Trigonometrijske funkcije

• f (x) = sin x • f (x) = arcsin x

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-1 1

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Df = R Df = [−1, 1]
Rf = [−1, 1] Rf = [− π2 , π2 ]

• f (x) = cos x • f (x) = arccos x

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-1 1

Df = R Df = [−1, 1]
Rf = [−1, 1] Rf = [0, π]

• f (x) = tg x • f (x) = arctg x

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Df = R \ { π2 + kπ : k ∈ Z} Df = R
Rf = R Rf = h− π2 , π2 i

• f (x) = ctg x • f (x) = arcctg x

-Π Π 2Π
Π

Df = R \ {kπ : k ∈ Z} Df = R
Rf = R Rf = h−0, πi

tg x∓tg y
sin (x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y tg(x ± y) = 1±tg x tg y
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos (x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y ctg(x ± y) = ctg x ctg y±1
ctg y∓ctg x
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x
sin x ± sin y = 2 sin x±y
2
cos x∓y2
sin x sin x = cos(x−y)−cos(x+y)
2
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
cos x + cos y = 2 cos x+y
2
cos x−y
2
sin x cos x = sin(x+y)+sin(x−y)
2
cos x − cos y = −2 sin x+y2
sin x−y
2
cos x cos x = cos(x−y)+cos(x+y)
2
 Hiperbolne funkcije

• f (x) = sh x • f (x) = Arsh x

Df = R Df = R
Rf = R Rf = Ri

• f (x) = ch x • f (x) = Arch x

Df = R Df = [1, +∞i
Rf = [1, +∞i Rf = [0, +∞i

• f (x) = th x • f (x) = Arth x

1
-1 1

-1

Df = R Df = h−1, 1i
Rf = h−1, 1i Rf = R

• f (x) = cth x • f (x) = Arcth x

-1
-1 1

Df = R \ {0} Df = h−∞, −1i ∪ h1, +∞i

Rf = h−∞, −1i ∪ h1, +∞i Rf = R \ {0}

sh (x ± y) = sh x ch y ± ch x sh y sh 2x = 2 sh x ch x
ch (x ± y) = ch x ch y ± sh x sh y ch 2x = ch2 x + sh2 x
ch2 x − sh2 x = 1
th x±th y
th(x ± y) = 1±th x th y
cth(x ± y) = cth x cth y±1
cth y±cth x
 Tablica limesa

sin x sh x
lim =1 lim =1
x→0 x x→0 x

1 − cos x 1 ch x − 1 1
lim = lim 2
=
x→0 x 2 2 x→0 x 2
1
³ 1 ´x
lim (1 + x) x = e lim 1 + =e
x→0 x→±∞ x
ex − 1 ln(1 + x)
lim =1 lim =1
x→0 x x→0 x
ax − 1 (1 + x)a − 1
lim = ln a (a > 0) lim =a (a ∈ R)
x→0 x x→0 x
xp
lim x = 0 (p ∈ R, a > 1)
x→+∞ a

 am
m m−1  bn
kada je m = n
am x + am−1 x + · · · + a1 x + a0
lim = 0 kada je m < n
n
x→±∞ bn x + bn−1 x n−1 + · · · + b1 x + b0 
±∞ kada je m > n
(m, n ∈ N0 , a0 , . . . , am , b0 , . . . , bn ∈ R, am , bn 6= 0)

Limesi oblika lim ϕ(x)ψ(x)

x→c

Neka je lim ϕ(x) = A, 0 < A ≤ +∞, lim ψ(x) = B, −∞ ≤ B ≤ +∞, pri čemu je
x→c x→c
−∞ ≤ c ≤ +∞.

1◦ Ako je B ∈ R, onda vrijedi

lim ϕ(x)ψ(x) = AB
x→c

2◦ Ako je A 6= 1, B = ±∞, onda vrijedi


 +∞ kada je A < 1, B = −∞

0 kada je A < 1, B = +∞
lim ϕ(x)ψ(x) =
x→c 
 0 kada je A > 1, B = −∞
+∞ kada je A > 1, B = +∞

3◦ Ako je A = 1, B = ±∞, onda se limes računa po formuli

lim ϕ(x)ψ(x) = elimx→c (ϕ(x)−1)ψ(x)

x→c
 Tablica derivacija
c0 = 0 (c ∈ R konstanta) (xa )0 = axa−1 (a ∈ R, x > 0)
x0 = 1
√ 1
n 0
(x ) = nx n−1
(n ∈ Z) ( x)0 = √ (x > 0)
2 x

(sin x)0 = cos x 1

(arcsin x)0 = √ (|x| < 1)
1 − x2
(cos x)0 = − sin x 1
(arccos x)0 = − √ (|x| < 1)
1 1 − x2
(tg x)0 =
cos2 x 1
(arctg x)0 =
1 + x2
1
(ctg x)0 = − 1
sin2 x (arcctg x)0 = −
1 + x2

(ax )0 = ax ln a (a > 0) 1
(loga x)0 = (a > 0, a 6= 1, x >
x ln a
0)
x 0 x
(e ) = e 1
(ln x)0 = (x > 0)
x

(sh x)0 = ch x 1
(Arsh x)0 = √
1 + x2
(ch x)0 = sh x 1
(Arch x)0 = √ (x > 1)
1 x2 −1
(th x)0 = 2
ch x 1
(Arth x)0 = (|x| < 1)
1 − x2
1
(cth x)0 = − 1
sh2 x (Arcth x)0 = (|x| > 1)
1 − x2

Pravila deriviranja Derivacije višeg reda

(u(x) ± v(x))0 = u0 (x) ± v 0 (x) (ax )(n) = ax lnn a (a > 0)

nπ
(c · u(x))0 = c · u0 (x) (sin x)(n) = sin (x + 2
)

(u(x) · v(x))0 = u0 (x)v(x) + u(x)v 0 (x) (cos x)(n) = cos (x + nπ

2
)
½
µ ¶0 sh x, n paran
u(x) u0 (x)v(x) − u(x)v 0 (x) (n)
(sh x) =
= ch x, n neparan
v(x) v(x)2
½
µ ¶0 (n) ch x, n paran
1 v 0 (x) (ch x) =
=− sh x, n neparan
v(x) v(x)2
³ ´0 (xm )(n) = m(m − 1) · · · (m − n + 1)xm−n (m ∈ Z)
f (g(x)) = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x) P ¡ ¢
(u·v)(n) (x) = nk=0 nk u(k) (x)·v (n−k) (x)
 Tablica integrala

Z Z
dx
dx = x + C = tg x + C
cos2 x
Z Z
a xa+1 dx
x dx = +C (a 6= −1) = − ctg x + C
a+1 sin2 x
Z
dx
= ln |x| + C
x Z
Z ch x dx = sh x + C
ex dx = ex + C Z
Z sh x dx = ch x + C
x ax
a dx = +C (a > 0, a 6= 1)
ln a
Z Z
dx
cos x dx = sin x + C = th x + C
ch2 x
Z Z
dx
sin x dx = − cos x + C = − cth x + C
sh2 x

Z
dx
√ = arcsin x + C
1 − x2
Z
dx
= arctg x + C
1 + x2
Z ³ √ ´
dx
√ = Arsh x + C = ln x + 1 + x2 + C
1 + x2
Z ¯ √ ¯
dx ¯ ¯
√ = Arch x + C = ln ¯x + x2 − 1¯ + C
x2 − 1

Z
dx x
√ = arcsin + C (a > 0)
a2−x 2 a
Z
dx 1 x
= arctg + C (a > 0)
a2
+x 2 a a
Z ³ √ ´
dx
√ 2 2
= ln x + a + x + C (a > 0)
a2 + x2
Z ¯ √ ¯
dx ¯ ¯
√ = ln ¯x + x2 − a2 ¯ + C (a > 0)
2
x −a 2

Z ¯ ¯
dx 1 ¯x + a¯
= ln ¯ ¯+C (a > 0)
a2 − x2 2a ¯ x − a ¯
 Taylorovi redovi

X xn ∞
x x2 x3
1. e = 1 + x + + + ... = , x∈R
2! 3! n=0
n!
X ∞
x2 x4 x6 x2n
2. cos x = 1 − + − + ... = (−1)n , x∈R
2! 4! 6! n=0
(2n)!
X ∞
x3 x5 x7 x2n+1
3. sin x = x − + − + ... = (−1)n , x∈R
3! 5! 7! n=0
(2n + 1)!
X∞
1 2 3
4. = 1 + x + x + x + ... = xn , |x| < 1
1−x n=0
µ ¶ µ ¶ X∞ µ ¶
α α α 2 α n
5. (1 + x) = 1 + x+ x + ... = x , |x| < 1,
1 2 n=0
n
µ ¶ µ ¶
α α(α − 1) · · · (α − n + 1) α
pri čemu je = , =1
n n! 0
X∞
√ 1 (−1)n−1 (2n − 3)!! n
6. 1 + x = (1 + x) 2 = 1 + n n!
x , |x| < 1,
n=1
2
µ1¶
(−1)n−1 (2n − 3)!!
jer je 2 =
n 2n n!
X∞
1 1 (−1)n (2n − 1)!! n
7. √ = (1 + x)− 2 = 1 + n n!
x , |x| < 1,
1+x n=1
2
µ 1¶
−2 (−1)n (2n − 1)!!
jer je =
n 2n n!
8. Ako je P polinom stupnja m, onda je
Xm
P 0 (0) P 00 (0) 2 P (n) (0) n
P (x) = P (0) + x+ x + ... = x , |x| < 1
1! 2! n=0
n!
X ∞
x x2 x3 x4 n−1 x
n
9. ln (1 + x) = − + − + ... = (−1) , |x| < 1
1 2 3 4 n=1
n
X ∞
x x3 x5 x7 x2n+1
10. arctg x = − + − + ... = (−1)n , |x| < 1
1 3 5 7 n=0
2n + 1
∞
X (2n − 1)!! x2n+1
11. arcsin x = · , |x| < 1
n=0
2n n! 2n + 1