd .kakd wdf,dalh'
.eUqre ixl,amhla úÑ;%j m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu'

Ôjk oDIaáh
Ôú;hl nqoaêuh fuka u Ndjuh mlaIh o iunr j mej;sh hq;= nj
;¾ldkql+, nqoaêfhys msysgd isáh o wjia:dj" iqÿiq mßirh meñKsúg Ndjuh
Ôú;h biau;= j meñKsh yels nj
ndysr idOl u.ska Ôú;fha nqoaêuh yd Ndjuh iajrEmhka yiqrejk whqre'

we.hSu'
.=Kodi wurfialr uy;audf.a fjk;a idys;H ks¾udK ms<sn| wOHhkhl fhoùu'
—lr;.u˜ moH ks¾udKfhys mj;akd ;d,dkqrEm nj fjk;a ks¾udK iu. iei£u
yd .fõIKh lsÍu'
fuu nqoaêh yd Ndjhka w;r .egqu idudkH Ôú;hg n,mdk whqre idlÉPdjg
fhduq lsÍu'

52
Èjd fNdackh

m%fõYh
lú mka;sh lshjd riúkaok idlÉPdjla lsÍu'
isß.=kisxy ldjH ks¾udK ms<sn| idlÉPdjla'

ye¢kaùu
—Èjd fNdackh˜ isß .=Kisxyf.a ldjH ks¾udKhla nj
isß .=kisxy ksi|eia ldjH iïm%odfha mqfrda.dñfhl= nj
—Èjd fNdackh˜ Tyqf.a —wNskslauk˜ moH ix.%yfhka Wmqgd .kakd ,oaola nj
ksi|eia lúfhda isxy, lúfha wlD;Ska fuka u w;aoelSï iïnkaOfhka o w;ayod
ne,Sï l< nj

wka;¾.;h
l=vd orejl= ;u Èjd wdydrh ,nd .;a wdldrh ldjH jia;=j jYfhka y÷kd .;
yel'
mka;s úIu;dj ms<sn| l;=jrhdf.a úfrdaOdl,amh —Èjd fNdackh˜ hkqfjka lú
mka;sh kï lsÍfuka fy<sfõ'
oßø;dj fya;=fjka ukaofmdaIKfhka fmf<k orejl=f.a yev rej lÈug Ñ;%Kh
lrhs'
lúfha iudc fufyjr ms<sn| wruqK flfrys lúhdf.a wjOdkh fhduq ù we;'

ldfjHdaml%u Ndú;h
ksi|eia ldjH iïm%odh wkqj rpkd lrk ,oaols'
lúhdg ßis mßÈ mo fnod" olajñka lúfha m%ia;=;hg WÑ; wdlD;shla ks¾udKh
lrf.k we;'
ukd ixhuhlska ni yiqrejñka ish úfrdaOdl,amh m%ldY lsÍug lúhd iu;a ù
we;'
lúhdf.a ni rEmld¾:j;a h'
Wod #
fkdorejd '' weg iels,a,ls
,S lefn,a,la iqr;

mo fjka lsÍfuka m%n, ixl,amhla f.dv k.hs'

Wod#
fmdä <ufhda
n;a
bjro ld,d
Ôjk oDIaáh
iudc oßø;djfha h:d iajrEmh

53
mßYs,kSh .%ka:

moHdj,S - id.rm,kaiQßh
kùk moH rpkd - óuk fm%au;s,l
kj lú ix.%yh - l=iqud lreKdr;ak
ir;a úfÊiQßh
isxy, ldjH ix.%yh - wdßh rdclreKd
idys;H úoHdj - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
l,amkd f,dalh - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
.sßl=, yd i|u~, - úu,a Èidkdhl
ks¾udKh yd úpdrh - úu,a Èidkdhl
ks¾udK wOHhkh - ir;a úfÊiQßh
kj lú wOHhkh - ir;a úfÊiQßh
isxy, ldjHfha kj m%jK;d - wÕ¿.y Oïñkao ysñ
ks¾udK miqìu - ta'ù' iqrùr
m,s.ekSu - Ô'î' fiakdkdhl
w,shd yd wkaOfhda - .=Kodi wurfialr
Ndj .S; - .=Kodi wurfialr
lúh" .S;h yd iudch - tí,sõ' ta' wfíisxy
kQ;k ldjH ixys;d - iqks,a wdßhr;ak
kj lú irKsh - úu,a Èidkdhl
kj lú úuiqu - fudksld rejka m;srK

54
NdIdj yd jHdlrKh

ksmqK;dj 7'0 # wlaIr" mo" jpk" jdlH wd§ NdIdx. ms<sn| ksjerÈ
wjfndaOfhka NdIdj yiqrejñka úúO f,aLk lghq;=j,
fhfohs

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 7'1 wlaIr ud,dj ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOh m%o¾Ykh lrhs
7'2 wlaIr úkHdi Í;s ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla iys; j
ksjerÈ j ni yiqrejhs
7'3 wldrdÈ ms<sfj< ms<sn| oekqu m%dfhda.sl wjia:djka
i|yd fhdod .kshs
7'4 ikaê úê ms<sn| j wjfndaOfhka m%dfhda.sl ikaê Í;s
meyeÈ,s lrhs
7'5 ;¾ldkql+, j yd úpdrYS,S j lreKq ixúOdkh lr
.ksñka ks¾udKd;aul jdlH rpkd lrhs

7'6 úúO .oH mdGj, wka;¾.;h wjfndaaO lr .kshs

7'7 ixYaf,aIK yd úYaf,aIK yelshd m%o¾Ykh lrñka
idrdxYlrKfha fhfohs
7'8 f,aLkfha § mo idOkh yd mo Ndú;h ms<sn|
yelshdj m%o¾Ykh lrhs
7'9 iïu; Í;s wkq.ukh lrñka ksjerÈ jdlH ks¾udKh
lrhs

ld,Éfþo # 60 hs'

bf.kqï M,
• isxy, wlaIr ud,dj j¾.SlrKh lrñka ,shd olajhs'
• ksjerÈ wlaIr úkHdih ms<sn| j l=i,;dj m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
• wldrdÈh ms<sn| oekqu bjy,a lr .ksñka f,aLk l%uj;a j ilia lrhs'
• ikaê ms<sn| ksjerÈ oekqu f,aLkfha § m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
• ;¾ldkql+, j fuka u úpdrYS,S j lreKq ixúOdkh lrñka ks¾udKd;aul yd
úpdrd;aul f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs'
• úúO .oH mdG lshjd tys wka;¾.;h bÈßm;a lrhs'
• úúO ,smsf,aLk idrdxYfldg bÈßm;a lrhs'
• mo idOkh ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs'

jdlH rpkh
f,aLlhdf.a woyia meyeoss,s f,i m%ldY lsÍu;a tu woyia mdGlhdyg ukd f,i
wjfndaOjk mßÈ bÈßm;a lsÍu;a hk fï mrud¾: ;=k rpkfhka bgq úh hq;= h'

rpkfhys m%Odk wx. folls'

wka;¾.; lreKq
wdlD;sh

55
wka;¾.;h
wjia:d ;=kls'
wdrïNh
uOHh ^ialkaOh&
wjidkh

wdrïNh # f;dard.;a ud;Dldj ms<sn| ye¢kaùu" fuh b;d flá ye¢kaùula úh hq;=h'

uOHh # wod< lreKq ms<sfj,ska idlÉPd lsÍu fþo fn§u" ;¾ldkql+, nj"
úYaf,aIKd;aul nj" m%udKd;aul nj" ksrjq,a Ñka;kh" lreKqj,
jHla;Ndjh rpkh ;=< úoHudk úh hq;= h'

wjidkh # uq,ska bÈßm;a l< lreKq iïmsKavkh lrñka fyda ta ms<sn| ks.uk
bÈßm;a lrñka m%n, wjidkhla ,nd Èh hq;= h'

wdlD;sh # Ys,amSh olaI;d" mo fn§u" úrdu ,laIK'

Ys,amSh olaI;d #

• f,aLkfha wlaIr ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu'

• f,aLkfha § .eg¨ we;s lrk wlaIr ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu'
• j¾.dka; wlaIr y÷kd .ekSu yd Ndú;h'
• uym%dK wlaIr ms<sn| wjfndaOh'
• zYZ" zIZ" ziZ ldrh ms<sn| wjfndaOh'
• ms<s Ndú;h ksjeros j y÷kd .ekSu'

mo fn§u
isxy,fhys kdu" l%shd" ksmd; iy Wmi¾. hk mo j¾. y÷kdf.k Ndú; lsÍu'
• kdu mo yd l%shd mo ,sùu .ek u; fNaohla fkdue;'
• tfy;a ksmd; Wmi¾. mo Ndú;h u; fNao iys; h' tfyhska fmd; m; weiqfrka
ksjeros j y÷kd .ekSug fhduq lrkak'

úrdu ,laIK
úrdu hkq kej;Suhs' iudma;shhs' flda,kh" ;s;a flda,kh" fldudj" m%Yakd¾:
,l=K" y¾IdÈ ,l=K" WoaOD; mdG ,l=K" jryka" flá br" È.a br wdos úrdu ,l=Kq ms<sn|
ie,ls,su;a ùu yd tajd ksjerÈ j Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn| j wjfndaOh ,nd .; hq;=h'

56
wjfndaOh yd idrdxYlrKh

wjfndaOh
hïlsis .oH LKavhla fyda moH mka;h
s la fl;rï ÿrg mdGlhdg wjfndaO jkqfhaoehs
msßlaiSu fuys wruqKhs'
wjfndaOh msßlaiSu i|yd my; oelafjk wdldrfha úúO l%u wkq.ukh l< yelsh'

• jpkhl fyda jdlHdxYhl fyda kshu w¾:h úuiSu'

• mo iïnkaOhg wkql+, jk úfYaI w¾:hla fõ kï th úuiSu'
• mdGfhys uqLH woyi fiùu'
• mdGh wdY%s; j wikq ,nk m%Yakhlg ms<s;=re iemhSu'
• ;¾ldkql+,j hï ks.ukhlg neiSu'
• l¾;Df.a woyi fyda o¾Ykh fiùu'
• l¾;Dfha ;¾lh fiùu'
• kshñ; fldgfiys wre; ,sys,a niska ,sùu'
• m¾hdh Yío fyda úreoaOd¾:j;a Yío fiùu'
• wka;¾.; lreKla iïnkaOfhka mdGlhdf.a u;h úuiSu'

ms<smeÈh hq;= lreKq

• fþofhys uqLH woyi oek .ekSu i|yd fþoh tla jrla fyda fojrla lshùu'
• fþofhys .eíjQ wfkla woyia wkqj th fldgiaj,g fjka lr .ekSu'
• wka;¾ jdlH" jdlHdxY" ÿrjfndaO jpk wdÈh meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu'
• fþofhys w¾:h iuia;hla jYfhka u;lfha ;nd .ekSu'
• wk;=rej tla tla fldgfiys w¾:h isf;ys ;nd .ekSu'
• m%Yakfhka wikqfha l=ula oehs ksis f,i f;areï .ekSu'
• hïlsis lreKla úia;r l< hq;= kï th Tfí jpkj,ska úia;r lsÍu'
• hïlsis lreKla meyeÈ,s l< hq;=kï th meyeÈ,s lsÍu'
• hula ms<sn|j Tfí u;h wid ;sfí kï" th ks¾Nhj m%ldY lsÍu'
• hula ;¾ldkql+, j m%ldY hq;= kï m<uqfjka ta ms<sn| j l¾;Df.a ;¾lh
myod§u'
• Tn imhk ms<s;=re yels ;rï flá úh hq;= h' wkjYH lsis;a tys fkd;sìh hq;=
h'

idrdxYlrKh

jdlHhl fyda wkqfþohl fyda fþohl fyda mßÉfþohl fyda m%nkaOhl fyda
foaYkhl fyda idrh fyj;a yrh muKla f.k yer oelaùu fyj;a ms~q lr oelaùu
idrdxYlrKh kï fõ'

57
Wmfoia
• isysnqoaêfhka iy wjOdkfhka hqla;j fþoh jrla fidaÈisfhka lshjkak' fuu
lshùfï § fþofhys uqLH woyi l=ula oehs wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h'
• fojkjr lshùfï § uqLH woyig wod< jk jpk" jdlH iy jdlHdxYdÈhg háka
bß .id tajd ,l=Kq lr .kak'
• ;=kajk lshùfï § uqLH woyig wod<jk wfkla woyia we;akï ta ish,a, ,l=Kq
lr .kak'
• ,l=Kq lr.;a jdlH LKav muKla lshjkak' mqkre;a;s kso¾YkdÈh we;akï ta
wkjYH ish,a, bj;a lrkak'
• Wmud" w,xldr" w;sYfhdala;s" WodyrK" úia;r yd wkjYH úfYaIK wdos ish,a,
w;ay< hq;= h'
• jdlH tlsfkl w;r iajdNdúl iïnkaOhla we;sjk whqßka Tnf.a wNsu;h mßÈ
woyia .<md idrdxY ,shkak'
• uq,a fþofhys woyi idrdxYh lshjkakdg ksielfhkau m%lg úh hq;=h'
• Tn úiska iïmsKavkh l< hq;af;a jpk fkdj jdlHdxY iy jdlH LKav
muKla nj ie,ls,a,g .kak'
• m%:u mqreIh yd w;S; ld,h fhÈh yels iEu ;eklu fhdokak'
• jdlH ks¾udKh ms<sn| úúO;ajhla ;sìh hq;=h'
• idudkHfhka idrxYhla uq,a fþofhka ;=fkka tlla muK úh hq;= h'
• uq,a fþofhys we;s Wmqgd .ekSï" fonia" ixjdo wdÈfhys woyi muKla f.k
ixlaIsma;j ,sÅ; niska ,shkak'
• jkdys" jQ l,s" kï wdÈ wkjYH ksmd; bj;a lrkak'

mo idOkh

mo j¾.SlrKh
NdIdfõ w¾:j;a tall mo f,i ie,lsh yel' tjeks mo j¾. uQ,sl jYfhka
;=kls'
kdu mo l%shd mo wjHh mo

kdu mo

kdu mohla ks¾udKh jkafka kduhlg ke;akï Yío m%lD;shlg úNla;s

m%;H tlaùfuks'

kdu m%fNao
kdu kdu
cd;s" øjH" .=K" l%shd" ix{d
i¾j kdu
fmdÿfõ jHjydr l< yels kdu
iudi kdu
mia jeoEreï fõ' iudij,ska flfrkafka mo flá lsÍuls'

iudi jQ moh tl mohlska ,shd oelaùu b;d jeo.;a h'

58
 m%;Hd¾: kdu

;oaê; kdu
kdu ^Yío& m%lD;shlg ;oaê; m%;H tl;= ùfuka iEfokafka ;oaê; kduhs'
. +b - .eñ

lDoka; kdu
l%h
s d ^Od;=& m%lD;shlg lDoka; m%;H tl;=ùfuka iEfokafka lDoka; kduhs'
lr + k - lrk

kdu jr ke.Su
,sx." ixLHd" ksh;" wksh; jYfhka

tal jpk nyq jpk ksh; wksh;

mqreI ,sx. ñksid ñksiaiq ñksid ñksfila

ia;%S ,sx. ldka;dj ldka;dfjda ldka;dj ldka;djla
kmqxil ,sx. .i .ia .i .ila

l%shd m%fNao
wkjidk l%shd
lrhs" n,hs
wdYs¾jdo l%shd
ierfoajd æ" iemfõjd æ" fi;a fõjd æ
úê l%shd
lrkak" n,kak" lrj" n,j
m%fhdacH l%shd
lrjhs" n,jhs

wkjidk l%shd
mQ¾j l%shd
lr" n,d
wmr l%shd
lrkqj" lrkq ^msKsi&" n,kqj" n,kq ^msKsi&
ñY% l%shd
lr lr" n, n,d
lrñka" n,ñka
wiïNdjH l%shd
ld,d¾:fha wiïNdjH l%shd
lroa§" n,oa§
wkshud¾:fha wiïNdjH l%shd
lf<d;a" ne¨fjd;a

59
 Ndj l%shd
lsÍu" ne,Su
Y=oaO l%shd$ Y=oaO wdLHd;
lrhs" n,hs
kdu wdLHd;
Tyq <ufhls'
uu <ufhlañ'
ld, fNaoh
w;S; wk;S;
lf<ah lrhs
ixLHd fNaoh
tla jpk nyq jpk
ñksid ñksiaiq
mqreI fNaoh
W;a;u mqreI uOHu mqreI m%:u mqreI
uu" wms f;da" kqU" f;dms Tyq" wE
úfYaIK mo
kdu úfYaIK
fyd|" ,iaik" .=Kj;a" nqoaêu;a
l%shd úfYaIK
fõ.fhka" fyñka" ksy~j

jdlH idOkh yd tys m%fNao

ir, jdlH
ixy; jdlH
ixlS¾K jdlH

ir, jdlH
l¾;D" l¾u" l%shd iys; ;ks jdlH
Wod# Tyq mqj;a m; lshjhs'

ixy; jdlH
jdlH folla tlg iïnkaOùfï § ta folu m%Odk wm%Odk jYfhka ie,lsh
fkdyels jdlH'
Wod # ysre Wodfjhs" nei hhs'

ixlS¾K jdlH
m%Odk jdlHhlg Wm jdlHhla fyda lsysmhla we;=<;a jdlH
Wod # l=l=<ka y~,oa§ uu ksjiska msg;a ùñ'

m%Yakd¾: jdlH
ue;sjrKh meje;afjkafka ljod o@

m%Yakd¾: jdÖ mo
Wod # ljqo" l=ula o" flfia o
wehs" fudkjd" ljqre
fldfydu" fldhsn wdÈ jYfhks'

60
ksfIaOd¾: jdlH
Wod # ke;" fkdfõ" fkdue;
u,a,s Bfha ? n;a ld ke;
Tyq Èkm;d ld¾hd,hg meñfKkafka fkdfõ
ke; hk moh fojrla fhÿKq úg m%;sfIaOkh bj;a fõ'

we;" ke; fhÿï iys; jdlHj, úfYaI;d

we;$ ke; fhÿulg uq,ska Ndj l%shdjla fyda mQ¾j l%shdjla fh§ we;s úg
l¾;D wkqla; fõ'
Wod # <ufhl= .Shla .hkq we;'
ud ta fmd; lshjd ke;'
Wla; wdLHd; mo iïnkaOh
Wla; wkqla; fNaoh
l¾;D Wla; ùu ^l¾;D ldrlh&
l¾uh Wla; ùu ^l¾u ldrlh&

fþl m%fhda. yd jdlH Í;s

wm%dKjdÖ mo fh§u'
Wod # .x.d .,hs'
.x.dfjda .,;s'
zhsZ ksmd;fhka iu;afj;sZhs .=rejre is;;s'

f.!rjd¾:fha mo fh§u'
wdK" wKq" wKs" jykafia" fial" oE wdÈ fhÿï Ndú;h

Wod # mshdfKda meñfK;s'

iajdñka jykafia jä;s'

iuQyd¾:jdÖ mo Wla; ùu
/<" /i" rxpqj" le," fm<" fik.
Wod # ;reK fm< hyu. h;s'

oaú;aj Wla;h fh§u

Wod # fndfyda .=rejre f,aLlfhda fj;s'

iuqÉphd¾:fha ksmd; fh§u'

yd" iy" o" yd" ;a Ndú;h
Wod # wïud;a uu;a mkai,a .sfhuq'

wiïNdjH l%shd wdY%s; jdlH

l,d¾:fha wiïNdjH l%shd
Wod # iSkqj kdo fjoa§ .=re;=ud mka;shg meñKsfha h'

wkshud¾:fha wiïNdjH l%shd

Wod # fyd¢ka mdvï l<fyd;a úNd.fhka iu;a fõú'

61
wdYs¾jdo l%shd wdY%s; jdlH
Wod # ish¨ i;jfhda ksÿla fj;ajdæ

kdu Od;=l l%shdj wdY%s; jdlH

uu .=rejrfhlañ'
fya f,aLlfhls'

WmudjdÖ ksmd; wdY%s; jdlH

fuka" fia" tõ" jeks" jf.a" n÷
Wod # foú foaj;djqka jeks ñksiaiq we;'

wúksYaÑ;d¾:fha zúZ ksmd;h fh§u

Wod # wm úNd.fhka iu;a fõú'

hq;=h hk fhÿu iys; jdlH

Wod # mdf¾ hkakka ol=fKka hdhq;= h'
mdf¾ hkafkda ol=fKka hdhq;a;dy'

úl,amd¾:fha fyda ksmd;h

Wod # wïud fyda uu fyda fld<U hñ'

fyj;a" fkdfyd;a fh§u

Wod # isßmd, fyj;a ure isrd t,a¨ï .yg kshu úh'
úÿy,am;s fkdfyd;a ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s fmd;a fnod fohs'

l:k jHjydrh yd f,aLk jHjydrh

f,aLkfha § l%shd moh" ld," mqreI" jpk fNaoh wkqj iïu; ß;shla hgf;a wkqj
fhfoa'
Wod # uu hñ
l:kfha § tfia fkdfhfoa' nyq,j lDoka; rEm fhfoa'
Wod # ux hkjd ^Ndj lDoka;h&
ud hkjd

62
mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùu

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï iy we.hSu wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a

bf.kqfuys iy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh oek.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod.; hq;= nj;a iEu
.=rejrfhl= úiska u o; hq;= meyeÈ,s lreKls' tajd wfkHdkH n,mEfuka hq;= j l%shdlrk
nj;a tfia u tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s'
ika;;sl ^ksrka;rfhka isÿjk& we.hSï uQ,O¾u wkqj we.hSu isÿúh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd
b.ekaùu flfrk w;r;=r §h' fuh bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh wdrïNfha § fyda ueo
§ fyda w. § fyda hk ´kEu wjia:djl § isÿúh yels nj f;areï .ekSu .=rejrhl=g wjYH
h' tf,i ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh we.hsug wfmaCId lrk .=rejrhl= bf.kqu
b.ekaúu iy we.hSu ms<sn| ixúOdkd;aul ie,eiaula fhdod.; hq;=fjhs'

mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<f

s j< yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda mÍCIK meje;aùula
fyda fkdfõ' th y÷kajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.ksu;a" .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a jeä
ÈhqKq lsßu i|yd fhod.kq ,nk ueÈy;a ùula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag iómj isáñka
Tjqkaf.a m%n,;d iy ÿn,;d y÷kdf.k tajdg ms<shï fhdoñka isiqkaf.a Wmßu j¾Okh
<.d lr .eksug fhdod .; yels jevms<sfj<ls'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï ;=<ska wkdjrK l%shdj,shg isiqka fhduq flfrk

w;r" .= r ejrhd is i q k a w;r .ejfiñka Tjq k a bgq l rk ld¾h ks Í CIKh lrñka
ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh imhñka lghq;= lsÍu mdi,a mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<fs j< l%h
s d;aul
lsÍfï § wfmaCId flf¾' fuys§ YsIHhd ksr;=re j we.hsug ,laúh hq;= w;r" YsIH yelshd
ixj¾Okh wfmaCIs; wkaoñka isÿjkafka oehs .=rejrhd úiska ;yjqre lrkq ,eìh hq;= fjhs'

bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu u.ska isÿúh hq;af;a isiqkg ksis w;aoelSï ,nd foñka tajd
isiqka úiska ksis mßÈ w;am;a lr f.k ;sfíoehs ;yjqre lr .ekSuh' ta i|yd ksis
ud¾f.damfoaYh iemhSu h' we.hSfï ^;lafiare lsßfï& fh§ isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka
i|yd fohdldrhl ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd Èh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ
y÷kajkafka m%;fs mdaIKh (Feed Back) yd bÈß fmdaIKh (Feed Forward) hkqfjks' isik
q f
a .a
ÿn,;d yd fkdyelshd wkdjrKh lr.;aúg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ u.yrjd .eksug
m%;sfmdaIKh;a isiq yelshd iy m%n,;d y÷kd .;a úg tu olaI;d jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug bÈß
fmdaIKh;a ,nd Èu .=re ld¾hh fjhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd mdGud,dfõ wruqK w;frka

ljr wruqKq ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a l< yels jQfha oehs y÷kd .eksu isiqkag wjYH fjhs'
we.hSï jev ms<sfj< Tiafia isiqka <.d lr.;a m%ùK;d uÜgï ksYaph lsßu fï wkqj
.=rejrekaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r isiqka yd ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduqúh
hq;= h' fï i|yd fhdod.; yels fydou l%uh jkafka mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï l%uhhs'

63
 hf:dala; wruqKq iys; j l%shdlrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh;a
isiqka f.a bf.kqï l%shdj,sh;a jvd;a ld¾hCIu lsÍu msKsi jvd fydo ld¾hCIu;djfhka
hqla; bf.kqï b.ekaùï iy we.hsï l%u fhdod .; hq;= fjhs' fï iïnkaOfhka isiqkag iy
.=rejrekag fhdod .; yels m%fõY ms<sn| m%fNao lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs' fïjd fndfyda
l,l isg .=rejreka fj; úNd. fomdr;fïka;=j úiska o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska
o f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrk ,o l%ufõo fjhs' tfyhska tajd iïnJOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha
.=rejreka fydÈka oekqj;a ù we;ehs wfmaCId flf¾' tu m%fNao fufiah'

01' mejreï 02 jHdmD;s

03' ióCIK 04 .fõIK
05 ksÍCIK 06 m%o¾Yk $ bÈßm;a lsÍu
07 fCIa;% pdßld 08 flá ,sÅ; mÍCIK
09 jHqy.; rpkd 10 újD; .%ka: mÍCIK
11 ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï 12 Y%jK mÍCIK
13 m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï 14 l:kh
15 iaj ks¾udK 16 lKavdhï l%shdldrlï
17 ixl,am is;shu 18 oaú;aj igyka c¾k,
19 ì;a;s mqj;am;a 20 m%Yak úpdrd;aul
jevigyka
21 m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a 22 újdo
23 idlÉPd uKav, 24 iïuka;K %
25 laIKsl l:d 26 N+ñld rx.k

y÷kajd § we;s fuu bf.kqï" b.ekaùï l%u iEu tllau iEu úIhhla iïnkaOfhka
iEu úIhh tallhlg u fhdod .;hq;= hehs wfmaCId fkdflfrhs' ;u úIhhg" úIh
tallhg .e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard .eksug .=rejreka oekqj;a úh hq;=h; j. n,d .;
hq;h
= '

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, .=rejrekag ;u isik q f

a .a bf.kqï m%.;sh ;lafiare
lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels bf.kqï - b.ekakqï yd we.hSï m%fNao ms<sn| i|ykla ;sfí'
tajd .=rejreka úiska iqÿiq mßÈ ;u mka;f
s ha isik
q f
a .a m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu msKis fhdod.;
hq;= fjhs' tajd Ndú; fkdfldg u. yeÍu isiqkag ;u Ydia;%Sh yelshd fukau wdfõoksl
.;s ,CIK;a ufkdapd,l olaI;d;a ms<sn| j¾Okhla <.d lr .eksu;a m%o¾Ykh lsÍu;a
ms<sn| wvqmdvq we;s lrjhs'

64
jdrh 01

we.hSï ie,iqï wxlh 01

ksmqK;dj 0'1

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2"

we.hSï ie,iqï iajdNdjh ixl,am is;shula

l%shdj,sh isxy, kjl;d b;sydih oelafjk ixl,am is;shula

ks¾udKh lsßu'

ks¾Kdhl
f;dr;=rej, meyeÈ,s nj ks¾udKd;aul m%udKh f,i iuia; ksudj ,enQ ,l=Kqj, ,enQ uq¿
ksjerÈ nj nj lreKq oelaùu tl;=j ,l=Kq
isiqkaf.a
kï

,l=Kq mrdih
,l=Kq
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK we; 4
3
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke; 2
1

65
jdrh 01

we.hSï ie,iqï wxlh 02

ksmqK;dj 0'1

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1" 4'2

we.hSï ie,iqï iajdNdjh m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a

l%shdj,sh ikafoaY idys;Hfha úldYh yd ikafoaY ldjHhl uQ,sl

,laIK meyeÈ,s jk fia m%Yak iy ms<s;=re ieliSu'

ks¾Kdhl
f;audj m%Yakj, ms<s;=rej, m%Yakj, fmdf;a ksudj ,enQ ,l=Kqj, ,enQ uq¿
wod< nj m%udKd;aul ksjerÈ nj .=Kd;aul nj tk;=j ,l=Kq

isiqkaf.a
kï

,l=Kq mrdih
,l=Kq
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK we; 4
3
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke; 2
1

66
jdrh 01

we.hSï ie,iqï wxlh 03

ksmqK;dj 5'0

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1

we.hSï ie,iqï iajdNdjh l:kh

l%shdj,sh
• flál;dfõ iajNdjh
• flál;dfõ uQ,sl ,laIK
• flál;d iïm%odhka hk ud;Dld Tiafia lÓl ;r.hla
meje;aùu'

ks¾Kdhl m%fõYh yd ud;Dldjg y~ md,kh wx. ld, ,enQ ,l=Kqj, ,enQ uq¿
ye¢kaùu wod< nj yd WÉpdrKh p,kh l<ukdlrKh tk;=j ,l=Kq

isiqkaf.a
kï

,l=Kq mrdih
,l=Kq
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK we; 4
3
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke; 2
1

67
jdrh 02

we.hSï ie,iqï wxlh 01

ksmqK;dj 2'0

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3" 2'4

we.hSï ie,iqï iajdNdjh m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigykla

l%shdj,sh
2'3 yd 2'4 ksmK
q ;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ m%Yk
a úpdrd;aul
jevigykla ixúOdkh lsÍu ^isiqka u.ska m%Yak yd ms<s;=re
ilia lr lKavdhï u.ska ;r.h mj;ajkak'&

ks¾Kdhl
bÈßm;aùu m%Yak yd m%Yak bÈßm;a fokq ,nk ld,h ksjerÈ ms<s;=re ,enQ ,l=Kqj, ,enQ uq¿
ms<s;=rej, lsÍu ;=< ms<s;=re m%ldY lsÍu tk;=j ,l=Kq
ksjeros nj iemhSu
isiqkaf.a
kï

,l=Kq mrdih
,l=Kq
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK we; 4
3
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke; 2
1

68
jdrh 02

we.hSï ie,iqï wxlh 02

ksmqK;dj 2'0

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4

we.hSï ie,iqï iajdNdjh oaú;aj igyka c¾k,h

l%shdj,sh
kdgH m%Odk pß; y÷kdf.k tajdfha pß; ,laIK oaú;aj
igyka c¾k,hl igyka lsÍu' fuh flaj, l%shdldrluls'
^oaú;aj igyka c¾k,fhys jï me;af;a pß;hla ol=Kq mfiys
tk pß;hg wod< pß; ,laIK kdgHfhka biau;=jk
wjia:do tys igyka lrkak'&
ks¾Kdhl
ksjeros oaú;aj m%Odk pß; pß; ,laIK pß; ,laIKj,j oaú;aj igyka uq¿ ,l=Kq wjidk
igyka oaú;aj y÷kd igyka ksjerÈj ksoiqka iemhSu c¾k,h ,l=K
c¾k,h .ekSu igyka lsÍu ksjeros j uq¿ ,l=Kq
isiqkaf.a Ndú; lsßu mj;ajdf.k
kï hdu

,l=Kq mrdih
,l=Kq
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK we; 4
3
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke; 2
1

69
jdrh 02

we.hSï ie,iqï wxlh 03

ksmqK;dj 6'0

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2" 6'3

we.hSï ie,iqï iajdNdjh m%o¾Ykhla

l%shdj,sh
kQ;k hq.fha ldjHfhys úúO;d yd isxy, lúfha kj
m%jK;d .fõIKh lr m%o¾Ykhla meje;aùu'
ks¾Kdhl
ud;Dldjg f;dr;=rej, l%udkql+, nj wdlD;sh ksudj uq¿ ,l=Kq wjidk ,l=Kq
wod< nj ksrjoH;dj uq¿ ,l=K

isiqkaf.a
kï

,l=Kq mrdih
,l=Kq
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK we; 4
3
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke; 2
1

70
jdrh 03

we.hSï ie,iqï wxlh 01

ksmqK;dj 1'0

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3

we.hSï ie,iqï iajdNdjh jHqy.; rpkd

l%shdj,sh
u<.sh we;af;da kj l;dfõ NdIdj yd l;d úkHdih ms<sn|
.fõIKhla fldg úpdrYS,S j yd ;¾ldkql+, j lreKq
bÈßm;a lrñka rpkdjla ,sùu'
ks¾Kdhl
ud;Dldjg meyeÈ,s lreKq ikd: lreKq wjidkh uq¿ ,l=Kq wjidk ,l=Kq
wod< nj wlaIr lsÍu ;¾ldkql+, uq¿ ,l=K
ùu

isiqkaf.a
kï

,l=Kq mrdih
,l=Kq
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK we; 4
3
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke; 2
1

71
jdrh 03

we.hSï ie,iqï wxlh 02

ksmqK;dj 3'0

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3" 3'4

we.hSï ie,iqï iajdNdjh ì;a;s mqj;am;la

l%shdj,sh
ioaO¾u r;akdj,sfha iy mkaish mkia cd;l fmdf;ys
wka;¾.;h" NdId ,laIK yd rpkd ffY,sh ms<sn| ú.%yhla
lrñka ì;a;s mqj;am;la ks¾udKh lsÍu'

ks¾Kdhl f;audjg lreKqj, lreKq ikd: ksjerÈ ksudj uq¿ ,l=Kq wjidk ,l=Kq
wod< nj ksjerÈ nj lsÍu wlaIr uq¿ ,l=K
úkHdih

isiqkaf.a
kï

,l=Kq mrdih
,l=Kq
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK we; 4
3
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke; 2
1

72
jdrh 03

we.hSï ie,iqï wxlh 03

ksmqK;dj 4'0

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3

we.hSï ie,iqï iajdNdjh lKavdhï l%shdldrlï

l%shdj,sh
mka;sfha isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr .srd ikafoaYfha
f;dard.;a j¾Kkdjla ms<n s | ridiajdohla lr bÈßm;a lsÍug
ie,eiaùu'
ks¾Kdhl
wruqK rpkd ffY,sh T!Ñ;H mo lreKq iuia;h uq¿ ,l=Kq wjidk ,l=Kq
meyeÈ,s Ndú;h ikd: lsÍu uq¿ ,l=K
lsÍu

isiqkaf.a
kï

,l=Kq mrdih
,l=Kq
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK we; 4
3
ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke; 2
1

73