GROWTH OF OKRA (ABELELMOSCHIS ESCULENTUS) ON RED, BLUE

AND GREEN COLORED LIGHT

A Research Paper
Presented to
the Faculty of the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand
University of San Carlos Senior High School

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 3 (RES03)

By

Nicolas Paolo M. Pepito Nigel L. Monsanto

Carl Rico G. Encarnacion Antonio P. Pimpinio
Yul Vincent E. Sullano

March 2018

i
 ABSTRACT

The main subject of this study is the Okra. The study aims to determine the

effect to the primary growth of Okra by different colors of light. Mainly to measure the

length of the plant body, record the number and size of leaves and compare the effect by

different colors of light (each light with 5 watts). Before the seeds where placed into their

pots, they were submerged in water for 12-18 hours to aid in the germination process. To

measure the growth the of okra, the researchers measured the plant’s height and the size

and number of leaves directly after exposure to the colored lights, data for each plant are

recorded once every two days. The Okra under the; blue light had 3/5 seeds that sprouted

and has grown at an average of 0.19 cm/day, red light had 3/5 seeds that sprouted and has

grown at an average of 0.17 cm/day, and the green light had 1/5 seeds that sprouted and

has grown at an average of 0.16 cm/day. The Blue light is the most effective for the plant

because the color blue lights have short wavelengths thus have more energy, the Green

light was the least effective for the okra because the okra themselves are green due to the

pigment Chlorophyll and the Red Light was less effective than the Blue light because it

has longer wavelengths thus less energy.

ii
 Acknowledgements

The researchers owe their deepest gratitude to the ones who assisted them

throughout the time they were making this research study.

To their supportive and helpful parents, the researchers would like to express their

appreciation to them for their flawless guidance, beneficial advice, and continuous

encouragement during the duration of the study. Their valuable ideas were of immense

help throughout their work. Without them, the study would not have turned out in a much

better way.

Above all, the researchers would like to give their eternal thanks to the Lord, our

God, for giving them the knowledge as they pursued this research. This study would not

have progressed as much without His everlasting help.

iii
 Table of Contents
Title Page ........................................................................................................................... i

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iii

List of Tables & Figures .................................................................................................. iv

Chapter I Introduction ................................................................................................ 1

Rationale of the Study .................................................................... 1

Statement of the Problem ............................................................... 3

Significance of the Problem ........................................................... 3

Scope and Limitation ..................................................................... 3

Chapter II Review of Related Literature ..................................................................... 5

Plant development and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) ................... 5

Okra ................................................................................................ 6

Plant growth and effect of light ..................................................... 8

Chapter III Research Methodology ............................................................................ 10

Chapter IV Results and Discussion ............................................................................ 12

Chapter V Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................... 17

Summary ...................................................................................... 18

Conclusions .................................................................................. 19

Recommendation ......................................................................... 20

References ........................................................................................................................ 21

Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 23

iv
 List of Tables

Table 1. ............................................................................................................................ 13

List of Figures

Figure 1. ........................................................................................................................... 11

Figure 2. ........................................................................................................................... 11

Figure 3. ........................................................................................................................... 12

ivv
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Plant development is a general term that refers to the different changes that takes

place in a plant during its life cycle. According Thut, H., & Loomis, W. (2000), plant

maturation consists of both growth and differentiation involving quantitative and

qualitative changes. Plant maturation is characterized by change in size, shape, form,

degree of differentiation and state of complexity (Chen Wei, Y. 2016). Differentiation

involves a series of qualitative changes occurring in plants. It is orderly processes of change

in which structurally simple and genetically identical cells become different by becoming

specialized for certain functions and produces the various tissues and organs of a plant. The

shift into specialized cells occurs due to differential activation of a cell’s genome (Chitose,

K., & Christian, F. 2010). Mineral nutrients, temperature, soil support, oxygen, water and

light are important in the control of plant growth. These provide the process of

photosynthesis to produce the carbohydrates that are needed to retain water in the cell for

growth. The changing light environment strongly affects the entire life cycle of plant

growth because plants are sessile and photo-autotrophic.

The main subject of this study is the Okra (Hibiscus esculentus). Chosen because

of its fast growth, with seedlings said to start emerging after 4-10 days (Royal Botanical

Garden, 2018), and its medicinal benefits that include having high antioxidant activities,

high fiber, and being rich in protein, among many others (Gemede et al, 2015).

1
 The development of light emitting diodes (LEDs) has made it possible to

manipulate spectral quality in ways that have been difficult with conventional electric light

sources. As such, LEDs have been used to confirm the role and importance of light quality

(Murrow, 2008) and the ability to strategically manipulate plant growth and development.

According to the research done in Viršilė, A., & Olle, M. (2013), although red light is the

most efficient in driving photosynthesis, alone it does not promote normal development.

Supplementation with blue light is necessary to mitigate the shade avoidance responses

induced by red light, which produces compact plant shape with shorter stems, and

decreased leaf area resulting in decreased growth (Darko, E., & Shoefs, B., 2014).

This study is conducted to augment present day knowledge regarding the effects

and response of a plant in various colored light environments. According to Darko, E., &

Shoefs, B., (2014), plants not only transform solar energy into chemical energy through

the process of photosynthesis but also use light as an informational cue to control a

multitude of physiological responses throughout their life cycle. Collectively these

responses are known as photo morphogenesis. In developmental biology, photo

morphogenesis is light-mediated development, where plant growth patterns respond to the

light spectrum. This is a completely separate process from photosynthesis where light is

used as a source of energy (Johkan, M., 2010).

2
Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the effect to the primary growth of Okra (Hibiscus

esculentus) by different colors of light.

Specifically, this study aimed to:

1. measure the following

a. length of the plant body (cm)

b. number and size (cm) of leaves

2. compare the effect by different colors of light.

Significance of the Problem

The biggest beneficiaries of this study will be florists. Florists may benefit from the

study as they could apply the method used for growing okra seeds in their own business

and/or their own homes. The findings of this study could be used by florists when they

grow their okra as okra is also a flowering plant. Cooks or chefs who want to use okra

green pods as ingredients for a certain meal or dish can gain a much similar benefit. Should

they need to procure more seeds in less time, the method used in this study could be used

to achieve their goals.

Scope and Limitation

The scope of the study is limited to the use of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed and

green, blue and red colored LED bulbs. Some plants may take longer to germinate or sprout

depending on the type of plant and the conditions they are likely to grow in. The researchers

3
lack the facilities to experiment the use of two or more different plants and the use of four

or more colored light. The researchers can only monitor the plant growth through time

intervals. The research covers the growth rate of the sunflower under different color of

lights but does not cover the growth quality of the plant.

4
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Plant Development and Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

A light-emitting diode (or LED) is a semiconductor that emits light as electric

currents flow through it (Philips, 2017.). These sources are considered “directional” light

sources as LEDs emit light at a singular and specific direction, rather in all directions

(Energy Star, 2016). Due to their many and various capabilities, LED bulbs are well suited

for a wide array of research applications (Murrow, 2008). Not only that, LED are efficient

since they have the ability to control their spectral composition and option to pick specific

wavelengths, small mass and volume, durability, relatively cool emitting surfaces, and

minimum heating and well as having a lifetime of over 50,000 hours. (Lin K. 2012)

Because of these advantages, LED bulbs are more suitable for horticultural practices when

compared to other light sources (Massa G., 2010).

According to Olle and Viršilė (2013), red LED lights are the basal component in

lighting spectra and is enough for normal growth and photosynthesis in plants. Recent

papers declare that ~640 nm or ~660 nm of the red LED lights is to be used for effective

cultivation of lettuce and other green vegetables. Johkan M. (2010) attempted to raise

seedlings under different lights, mainly red, blue and a combination of both, and study its

effects on the seedling quality and yield of red leaf lettuce plants after transplanting. The

results of their study showed that the lettuce seedlings raised under blue-containing LED

lights yielded high polyphenols and antioxidants activities when compared to those under

fluorescent and red lights. As stated by Snowden (2015), green light is likely more

5
beneficial than red and blue lights when it comes to increasing the photosynthesis of the

whole plant. This statement was further confirmed in an experiment of Snowden (2015),

which concluded that the green light drives leaf photosynthesis effectively when compared

to both red and blue lights.

Spectral light changes evoke different morphogenetic and photosynthetic responses

that can vary among different plant species. Such photoresponses are of practical

importance in recent plant cultivation technologies, since the feasibility of tailoring

illumination spectra purposefully enables one to control plant growth, development, and

nutritional quality. Plant development is strongly influenced by the light quality, which

refers to the color or wavelength reaching a plant’s surface (Johkan M., 2010). Red (R) and

blue (B) lights have the greatest impact on plant growth because they are the major energy

sources for photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in plants. Past studies exam-ined the action

spectra for photosynthesis of higher plants. It is well known that action spectra have action

maxima in the B and R ranges (Yuan, C. , 2016). Combined RB LED lights were proven

to be an effective lighting source for producing many plant species, including lettuce, in

controlled environments (Lin, K, 2012)

Okra

Okra or okro , known in many English-speaking countries as ladies' fingers or

ochro, is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It is valued for its edible green seed

pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of West African,

Ethiopian, and South Asian origins. The plant is cultivated in tropical, subtropical and

warm temperate regions around the world (National Research Council 2006). Okra

6
may not be the most conventional vegetable in the garden, but it has a rich content of

vitamins and minerals, including vitamins A, B, C, E, and K, as well as calcium, iron,

magnesium, potassium, and zinc. Furthermore, okra contains high levels of mucilaginous

fiber. Most of the health benefits of okra are due to the minerals, vitamins, and organic

compounds found in it. Okra is frequently used in dishes from the Caribbean to China,

and its popularity is increasing all the time, particularly because of its various uses. This

vegetable pod can be used as a pickled vegetable, or an ingredient in soups, and side

dishes, and is also utilized for its oil, which can be extracted and used as a vegetable oil

(Organic Facts 2018). One thing you do need to worry about while consuming okra is its

high levels of oxalates. Oxalates bind to existing kidney and gallstones and cause them to

grow and may worsen the associated conditions. Frying okra can also increase your

cholesterol intake for the day, so cooking it in other ways is wise if you want to maintain

a good cholesterol balance.

Okra is a cultigen, a plant that has been altered by humans through a process of

selective breeding. The exact origin of okra is unknown, but it is thought to have come

from Africa, where it has been grown as a crop for centuries. Today it is widely

cultivated for its edible green fruits, which are harvested when immature (after 3–5 days

of development), and are infamous for their slimy mucilage. Abelmoschus esculentus is

also known by the synonym Hibiscus esculentus and the common name lady’s fingers,

thought to be a fanciful reference to the slender, finger-shaped fruits of some cultivars

(Royal Botanic Gardens, 2018).

7
Plant Growth methods and Effect of light

The effect of light exposure on plant growth was conducted in the research of

Garner and Allardio (2010), they have grown plants under different conditions of light

exposure and have made a special study of the tendency to become reproductive or to

remain vegetative under varying daily lengths and intensities of exposure. Several varieties

of tobacco and soy bean were mainly used in the experimental work, although numerous

other species of annuals and biennials were used to check the results attained. In general,

the amount of vegetative growth was proportional to the length of daily exposure to light.

The short exposures resulted in short, slender plants of greatly reduced size. Rate of growth

was much slower, and the total size attained was reduced. The inception of the flowering

or reproductive phase was greatly influenced by length of exposure to light

Plant Growth depends on the light on two ways: energy source and morphology

guidance. Botanists have spent a long time on understanding photosynthesis, as producing

energy, by biochemistry methodologies, and molecular mechanisms of photoreceptor and

signaling, as hints from the environment, by genetic tools. Thut, H. & LoomIs, W. (2000)

have suggested some aspects of the light quality effects to plant growth in reviews. At that

time, the antagonism models between different regions of light, and the light-induced auxin

metabolism, were included. In nowadays, there still puzzles needs to be “light-up”. One

consideration is what the minimal, and optimal, light quality for plant growing indoors,

since the light in house costs energy. Including

8
greenhouse, the light intensity is not enough inside the house, when comparing to the direct

sun. Especially at high latitude, also, a good light source could prolong the growing season

for crops and increase the production. Few studies have investigated systematicly on

spectrum effects. Chen Wei, Y. (2016) used cucumber seedling (Cucumis sativus) under

three artificial light sources, including: artificial light, fluorescence tubes and high-pressure

sodium lamps. Although all three was controlled to receive the same intensity through the

experiment, the visual appearance was quite different. The plants grown under artificial

light had the heaviest dry weight and the highest total height, but no difference in Fv/Fm,

which indicates the activity of photosythetic appartus. In the other hand, fluorescence tubes

were the highest in fitted light-saturated gross assimilation (Chen Wei, Y., 2016). Those

results disagreed with previous studies. For example, Amax may correlate with leaf mass

per area (LMA, the first leaf), but the artificial sunlight resulted in the lowest LMA, while

Amax was the second among three lights. The morphology variation could not be explained

by enourmous studies conducted with monochromic light difference. Surprisingly, the

heaviest artificial sunlight cucumber didn’t show the higher photosynthetic ability.

Futhermore, in 2012, the LEDs light effect was investigated. The artificial sunlight was

still the greatest one in stem length, leaf area and dry weight (Chen Wei, Y. , 2016).

9
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Four setups (Figure 1.) of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seeds were prepared. Each setup

consisted of a pot with loam soil and three to five sunflower seeds planted two inches

from the surface of the soil. Three of the four setups were labeled as setups R (with red

light), G (with green light), and B (with blue light), which corresponded to the color of

light to which they were exposed. The fourth setup served as the control setup and was

exposed to direct sunlight (Figure 1). The pots were separated by and covered by

carboard (Figure 2). This was to focus on their corresponding pots and not affect the

plants in the other setups. Setups R, G, and B, were exposed to the colored lights (5 W)

every night for one week. The four setups were exposed to sunlight from 6:00 AM to

6:00 PM. The setups were kept at room condition from 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM, away from

direct sunlight. The plants were watered at 6:00 AM and 6:00 PM daily. To speed up

germination process, the seeds were submerged in water for 14 - 18 hours. Seeds that

sunk to the bottom were seeds that were ready to be planted while the ones that floated

could not be used or would not have germinated.

To measure the growth of okra, a standard 30-cm ruler was used to monitor the

plants’ height (in centimeters) was recorded daily directly after exposure to the colored

lights and the difference between the heights (in centimeters) were compared daily as well.

The setups were also compared in terms of leaf count and leaf size. To determine the

effect(s) of the different colored lights, the mean of daily differences of each parameter

2
(plant height, leaf count, and leaf size) was calculated per setup. This was done by getting

the sum of the daily differences then dividing it by the duration of the experiment in days

(Equation 1).

𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑐𝑚,#𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠,𝑐𝑚)
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = Equation 1.
𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑑𝑎𝑦)

After calculating for all the setups, the averages were compared in terms of growth

rate (cm, #leaves, cm per day). The rates were then ranked from 1st to 4th, with the 1st having

the fastest rate and the 4th having the slowest rate.

Figure 1. Four pots with okra seeds and colored light setup for the experiment

Figure 2. Actual setup for the okra seeds

3
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Growth of Okra In different colored light

Three of the four setups were labeled as setups red(R), blue(B), and green(G)

respectively, which correspond to the color of light to which they were exposed. The fourth

setup served as the control setup and was exposed to direct sunlight. Setups R, G, and B,

are exposed to the colored lights. The four setups are also exposed to sunlight from 6am to

6pm. The setups are kept at room condition from 6pm to 6am, away from direct sunlight.

The growth process is presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Growth process of the Okra after 4 days in different colored lights

4
 Each pot contains 5 Okra seeds. In the past 4 days of growth, the Okra seeds in the

first pot (upper left on Figure 3) are under the red colored light and 3 out of 5 seeds have

sprouted. The Okra seeds in the second pot (upper right on Figure 3) are under the blue

colored light and 3 out of 5 seeds. Lastly, the third pot (lower portion of Figure 3) are

under the green colored light and 1 out 5 seeds have sprouted. All seeds have sprouted

on February 24th 2018, plants that have grown are displayed in Figure 3 and are encircled.

The measurements of each plants growth on different colored of light are presented on

Table 1.

Table 1. Okra growth process on different colored light and sunlight throughout 7 days

POT FEBRUARY MARCH

Light 21st to 22nd 24th 26th 27th 1st 3rd

- 3/5 seeds - height of - height of -average -

have 1 cm per 1.3cm per height of average

BLUE sprouted plant plant 1.6 cm height

- Leaves are - 2 leaves of 2.0

Seeds are not visible per seed. cm

submerged - average 6 in total

in water. height of

Planted on 0.25 cm

the 22th of

November

5
 - 3/5 seeds - average - average -average -average

have height of height of height of height

RED sprouted 1 cm per 1.1 cm per 1.45 cm of 1.9

- Leaves are plant plant cm

not visible - 2 leaves

- average per seed.

height of 6 in total

0.25 cm

- 1/5 seeds - height of -average -average -average

have 0.85 cm height of height of height

sprouted - 2 leaves 1.0 cm 1.3cm of 1.8

GREEN - Leaves are in total cm

not visible

- height of

0.20 cm

6
 - 2/5 seeds - average -average -average -average

have height of height of height of height

SUNLIGHT sprouted 0.8 cm 0.95 cm 1.10 cm of 1.45

(Control) - Leaves are - 2 leaves cm

not visible per plant.

- average 4 in total

height of

0.20cm

Based on the results the researchers have gathered throughout days of growing Okra in

different colored lights, the researchers have observed that there is a difference of height

in each plant body and number of seeds that have sprouted under the different colored

light. The average growth of each pot is measured in units of cm/day using Equation 1.

For the red colored light, three out of five Okra seeds have sprouted under the

blue colored light and has grown 0.25cm to 2.0 cm throughout the days of

experimentation and with an average growth of 0.190 cm/day (see Appendix), therefore

the blue light is the most effective colored light when growing the plant because the

plants under the blue colored light has grown the tallest among the 3 set-ups. For the

green colored light, one out of five Okra seeds have sprouted under the green colored

light and has grown from 0.20cm to 1.80 cm throughout the days of experimentation and

7
with an average growth of 0.164 cm/day (see Appendix), therefore the green colored light

is the least effective colored light to grow a plant because it the plants

under green colored light has grown the shortest among the 3 set-ups. And for the Okra

under the red colored light, three out of five seeds have sprouted and has grown from

0.25 cm to 1.90 cm throughout the days of experimentation and an average growth per

day of 0.174 cm/day (see Appendix), this colored light more effective than the green

colored light but is less effective than the blue colored light. The Okra under sunlight has

two out of five seeds sprouted and has grown from 0.20 cm to 1.45 cm throughout the

days of experimentation and with an average growth per day of 0.132 cm/day (see

Appendix), this value is the smallest amongst the 4 set-ups because the seeds under

sunlight has only light source throughout the day and no light source is provided at night,

while the other 3 set-ups are exposed to sunlight throughout the day and then exposed to

their corresponding colored light throughout the night. All plants are watered in equal

amounts and in equal intervals throughout the day. The plant growth for the 4 set-ups

throughout the day are affected depending on the atmospheric conditions of the weather,

rain and the amount of sunlight specifically.

8
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This is a research conducted in the University of San Carlos – Talamban Campus. The

aim of this research is to compare and contrast the effects of different colored lights on

the plant Hibiscus esculentus, aka Okra.

Our experiment entails 4 set-ups. In each of the set-ups, 5 okra seeds will be

planted in a pot. One set-up will be subjected to a red light source, immediately 4 inches

above the soil. One will be subjected to a green one and the other, blue. There will be a

control set-up wherein the seed planted will experience no external light on it except for

direct sunlight. The lights on the subjected set-ups will be turned on at night (6pm – 6am)

and turned off on the other half of the day (6am – 6pm).

After 7 days of observation, blue proved to be the most efficient at improving the

quality of the okra’s growth cycle. Followed by red, which is behind by a relatively tiny

margin. Then finally, green. The okras that were subjected under the blue and red lights

even exhibited better condition and quality when in comparison with the control okra,

that is, the okra that was subjected to normal plant conditions (sunlight, water, and no

other external light).

If an analogy was to be established between the results of the present study and

the results of similar studies in the past (some of which encompassed in Chapter 2

9
above), it is found out that indeed, blue is the most effective at enhancing a plant’s

growth caliber. This fact is true as evidently discerned in most studies regardless of the

plant subject the light was subjected on. However, the fact that red follows blue in the

rank contrasts the results of several former studies. In fact, red should supposedly hinder

the plant from growth instead of fostering it. That is not the case in our study. This is a

curious phenomenon and the authors of this paper highly encourage future researchers to

broaden on why this occurrence has happened. In the green color, some studies say it is

good for the health and growth of a plant, some even say best. In some other studies and

researches, it is hypothesized that green, just as red does, hinders or at least slows down a

plant’s growth. The latter is probably the case in our research as our paper apparently

manifests that the plant that was subjected to the green color showed the least amount of

growth by quite a big margin in comparison with the other two.

Lastly, it is important to note that the results in our study may not be as accurate

given the fact that time for observation was particularly limited. In this kind of research, a

timeframe of at least 2 years is important to be able to reap precise and authentic results

with minimal errors.

10
Conclusion

In the duration of the study, it has been observed that the plant subjected to the

blue colored LED light manifested the most refined growth development out of the four

prepared set-ups. After 7 days of observation, the plant in the blue set-up grew 3 out of

the 5 seeds planted with an average height of 2.00 cm. 2 leaves were observed on the 4th

day and hasn’t changed since. In the red set-up, 3 out of 5 seeds sprouted similar to the

case of the blue set-up. The three sprouts average to a height of 1.90 cm, just short of 1

mm from the blue set-up height average. Two leaves were also present in the plant with

no change after a week. The two are followed by the control set-up. The control set-up

grew the 2 seeds out of 5 and exhibited a height average of 1.45 cm. Two leaves were

present. Then finally, the green set-up exhibited the lowest grade quality out of all the

set-ups. Only one seed grew out of the 5 seeds planted on the green set-up. The sprout

exhibited two leaves and just as the other specimens, didn’t change up to the current date

as of writing.

This leads the researchers to conclude that the blue LED light has the most

positive effect on the subject plant (Hibiscus esculentus). Blue light is essential at the

beginning of a plant’s growth cycle as this is the type of light that plants first absorb to

help with chlorophyll production. This is immediately followed by the red LED light.

Both blue and red improves the growth of a plant than if it were just grown with direct

sunlight as exhibited in the control set-up. In contrast with these two colors is green,

which shows that subjecting the subject plant to green light actually slows down the

growth of the plant than if it was grown without this light color. This is most probably

11
attributed to the nature of the leaves. Plants normally have green leaves because they are

least effective at absorbing green light.

All these conclusions are evident in the study conducted. The results for blue

coincides with the findings in past researches. In the case of red and green however, not

so much. The authors of this paper highly recommend future researches to expand more

on this phenomenon and to augment their findings on present related studies.

Recommendations

We, as the authors of this paper, recommend future researchers to expand on our

study and to include observations in a timeframe longer than what was encompassed in

this research. We would also recommend future researchers to further add other colors

into their studies to reap a better and clearer correlation between light, its specific

wavelength and its effect on the growth development of plants whether positively or

negatively

12
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Massa, G. (2010). Plant productivity in response to LED lighting. Retrieved January 2018, from
HortiScience: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/43/7/1951.full

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crops in Africa: https://www.nap.edu/read/11763/chapter/18

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Facts: https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/vegetable/health-benefits-of-
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lighting.philips.com/main/support/support/faqs/general

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KewScience: http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:558006-
1#sources

14
 APPENDICIES

Raw Experimental Data

February March

21st to 24th 26th 28th 2nd 4th

SETUP 22nd

- 3/5 - height - height -average - average

seeds of 1 cm of 1.3cm height of height of

BLUE have per plant per plant 1.6 cm 2.0 cm

LIGHT sprouted - 2 leaves

- Leaves per seed.

are not 6 in total

Seeds visible

were - average

submerge height of individua individua individua individua

d in water. 0.25 cm l l l l

Planted on individual Seed 1- Seed 1- Seed 1- Seed 1-

the 22nd of Seed 1- 0.9cm 1.3cm 1.55cm 2.0cm

February 0.25cm Seed 2- Seed 2- Seed 2- Seed 2-

Seed 2- 1.1cm 1.3cm 1.60cm 2.20cm

0.24cm Seed 3- Seed 3- Seed 3- Seed 3-

Seed 3- 1.0cm 1.25 cm 1.60 cm 2.0 cm

0.26 cm

15
 - 3/5 - height - height -average -ave

seeds of 1 cm of 1.1 cm height of height of

RED have per plant per plant 1.45 cm 1.9 cm

LIGHT sprouted - 2 leaves

- Leaves per seed.

are not 6 in total

visible

- average

height of individua individua individua

0.25 cm l individua l l

- Seed 1- l Seed 1- Seed 1-

individual 1 cm Seed 1- 1.55cm 2.0cm

– Seed 2- 1.15cm Seed 2- Seed 2-

Seed 1- 1 cm Seed 2- 1.5cm 2.0cm

0.27cm Seed 3- 1.05cm Seed 3- Seed 3-

Seed 2- 0.9 cm Seed 3- 1.45 cm 1.80 cm

0.23cm 1.0 cm

Seed 3-

0.25 cm

- 1/5 - height -average -average - average

seeds of 0.85 height of height of height of

have cm 1.0 cm 1.3cm 1.8 cm

sprouted - 2 leaves

16
 - Leaves individua individua individua

GREEN are not individua l l l

LIGHT visible l Seed 1- Seed 1- Seed 1-

- height Seed 1- 1.0 cm 1.3cm 1.8cm

of 0.24 0.85cm

cm

individual

Seed 1-

0.24cm

- 2/5 - height -average -average - ave

seeds of 0.8 cm height of height of height of

SUNLIGH have per plant 0.95 cm 1.10 cm 1.45 cm

T (Control) sprouted - 2 leaves per

- Leaves per plant.

are not 4 in total

visible

- average

height of

0.20 cm

17
 individua individua individua

Individua l individua l l

l Seed 1- l Seed 1- Seed 1-

Seed 1- 0.90cm Seed 1- 1.20 cm 1.50 cm

0.20cm Seed 2- 1 cm Seed 2- Seed 2-

Seed 2- 0.80cm Seed 2- 1.0cm 1.40 cm

0.20cm 0.85cm

Blue Pot growth cm/day

(2−1.55)+(1.55−1.3)+(1.3−0.9)+(0.9−0.25)+(0.25−0)
Seed 1 - = 0.182 cm/day
11
(2.2−1.6)+(1.6−1.3)+(1.3−1.1)+(1.1−0.24)+(0.24−0)
Seed 2 - = 0.20 cm/day Average of = 0.19
11
cm/day
(2−1.6)+(1.6−1.25)+(1.25−1)+(1−0.26)+(0.26−0)
Seed 3 - = 0.18 cm/day
11

Red Pot growth cm/day

(2−1.55)+(1.55−1.15)+(1.15−1)+(1−0.27)+(0.27−0)
Seed 1 - = 0.178 cm/day
11
(2.0−1.5)+(1.5−1.05)+(1.05−1)+(1−0.23)+(0.23−0)
Seed 2 - = 0.180 cm/day Average of = 0.17
11
cm/day
(1.8−1.45)+(1.45−1)+(1.0−0.9)+(0.9−0.25)+(0.25−0)
Seed 3 - = 0.164 cm/day
11

18
Green pot growth cm/day
(1.8−1.3)+(1.3−1)+(1−0.85)+(0.85−0.24)+(0.24−0)
Seed 1 - = 0.164 cm/day
11

Average of = 0.16 cm/day

Sunlight pot growth cm/day

(1.5−1.2)+(1.2−1)+(1−0.9)+(0.9−0.20)+(0.20−0)
Seed 1 - = 0.136 cm/day
11
(1.4−1.0)+(1.0−0.85)+(0.85−0.80)+(0.80−0.20)+(0.20−0)
Seed 2 - = 0.127 cm/day
11

Average of = 0.13 cm/day

19