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Types of Lamps
Types of Lamps
Types of Lamps
CHAPTER (2)
TYPES OF LAMPS
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
2.1 Introduction
The electric lamp is an instrument that converts electrical energy to
lighting energy through passing current through a medium which may be
solid (Incandescent lamp) or liquid or gas (gas discharge lamp).
There are several types of lamps depending on design, characteristic and
purpose.
This chapter will discuss by the types of lamps.
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Inside and outside the selected part of the building such as (class, lab,
library ….etc).
(10) Calculate the losses that produce from heat losses in all wires,
calculated the overall efficiency of the system after calculating the
total power of the building in case of using a low power factor lamp,
we can improve this by adding capacitors and calculate the total power
and the efficiency of the system.
(11) After distributing we used static VAR compensator to make balance
to the loads on the three phases.
(12) Calculating the overall KVA of the system will be used to select
suitable transformer that feed the loads of the building.
(13) According to importance of the building under study, it can select
the suitable type of grounding system used.
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2.3.3) Luminance ( E )
It is the density of luminous power expressed in term of lumens
per unit area. It is measured in lux
E =Φ/S
LUX=(Lumens /m) ^2
2.3.5) Transmittance:
It is Ratio between the luminous flux transmitted by a body
and the flux received.
Unit c %
Symbol (τ)
Ratio τ = Φt / Φ
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2.3.6) Transmission:
Radiation passes through a medium without a change in the
frequency of monochromatic radiations. This phenomenon can seen
On certain kinds of glass, crystal, water and other liquids, and air, of
course. However, when passing through the material, some of the light is
lost due to the reflection on the medium surface and through absorption.
Relation between the transmitted light and the incident light is known as
transmittance. Transmission falls into three categories: spread, diffused
and mixed.
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2.3.7) Absorption:
Process by which radiant energy is converted into a
different form of energy mainly in the form of heat. This phenomenon is
characteristic both of all surfaces which are not completely reflective and
of materials which are not totally transparent.
2.3.8) Refraction:
The direction of the light beam may change when passing
from one medium to the other. This is a result of a change in the light
speed propagation. Speed decreases if the new media density is higher,
and increases if it is lower. This change in speed and direction is known
as refraction.
There are two laws of refraction:
(1). When the wave goes from one medium to another, the incident ray,
reflected ray and the normal to the separating surface of the media on the
incidence point, are on the same plane.
(2). the ratio between the incidence angle sine and the refraction angle
sine is a constant for the given pair of media. The above mentioned
constant is known as the index of refraction n, for the given media. The
second law of usually known's Snell’s law.
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
2.4 TYPES
OF
LAMPS:
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Figure (9).
2- Mercury lamps.
(2.4.1.1) Construction:
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Figure (10).
Fuse
Glass
1) Base:
Typical base is shown figure (10). One lead-in wire is soldered to the
upper rim of the base shell made of brass
2) Filament:
The filament material usually used is tungsten; it may be a straight
wire or a coil.
3) Inert gas filling:
Usually a mixture of nitrogen and argon used in most lamps of 40
watt or larger to restart filament evaporation.
4) Fuse:
Protects the lamp and circuit by blowing if the filament arcs.
5) Glass envelope:
There are spherical or mushroom shapes. Figure (11).
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Figure (11).
Operation characteristics:
Operation characteristics are critically dependent on voltage at the
lamps. Therefore, life output and efficacy (lumen output per watt) of a
lamp is sensitive to change in voltage.
Characteristic curves for large gas-filled lamps showing the effect of
operating a lamp at other than its rated voltage.
As shown in fig.(12).
Fig.(12)
Advantages:
Low initial cost
Excellent color rendering
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Instant starting
Small size
Requires no ballast
Dimming capability
Disadvantages:
Low efficiency(10% goes to light)
Create high temperature
Small increase above rated voltages ,will reduce the life time
Higher operating cost per lumen
2.4.2)Tungsten-halogen Lamp:
The addition of a halogen vapor to the gas filling reduces the evaporation
rate of the filament. This allows the use of a higher filament temperature,
hence make greater efficiency without demerit of short lamp life.
Halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescent and
burn with a hotter filament temperature, which results in a very hot
surface. For this reason, a fused -quartz.
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Operation theory:
This type of lamp delivers more lumens than other incandescent
lamp. The key to it’s extraordinary performance is the halogen lamp,
made possible by a trace of halogen additive carefully prepared sealed
into the lamp. The vaporized tungsten are converted to tungsten near the
bulb wall and then reverse their motion, diffusing toward the filament
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Construction:
- A glass tube filled with an inert-gas (argon) and mercury vapor.
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Operation theory:
This lamp is filled with low pressure mercury vapor and an inert gas
(argon). Electrical discharge takes place through the gas giving ultra
violet rays. These rays cause fluorescence in the phosphor coating inside
the tube. At the starting, the starting switch is closed, so current flows
trough the choke coil. The starting switch opens due to heating of it’s bi-
metallic strip. The energy stored in the choke coil is suddenly released the
form of a voltage surge which causes starting of discharge through the
tube between the electrodes so the lamp glow.
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Advantages
4-5 times more efficient than incandescent
10-20 times life time greater than incandescent
Low cost
Available in wide ranges of sizes
Available in wide ranges of colors
Disadvantages
Most lamps are relatively large and requires relatively expensive
fixture
Fluorescent lamps are temperature sensitive
Requires special ballast at dimming system
Fig (16)
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Fig (17)
Application:
These lamps are commonly used in situations which call for general
illumination at an even level such as offices, classrooms, retail stores,
hallways, and cafeterias.
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Fig. (18)
High
Pressure
Sodium
Lamps
Physically speaking, high pressure sodium lamps are quite different from
low pressure sodium lamps, due to the fact that vapor pressure is higher
in the former. This pressure factor also causes many other differences
between the two including emitted light properties.
Discharge tube in a high pressure sodium lamp contains an excess of
sodium to produce saturated vapor conditions when the lamp is working.
Besides, it has an excess of mercury to provide a trimmer gas, xenon
excluded, to ease ignition and limit heat conduction from the discharge
arc to the tube wall. The discharge tube is housed in an empty glass
cover. High pressure sodium lamps radiate energy through a good part of
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Electrodes:
Electrodes, covered by a layer of emitter material, consist of a
twisted serpentine wolfram rod around it.
Filling:
In the inside of the discharge tube are sodium, mercury and
noble gases (xenon or argon) out of which sodium is the
Main producer of light.
Blister:
This glass is generally empty.
The shape must be either ovoid or tubular. The first one has an inner
covering. However, since the discharge tube of the high pressure sodium
lamp does not virtually produce any ultraviolet radiation, the covering is
simply a diffused layer of white powder, to decrease the high brightness
of the discharge tube. The tubular glass is always made out of clear glass.
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
voltage needed for the lamp ignition. Sometimes, both the incorporated
starter and the auxiliary starter are in the lamp itself. These lamps precise
of auxiliary equipment formed by ballast and an igniter with impulse
tension depending on type. A compensation condenser is also needed.
Nominal values are reached five minutes after ignition. When a lamp is
turned off, due to a great pressure of the burner, it needs to cool down
between four and minutes before turning it back on.
Theory of operation:
It’s an electric discharge lamp in which the radiation is produced by the
excitation of sodium vapor and the partial pressure of the vapor during
operation is of the order of 104 N/m2.
It consists of an evacuated outer envelop containing the arc tube and
its support. The arc tube contains a milligram of mercury and sodium
tighter with small quantity of argon or oxygen.
It’s mostly used in street lighting and outdoor areas
Advantages:
7 times as efficient as fluorescent ,2 times as efficient as mercury
vapor
Warm up is 3-4 minutes
Long life time 24000 hours
Can operate at any position
Wide range of wattages 35-1000 watt
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Disadvantages:
The light produced is golden white
Requires ballast
Take 5-10 minutes to reach full light output at starting
Application
High pressure sodium lamps are used in outdoor lighting of streets and
parking lots and in indoor settings where color rendering is not critical.
These indoor settings include warehouse and shipping areas and some
manufacturing areas.
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Low pressure sollium (LPS) lamp is by far the most efficient light source
used in street lighting. LPS lamps are used in various parts of the country;
including San Diego, CA .The lamps produce a monochromatic orange-
yellow light, from lamps which are long and skinny. LPS is also a good
way to reduce sky glow for stargazers. light is easily filtered out for
viewing the stars through telescopes. Drawbacks of using LPS lamps
include the color rendering. When the lamp is on, everything around Dks
either orange-yellow, black or shades in between. Also, as the lamp ages,
it uses more wattage, which lighting designers need to account for. That
increase in wattage does result in little-no lumen depreciation, meaning it
the light output from lamp stays fairly constant over its life.
Advantages:
14000-18000 life time
Restart immediately after interruption of power supply
Provide superior uniformity of light
Commercially lamps(efficacy 100-185 lumen per watt)
Disadvantages:
Poor color rendering
Very expensive
Run time to full light output is the longest
Requires special burning position
Application:
Low pressure sodium lamps are used in outdoor lighting of some
parking areas and bridge underpasses. The very yellow color does not
attract insects but it distorts colors. While these lamps are highly energy-
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
efficient they are rarely used because all objects under their light appear
to be yellow or yellow-gray.
Construction:
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
c) There are usually three or four electrodes, two of which are the main
electrodes and a smallest auxiliary electrode used to initiate the arc.
Theory of operation:
These lamps operate by passing an are through a high-pressure
mercury vapour contained in an arc tube made of quartz or glass. This
action produces light in both the ultraviolet region and in the visible
region, principally in the blue green band.
Advantages:
3 times more efficient than incandescent available in wide ranges
of ratings, colors. Sizes and shapes
Relatively low unit cost
Disadvantages:
Requires 5-7 minutes to warm up
Requires 4-5 minutes to cooling and restart
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Application
Mercury vapor lamps have been used as outdoor lighting for streets and
parking lots and have also been used as indoor lighting in factories. They
are much more energy efficient than incandescent lamps and have a much
longer life.
Construction:
1) Discharge and support tube:
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-Advantages:
Relative long life
Good color rendering
Light output is a bright crisp white light
2 times more efficient than mercury lamps and 6 times more
efficient than incandescent
-Disadvantages:
Short life (6000-20000 hours)
Horizontal position may reduce lamp life
Color may vary from lamp to lamp
Requires ballast
Some lamps requires 2-5 minutes to warm up
-Application:
Metal halide lamps are used in gymnasiums, factories, hallways outdoor
sports lighting, and retail displays. These lamps combine good rendering
with high efficacy and long life.
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Blended light lamps are a combination of the high pressure mercury lamp
and an incandescent lamp. They are a result of one of the tries to correct
bluish light of mercury lamps, which is achieved by inclusion within the
glass itself, of a mercury discharge tube and a wolfram incandescent
filament.
Mercury discharge light and that of the fired filament are combined, or
mixed, to achieve a lamp with totally different operative
Characteristics compared to those which have both pure mercury and an
incandescent lamp.
Main parts With the exception of the filament and the gas used in the
blister, parts of a blended light lamp are the same as those described
For high pressure mercury lamps (Fig. 10). Base
-Filament:
The filament, which also acts as resistance ballast for the discharge
tube, is a coiled wolfram wires the same as that of the incandescent lamp.
It is connected with the discharge tube in series and located next or
around it, to obtain a good blended light and to favor a quick ignition of
the tube.
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
-Advantage:
Blended light lamps have the of being connected directly to the
power supply system (ballast and starter for is not
Required their working). Ignition takes about two minutes and re-
ignition is not possible before cooling- down.
-The most vulnerable parts of all discharge lamps are the electrodes.
During their average rated life, lamps reduce and lose their emitting
voltage by the impact of quick ions or by chemical reactions energetic
vapors in the discharge tube. Electrodes in high pressure discharge also
produce a great amount of infrared wasted radiation, which decreases
efficiency of the lamp.
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-These lamps are used for many general and special lighting applications,
mainly to reduce maintenance expenses, like in public buildings, outdoor
public lighting, industrial applications, and etc. arts with characteristics
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By giving the lamps more than one tube and bending each tube back on
itself, lamp designers have managed to reduce the overall length of
energy saving lamps. They are now not much bigger than ordinary light
bulbs.
The compact fluorescent bulb with its integrated electronic control gear
and standard screw base can be used as direct replacements for
incandescent lamps. They consume 80% less energy and, if used for an
average of three hours a day (normal domestic use), will last around 8000
hrs.
The lamps provide you with a lot more light wherever you need it. The
amount of light you can get from a conventional bulb is restricted by its
wattage - a restriction that doesn't apply with the ESL(energy saving
lamp). Because they generate a lot less heat than conventional bulbs, you
never need to worry about keeping within the recommended wattage
rating again.
This means you can get twice the brightness - without having to add
another lamp.
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CH (2) TYPES OF LAMPS
Energy saving lamps generates more than 80% of all the artificial light
but consume only 50% of the energy needed for lighting. Energy saving
lamps last between eight and twenty times as long as ordinary light bulbs
and need up to 85% less electricity for the same brightness, depending on
the type. They are therefore the best possible option for economical
lighting.
Energy saving bulbs are available in tubular, ring (also called circle) and
U-shape versions in a wide range of sizes. The new energy saving lamps
are almost as small as ordinary light bulbs and can be used as direct
replacements. Modern electronic control gear provides even greater
economy, more comfortable light and longer life from traditional
fluorescent lamps. In addition to luminous efficacy, the light color and
color rendering are also important criteria to consider when choosing the
right light source.
1)-Integrated CFLs
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2)-Non-integrated CFLs
1)-Lifespan
Modern CFLs typically have a life span of between 6,000 and 15,000
hours, whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a
life span of 750 hours or 1000 hours]. These lifetimes are quoted
according to IEC60969, which specifies that "life to 50% of failures shall
be not less than value declared by the manufacturer." The lifetime of any
lamp depends on many factors including manufacturing defects, exposure
to voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off and
ambient operating temperature, among other factors.
CFL lamps give less light later in their life than they did at the start. The
light output depreciation is exponential, with the fastest losses being soon
after the lamp was new. By the middle to end of their lives, CFLs can be
expected to produce 70% to 80% of their original light output. Our eyes'
response to light is logarithmic: Each f-number (or photographic 'f-stop')
reduction represents a halving in actual light, but is subjectively quite a
small change. A 20% to 30% reduction over many thousands of hours
represents a change of about half an f-stop, which is barely noticeable in
everyday life.
2)-Energy consumption
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For a given light output, CFLs use between one-fifth and one-quarter of
the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. For example, lighting
accounted for approximately 9% of household electricity usage in the
United States in 2001, so widespread use of CFLs could save most of
this, for a total energy saving of about 7% from household usage.
4)-Cos t
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