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Grade 8 Japanese Textbook
Grade 8 Japanese Textbook
U (
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Contents
*
Calculating with Formulas ••••
1 1<' Calculating with Formulas 4
2' ' Using Algebraic Expressions 17
Simultaneous Equations
2 1' Simultaneous Equations 24
^
Linear Functions 46
3 1 o Linear Functions 46
20 Linear Functions and Equations 65
2 Parallelograms 124
3 Triangles and Circles 138
Probability
6 1 Probability 152
•152
§
_
Equal Shares 79
Rearrangement Puzzles 151
Aooendix 169
Further Topics 170
Answer 200
<J Index 206
»
$ An exercise for thinking about a problem
_lj A problem connected to the main text
rs
Main text
Trigger question
Let's try! Extra problems to help you think about the content
Problems Basic problems These cover subject matter you need to master.
This shows where a topic is covered in the main
text.
Chapter summary problems*
These problems review the whole chapter and show
applications of what you have learned. These are
grouped by difficulty into A and B* problems.
Lei's Investigate!* These sections explore topics relating to what you
studied in thechapter, in further depth.
Window on math* Thesesections present topics of interest connected to
what you are studying.
w
Diversions* These are puzzles which the math you have learned will help you tosolve.
Think ol a number.
r\
So the answer in
@ is 16. isn't it?
0 8 8 8 0 8
0 (©-10)
* O (0-r2)
0 (0-0)
0 (0x2)
</b (0-0)
algebraic expressions.
2x + B,
polynomial. Each of the monomials in the polynomial
3a' + 4ab +1
is called a term.
I of monomials and
3.r*+< 2x)H 5) polynomials. J
it is a polynomial, with the following terms:
:?.r, 2x, and 5
r\
® -3rr (D .r ® '.rV
The degree of a polynomial is the degree of the term with the highest degree. A
polynomial of degree of one is called linear (degree one). A polynomial with a
degree of two is called a quadratic (degree two). The sequence continues with a cubic
(degree three), quartic (degree four), and quintic (degree five).
1 — Calculatingwith Formulas 7
Calculations with Polynomials
Collecting SimilarTerms
terms.
= 2.J-I13//
8 1 — Calculatingwith Formulas
Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials
To add polynomials, all we need to do is to add all of the terms. To do this, wcstart by
collecting similar terms.
We subtract polynomials in the same way, but first changethe sign of each term in the
polynomial being taken away.
CO U-4//)<(5.r- 3//)
<J (2) (--5.I-- 5) 3//) I (fi I 5.1' 8//)
(3) (2r?2- 3« I 4) (ir l-5-ff)
(4) ff+26 3
) a - b I2
(2) Find the difference when the polynomial on the right is subtracted from
the polynomial on the left.
1 —Calculating with Formulas 9
Multiplication and Division of Polynomials by Numbers
X 2
To multiply a polynomial by a number, we use the distributive law.
(^MTjj) —5(3.r - // I- 2) r^
= - 15.1-1 f)// Id -6 (3x -y + 2)
© G(|
,-/ a
-|)
b
® (6a- 8// 4)x( J)
(H/
3
<)/>
3 !f-3£.»za-te
i i
= 2 it :\b
J <
problem 7 ( Find the result ofsubtracting .| times .1' I 3// from [\ times 2a- - 4//.
V
4 4
Combine imo a tingle rtaclion
=-|-(3a- //) J, (a— Ay)
9 Rcnrmc llic piienllirwi
2(3J- //) (.r-4,v)
4
• Remove llic pamMheKl
= jx- fM-Tx + 9
* Cullrtl lliiilinf Irinu
().r- 2 ii x I 4//
U l
4
A Collect similar Icrim
5.1' 12//
(T)
7a- I// , .r + 2jf
10 5
(8) **f* i te+M
®
2« l /»
3
r/
(i
2b (4) a-.// •«'/y/
1 —Calculating with Formulas 11
Multiplication and Division of Monomials
Multiplication
3 x a x tf x b
t^Jl) 8a- x( -I //) = 8x( -I) xa- x//
3 x 4 x a x b
= 32 a-//
II ab
16 m2
CO ab x\ab:' ® ( <iY-2b
in cm?
3 t
V/e can cancel letters in the \
( numerator anddenominator, ]a^^n. >*x&
w
|ust like numbers. C^SRS^ ; i
w = 3a
4//
- = ,,3 ab;
ahxb / /
4) (iby- b-r irb -- i?b frxftxZ.
Hxaxft a
b / /
a
In"^>C0.
i7s x a* = (/•* x a x «) x (a x « x « x a) <r
and we can find the index of a1 from.'{ 1 4.
r\
Problem "\ ) Evaluating (a9)3yields what power ofal And how can wc find this
index?
I V
14 1—Calculating with Formulas ) ' —• p.203
Evaluating Expressions
Answer 26
••1 1
^^^^___
- «
check -| When a- = 3 and // = 2, find the values of the following expressions.
(0 3a- :">// @ a-)3//'-'
Trigger^ When a = 5 and b = - 3, let's find the value ofthe following expression.
?A3o-Ab)-A(.a-3b) (I)
w
simplify first.
Problem! Answer the following problems about the '^ / Is the answer the same as
\ by direct substitution?
CO Simplify the expression (1).
@ Substitute a •- 5 and b = 3 into the expression
you obtained in (1), to evaluatethe expression.
^ .-"
Problem 2 When a 2 and b = ., , evaluate the following expressions.
/>. f0 VxAmfio -t
cj Calculate the following:
CO 3(2.r I //) (D (28«- 4/»-H
(3") 2(a I />) i 5(2« b)
® 3(.r-2//) 2(2a--5//)
p. M Ijwrplo •<
0.) ( 4r/)xf)/i (2) 3/;r/-x2/>
number is ;/ -t-1.
>s /., 11 \ l, 11 \ 2, W+ 3, n \ 4
Problem "J In Example l,make the same explanation, but selling 11 as the value ofthe middle number.
Let's now show why this properly holds for any two-digit integer, using algebra.
fflffi'2) The sum of atwo-digit integer and the same integer with the units and tens
digits reversed is always a multiple of 11.
Show this, by using algebra.
Answer Suppose the tens digitof the original integer is x and the units digit is //, then:
The first number is Ida- I //
S-ftr
Prove this.
a
(2)
*-",x*
If we divide both sides of equation (1) by 2 n r< we can
3(50 2,7 r
S= bfr
11
Problem 4 Acircle has a radius ofr. Ifwc double the radius ofthis circle, to what multiple
does the area increase? If we halve the radius, what happens to the area?
2 —UsingAlgebraic Expressions 19
Transforming Equations
Trigger| jo buy 30 tennis balls, Idecide to buy acombination of cans holding two
balls and cans holding three balls.
What combinations can I buy?
Ci) If the number of cans holding two balls isa-,
and the number of cans holding three balls
is //, write the relation between a- and //. ft, H
® If Ibuy six of the cans holding two '°yij ^ )
balls, how many three-ball cans must
I buy?
(>"":•]:: \ , From the following equation (I), derive an expression for//in terms of x.
Transforming the equation (1) relating x and // into an equation like (2) giving // in
check "J Solve the following equations for the letters in brackets.
(i) a-+ 2// = 5 (a-) (2) 2xy = A in)
-€\
O
Basic Exercises •
Using algebra for explanation
^\
-
5<7cm
Q
B lOAr.m c:
4 In the monthlycalendar on the right, the sum Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Let's investigate!
For the arrangement of numbers in a montly calendar, sec if youcan find other
relationships likethat in Problem // above, which always hold.
..j
Explain any ruleyou find, usingalgebra.
] Simultaneous Equations
Congratulations on winning! i
Thanks to the efforts of all members, the girls basketball team achieved first
r\
place in the area tournament for the fourth year running. The captain, HayashI,
played a big role with a series ofshoots, scoring 24 points, excluding free throws.
Ishikawa 15 6
Yamaguchi 11
24 2 —Simultaneous Equations
Trigger^ In basketball, aside from free throws, there are three-point shots, and two-
point shots. How many successful shots, two- and three-point did Captain
Hayashi make?
u (
~ I
Number of
three-point shots
Number of
two-point shots
1 — Simultaneous Equations 25
Simultaneous Equations and Their Solutions
Hayashi says:
"I scored a total often shots, including both three-point and two-point shots."
Let's add this condition, and look at the '1^ question on the previous page.
The above condition can be written as follows:
The equations you
a--I// = 10 (I) learned about in year 1
are linear equations in
An equation such as the one you created on the previous page '- as,n9 e un nown- r\
or (1) above is called a linear equation in two unknowns.
problem 2 ) Using the table on the previous page and the table in Problem I, find the
common pairs of x and // values.
Consider:
3a- -t 2y - 24
a- I // = 10
26 2 —Simultaneous Equations
Solving Simultaneous Equations
Therefore Therefore
• > yen y = GO
Writing the relations shown on the left in algebraic form using a and y gives the
equations on the right. By transforming the simultaneous equations in this way you
obtain an equation having one unknown. This becomes a linear equation with one
unknown which you learned to solve in year 1.
u
Method of Addition and Subtraction
2 a- If)// = ()()()
Consider the following system of equations:
. 2 a- 13// -480
1 — Simultaneous Equations 27
( 2a- If)// 60(1
Given the simultaneous equations < The following summarizes how to solvethem.
I 2x + 'iy -480
Answer
II &'/>'.:Hk'lc </,'(lIl)
Zx = 300
Substitute these values of a-and // into the original simultaneous equations to check.
In (1): LHS = 2 x 150 I S X 60 = 600 RHS = 600
On line 6 of the answer, the equation 2// = 120 does not include a\ and is an
equation in the single unknown //. The variable x waseliminated using the two given
equations.
28 2 — Simultaneous Equations
Consider a pairof simultaneous equations where the coefficients
of one variable are opposite in sign but with equal absolute
values. Let'slook fora way how to eliminate this variable.
1) Solve the following simultaneous equations.
I 2a- I 3.1/ A (1
I 2a- I-By = 12 (21
<J ' Answer Add each side of(I) to tlie corresponding side of(21 to give:
2a i 'Ay I
i ) 2a- I By - 12
8// - 16
11 = 2 (3)
2.r I 5 X 2 = 12
2 a- 2
X — Answer: X 1, // — 2
la- 17// 2
(2)
4 a- 0// 2
X I // .'{ 2x I // 2
CO (2)
a- // 7 It I 5r 9
1 — Simultaneous Equations 29
Trigger"!
In a fruit store, the total cost of three OOO 350 yen
apples and one orange is 350 yen, , )C)C)0 550 yen
whilethe cost of four apples and
three oranges is 550 yen.
Find the cost of a single apple and a single orange.
O
mBi'{ 2.) Solve the following simultaneous equations.
J 3a- i // = 350 (1)
I 4a- I3//= 550 (2)
Answer (1)X3 J).j--I Wy = 1050
x = 100 (3)
(3) into (I) to find the value of//.
3x 100-1//= 350
// = 50 Answer X 100. // 50
r>
check 2 Solve the following simultaneous equations.
f We have tomake the
Ax I 3//= 1
/T\ ( coefficients ofoneletter
a- I 2y = 4 equal in absolute value, OK?
M
2 a- // = A
f< >J
[">..- 13//= -1
30 2 —Simultaneous Equations
(^^£3) Solve the following simultaneous equations.
3 a- I// - 15
2 a- 4 3// - 7
Answer
Zx + 3V - '
3x - -3
Making thecoefficients of one letter equal inabsolute value, and adding or subtracting the left and
<j
rightsides together to eliminate the letter, iscalledthe method of addition and subtraction.
1 — Simultaneous Equations 31
Substitution Method
Trigger In a fruit store, the total cost of two apples and five oranges is 650 yen,
-v
and we are told that the cost of an apple is ten yen more than the cost of
two oranges. Find the cost of a single apple and a single orange.
a- : 2// I 10 (2)
Answer
;x+By - 660
, ~ = 2y+/o
Substitute
This method of eliminating an unknown by substituting one equation into the other is
called the substitution method.
32 2 —Simultaneous Equations
check 4 Solve the following simultaneous equations, using the substitution method.
y — 2x 2a-3// = -8
<D ®
x I y = 6 I x = 4//I 1
Problem 6 ; Solve the following simultaneous equations, using the substitution method.
// = -2a:+11 ( 4a--13// = 7
(0 (2)
7a- -9//- 1 I 3//= -7.r-I 10
Both the method of addition and subtraction, and the substitution mctliodcan be used to solve a
set of simultaneous equations, butin both caseswcsolveby first eliminating one unknown.
o
Problem J Solve the following simultaneous equations, using any suitable method.
- 3.r + 4 y = 6 y = 3.r - 1
CO @
9.r 8// ; 18 a- 2// = 12
// - a- -1 1 3.r 2// = 12
(3) ®
// 2 a- 1 13 2// = a- 8
I
A bunch of bananas and three
_
persimmons balance with 10
mandarin oranges.
1 — Simultaneous Equations 33
More Simultaneous Equations
® Let's try solvingsimultaneous equations including parentheses, and
simultaneous equations with cofficients that are not integers.
(^^^1^) Solve the following simultaneous equations.
4 a- I // = 10
>>
(^^^2) Solve the following simultaneous equations.
4a- 4-3//= - I (1)
.,1 a- 1
., II
3* I«• (2)
Hint Multiply both sides of ;2) tocancel the denominator, giving as follows, r\
34 2 —Simultaneous Equations
(^^^3) Solve the following simultaneous equations.
I 0.6a- I 1.1//= 7 (1)
I 2a- a=14 (2)
Hint Multiply both sides of (1) by 10 to make all thecoefficients into integers.
x , y „
0.2a- I 0.3// 0.2
(2) 3 ' 2 "
G)
U < 5a- I 2//= 17
0.6a- I 0.7// = 2
t%
Basic Exercises *
© x = 1. // = 4 © a- = 2, y 1
®
I // - 9
3// r»
(4) j 3 a- 2 ii
l.r 1 3// 13
20
/i HI . unji'ii.'l
^
// = a--2 Bx 1 // 9
(5) (6) ;i.'»,'/ ..ci-/]'f. •;
P
3 a- // 14 a- 3// 1 1
I v
( ' -* See /).44 Simultaneous equations of 1—Simultaneous Equations 35
the form A = B = C (development)
Using Simultaneous Equations
Trigger
Albert is taking part in a school cleaning
project. He collected aluminum and
steel cans.
All in all he collected 25 cans with a
total weighs of 760 g. An aluminum can
weighs 16 g. r>
Asteel can weighs 52 g. How many
each of the aluminum and steel can did
he collect?
Let the number ofaluminum cans be./-, and the number ofsteel cans be //.
Thereare a total of 25 cans,so
x+y 25 (I)
And the total weight is760 g,so
16.r+ 52// 760 (2)
r\
Problem 1 Solve (|) and (2) as simultaneous equations, to find the solution to the "w$ question.
check 1 Ibought roses at 200 yen each and carnations at 150 yen each, for atotal cost of
1350 yen. I bought a total ofeight flowers.
How many roses and how many carnations did I buy?
36 2 —Simultaneous Equations
ifi^l) The entrance to an art gallery costs 2800
yen for three junior high school students
Answer
adult admission be Vyen, then:
',»"" !!""!
3x " 300
r\
Distance 14 km
x km
Town A Hilltop j/kni TownB
3 km/hour—»• ..--'' \. 5km/hour—»-
hours hours
hours 4hours
N
Problem 4 ) In Example 2, let the time taken from A to the
pass be x hours, and the time taken from the
Problem 5 | Arthur leaves the houseat 10 o'clock, and sets y<*» "3/V I
off for the station, 1200 m away. At first he
walks at 50 m/minute, but fearing that he will
miss the train, al some point he starts running
at 200 m/minute, arriving at the station at
10:18. r
38 2 —Simultaneous Equations
• Let's look at some proportion problems.
o Hint If the number of second year boys is ./•, and the number of girls is //, then the
relations among thequantities areas shown inthe following table.
<J
Problem 6 Solve (I) and (2) as simultaneous equations, to find the solution to Example 3.
This problem was later brought toJapan, where the pheasants and rabbits became cranes and
turtles, and then problems like this became known inJapan as "Cranes and turtles problems".
I V
40 2—Simultaneous Equations j ' •*/)./ 70Equations with three unknowns
(development)
Chapter Summary Problems A
\x~7y = -6 y = 6 I a-
©
6.r 12//= -9 5.r-2// = 2
// = -l.r-2 7a--5//= 17
(5) (6)
<J ( y = x + A 8 a- I 3//= 63
era; by — - 13
^ Ifthe solutions ofthe .simultaneous equations arc
bx \-ay = 1
x = — 1 and y = 2 find the values of a and b.
Zf. I have a two-digit natural number. Subtracting twice the units digit from
O
three times the tens digit gives a difference of 1. The number formed by
interchanging the digits is 9 larger than the original number.
Find the original number.
In aclass, I of the boys and ^ of the girls wear glasses... of the 36 students
wear glasses.
Find how many boys and how many girls wear glasses.
2 In the athletics club in a school, there were a total of 35 members last year.
This year the girls have increased by 20%, while the boys have decreased by
r>
20%, leading to a reduction in the members by just one.
Find how many girls and how many boys there are in (he club this year.
hour.
rs
Let's investigate I
Try to create a
u < An 0% salt solution, means for every 100 g of the solution there are 8
g of salt in the mixture.
Concentration 8% 3% 6%
Window on math 43
V
Simultaneous Equations of the Form
A = B = C
f
The total entrance fee to a
certain museum is the same
at 250 yen, for two adults and ft.
one child or for one adult and
three children.
Find the admission fee to the
museum for an adult and for a
child.
r~\
,r!52fl In the trigger question, ifwe let the cost for an adult be x yen, and the cost for
a child be // yen, then we have:
Total admission cost for twoadultsand one child (2.1" I //) yen
Since both of these arc 250 yen, we can write equationsas follows:
2.r I u x I 3// 25(1
Probitm "J For the simultaneous equations given by (1), try solving various different
combinations, and check that you get the same answer in all cases.
® x I y I8 5.1" t y -• :\x y
The following problem is a game using go stones found in an old Japanese text.
Try it with your friends.
Then think about how to obtain the solution, as below.
Take 30 go stones. Saying "Sah" each time, take either two or three stones from the 30.
Place them on the left if you took two, on the right if you took three. After you have
finished dividing the go stones, you can tell how many are on the left and how many on
- < the right from the number of times you said "Sah".
If you said "Sah" eleven times, how many stones are there, left and right?
U (
Playtime Problems 45
Chapter 3 Linear Functions
Trigger! |n the following examples © to (A), we will investigate how one quantity
varies when another quantity varies.
The width X(cm) and height y (cm) ofa rectangle ofarea 18 cm2 <"">
46 3 — Linear Functions
(3) The weight X (g) and the length of the spring y (cm),when aweight is hung from a
spring.
r 0
r MO
2
s*
> 10g > H > 20
/
(4) Tlie time elapsed X(minutes) from How longwill itlake lorthe
\ Incense slick lo bum completely?
lighting an incense stick, and the remaining
nn-nn
length of theincense slick, y cm
r r-nn in
:m
ic-nn
LI-LI LI j D-LILI I LI • LI LI 13 • LI LI cm
20
^
w
10
I 10
> > >
X
1 — Linear Functions 47
Functions
.vein
corresponding value of.'/.
In example (l), the depth ofthe water is afunction ofthe time from starting to fill the tank.
problem "\ Following the expression above, describe the situations in examples <2) to
(4)i using "... is a function of...".
Forcases (11 and (2)in Example 1 we can write the following expressions:
(i
CD .'/ = 00a- (2) y =
x
Case 11) isa direct proportionality, and case (2) is an inverse proportionality. The direct
proportionality and inverse proportionality that you learned about inyear 1arealso functions.
48 3 — Linear Functions
(2HT2) 1send astandard parcel within the same prefecture. If the sum of the length, width,
and height of the parcel is Xcm, andthis determines thecost as // yen, then fixing
the value of x determines a single valueof //. Therefore // is a functionof x.
ij ( Problem 2 | The sum of the dimensions of two parcels arc given below. What is the
In example (1)on page46, if we let the time the faucet was turned on to be x minutes,
and the depth of water to be// cm, then the relation // = 2a- holds. This means that if we
know the timewe can find the depth of water in the tank. Thus, if we know the function
that relates two variables X and //, we can find the value of// from the value of a*.
Let's look atproperties ofthe functions (1) to(A) given on pages 46 and 47.
Trigger)
^ i )n examp|e 3, on page 47p consider the following.
(i) For each increase by 1g in the weight, by how many centimeters does the
spring extend?
C2J If we attach aweight ofXg, how many centimeters is the extension of the spring?
f~\
In example (3;, the length of the spring with no
weight attached is 9 cm, and for each 1 g increase
y a 0.x b
a linear function as follows:
function of X.
50 3 — Linear Functions
(JJ2) In example 4on page 47, the length ofthe incense stick is originally 14 cm.Then
when it is lit it becomes 0.4 cm shorter every minute. Ifthe length ofthe incense stick
inx minutes after being lit is// cm, then we can write // interms ofa-asfollows.
II = II (Ma
* Problem 2 IIn Example 2, find how long it takes for the incense stick to be completely
consumed after lighting.
cheek 1 Acertain car consumes 1liter ofgasoline for
every 10 km. This car is filled with 50 / of
(JH£l) For the linear function // 2x ! 3, let's investigate the changes in the
values of a- and // as x is increased from 1 to 6.
X
... 1 .. (i •••
6 1 S
... s .. If) -
The increase in the value of// is: 1.1 r>
Id
(2X6 + 3) (2xl+3)= 10
Here the increase in // is twice the increase in x.
(increase in//)
2
(increase in a)
check -| For the linear function // 2x l .'{, as a-is increased from 3 to 7, find:
(increase in //)
(increase in ,v)
We call the ratio of the increase in the value of// to the increase in the value ofX the
rate of change.
increase inil)
(rateof change)
(increase in a)
problem 2 For the linear function // = 2x I .'1, choose for yourselfthc values from
and to which X is increased, and find the rate of change in this case.
Comparethe rate of changeyou find with the results of Example 1 and Check 1.
52 3 — Linear Functions
• Rate ol change of a linear Junction •
(D .'/ = Zx + 5 V= gX
SJ
y = - (ia- I 15 ISm
CO What docs the rate ofchange - 6 mean?
(2) How many degrees does tlie temperature fall going from analtitude of
1 km to an altitude of 4 km?
As you found in Problem 4, for inverse proportionality the rate of change is not constant.
1 — Linear Functions 53
Graphs of Linear Functions
-5 -3 -1 I :t 5 7 ()
.'/
.'/
8
Trigger^ vve'll draw points on the graph on the
leftwith the coordinates corresponding
1 to the pairs of a- and // values in the
(i I r\
table above.
1 •1
Then we'll add some more points to thegraph on thc left.
•
2
Problem^ For // —2.i" I- 3, take each value of x
Problem 2 Each of the following points lies on the graph of thc linear function
// 2.r ) 3. Fill in the blue box with the missing value.
A((i. ) U( 5, ) C( . 17)
54 3 — Linear Functions
Next we'll compare the graphs of the two following linear functions.
// = 2a- (1)
y = 2.r -1 3 (2)
We can combine the x and // values for both (1) and (2) in a single table, as follows.
a- -4 -3 -2 1 (1 1 2 :t ...
2 a- -8 -li -1 2 0 2 •i 6 ...
2 a- 1 :t ...
-S -3 -1 1 :t 7 si "•
^y
y
8
As you will see from thc above table, whatever tlie
7
value of a-, the value for // in (2) is just 3 more than ' !
6
\\j
the value for // in (1). 4
:/ i 1
Therefore, the points on the graph of (2) are the y±2\i-\-'V '
i •Jy=2x
points on thegraph of (1) shifted up byexactly 3.
Ax
-4 -:
V0 2
i
-2
!-4
r6 •
1 (i i . i
CO
i® // 2a-
-A -2 0 i.2-1
i' 1 X
® y 2x I 5
2
r© // = \ x 1 -4
® ' ; !
I
l® y ,}x i
G
1 — Linear Functions 55
' ' Relation with proportionality 11
positive //•direction.
2
•
-4
r\
56 3 — Linear Functions
The Slope
ft
In terms of the graph, moving to the right by 1 means
moving up by 2.
_ As you will sec from what we have learned already, the inclination at whichthe graph
ofthelinear function // = itx I b lies isdetermined byn. We call a the slope of the
graph.
1 — Linear Functions 57
The slope n is tlie amount by which// increases foran increase of x by 1.
When a •0 When a • (I
r\
^^^T"\ ) For the graph of thc linear function // -I x 5,
thc slope is 4 and the y-intercept is fj.
check 3 For the following linear functions, give the slope and//-intercept of the graph.
(1) ll - 3.r II (2) // = 2x - 1
Problem Q \ For the following linear functions, give the slope and //-intercept of the graph.
2
13
2 2
5
2
7 ••
;/° X
58 3 — Linear Functions
Let's try drawing the graph ofalinearfunction, based on the y-intercept andslope.
<
(•uir^^ X
.
I - 0 i 't i • 5 6"
// = 2a- 1 .
A •
~ (
2
Problem 7 Draw the graphs of the following •
'
linear functions. 1
—
1 -t 0 2 4 x
© // - a- M
-2 •
(2) // - - 2a- - 2 •
-4
® // - .j a- I 2
Problem 8 Of the graphs you drew in Problem 7, say which are straight lines sloping up
to the right.
1 — Linear Functions 59
" Increasing and decreasing linear (unctions, and their graphs 11
21 Whenff <0
•We will findthe equationof a straight line by finding the slope and
y-intercept of the graph.
»• J'r+3
check 5 Find the equation of straight line (2) inthe diagram above.
Problem 9 Find the equations ofstraight lines (3) and (4) in the diagram above.
60 3 — Linear Functions
Linear Function Graphs and Variable Ranges
Trigger] j in the linear function // 2a- I, find the values of //when x 3and
•r = 5.
8
by a red line segmenton thc x-axis, and the range 7 i
of tlie variable.'/ is shown by a red line segment G / I
5 «
.
on the //-axis. 1
4 t
0
- 1
1 2 .J • r.
j
\*
y
ProbiemiO For the linear function // = 2.1" - I,
6
_
answer the following questions.
4
(1) Drawthe graph of this function.
(2) Find the values of // corresponding
lo x - 1 and x .'{.
-4 -2 0 2 I •'•
(3) If the range of a-is 1- a- [\,
f-2
find the range of.'/.
-4
-6
1 — Linear Functions 61
Finding Linear Functions
1} Find the linear function for which the rate of change is —2, and when
x = 3, y = 2.
^>
!£lill|l:!irU:!ir:.tt;)(0((iti|ilH«|:)ii:!' •;5',,lliii:)lliil:|:|t1ll|ililliiini|:>(ijlilil:!itilifiil
•
iDI "' I
Example 1 is the same as finding thc linear function whose
graph has a slope of —2and passes through the point (3, 2).
check 1 Find the linear functions that satisfy the following sets ofconditions.
© Therate of change is3, and when x = 1..'/ = 4.
(2) Thc slope of the graph is - 3, and the graph 2
passes through the point (1, 2). s~\
Piobiem 1 Find the linear functions that satisfy the following sets
of conditions.
Problem 2 Find the linear function whose graph passes through thc
point (2, 1) and has a y-intercept of5. ¥
62 3 — Linear functions
When Given Two Pairs of X and y Values
1) Find tlie linear function such that when x = 2. V—3, and when x = 5. 'J —9.
Answer The slope ofa straight line through the two points (2, 3) and (5, 9)
is:
9-3 =
5-2 c 9
Therefore
«.i :t
// 2 a- I b
3
Substitute x = 2 and y = 3 into this equation to / ;> 2
u
find thc value of/;:
3 ~- 2x2 I ft
0 / 2 ;> •'•
b -1 /
Answer // = 2x — 1
3 = 2cv + ft (1)
When x = 5. y = 9. and therefore:
_
9 5«i i /' 12)
Solving equations (1) and (2) for a and b, weget
a = 2, /» = I Answer // 2.1'
check 2 Find thc linear function such that when x = 2, V = 3, and when .r = 4.
Z/=-9.
problem 3 Find the linear function whose graph passes through thc points (- 3, 5) and
(3, - 1).
1 — Linear Functions 63
^
Basic Exercises £
- ^ " " —-••" •":'•'•.•
4
r^
6 Find the linear functions that satisfy the following sets of conditions.
© Thc rate of change is 3, and when .r = l,y = - 1.
(2) When x = - 3,y = 3,and when x = 3, // = 5.
64 3 — Linear (unctions
Linear Functions and Equations
x \ 2// 2 = 0 11)
Trigger]) por equation (1), we'll find the values of y corresponding to values of x,
and complete the blanks in the following table.
1
\-B -4 - 3 -Z -I
If we plot the points whose coordinates are the values ofX and // in thc above table,
we get thc result in the diagram on Graph 1 below. As we add more and more of the
pointswhosecoordinates are values of a: and //, we get thegraph shown in the diagram
I
on Graph 2 below.
.V .'/
4 4 .
•
•
•
3
2
H4
^<^ 3
2
1
I ] 1
3
—J
-«-: -2- 0 3 . •I- —i ; ; :- 0 ~'i N\. X
1 4
-1 1
_
4
-2 -2 I
•
-3 • •
L-3
-4 -4
Graph Graph 2
Inequation (1), fixing tlie value ofx determines the value of//, and therefore y is a
function o(x. To show this function moreclearly,we solveequation (1)for y, lo get:
(2)
2 ••' '
gives:
2 .
3 1
- 3g
t
y = jx
1-5 _
0 2 is* c
( •
.r
-1
A and y-intercept - 3. -5
G
.
equation 2x • y —3 = 0.
•
4 •
following equations.
-( —i
!1 0 ; (
X
© x I 2y= -A
-2 (2) 3.1-2^ + 8 = 0
i
-4
I
-6
66 3 — Linear Functions
We can also use the following method to draw the graph ofa linear equation in two unknowns.
Answer > y
The calculation is
G
easier setting x and //
r>
to zero.
4
3 "N
2 A.
_1_
* m T\
v/
^L ~
'.-10 i
>. 3 1 X
-1
-2
-3
1
— ) —i
I O l <
(2) 2a--By I 10 (1 -2
® f+f-i -4
-G
2 — LinearFunctionsand Equations 67
For the linear equation in two unknowns ax+by+c = 0, let's draw
the graph when the coefficienta is zero.
This graph is the set of points whose y-coordinate is 3, and thus the points such as
(-1, 3), (0, 3), (1, 3), (2,3) r\
all lie on this graph. Therefore the graph is a straight line parallel to the
x-axis and passing through the point (0, 3).
2//-GrO
(</ = 3)
y
•
4 •
!-» -J •• ;
0 2 4 6 8 »;
-2 .
-4
J V
68 3 —Linear Functions ) ' =-•/). 78
Simultaneous Equations and Graphs
The set ofpoints whose coordinates are (x, y) such that x and // y
1/
satisfy equation (1) above, isstraight line (1) shown in the diagram (1)/
\l /l
4
ontheright. The setofpoints whose coordinates are( x, y) such
* that x and // satisfy equation (2) above, isstraight line (2). 2
Problem 1 Read off the coordinate of the intersection of the graphs in thc diagram
above, and check that the x- and y-coordinates are the solution to the above
simultaneous equations.
<J
3a- I // 2
2 a-//= 3
//
4 4a 2y = 8
•
// •
2 •
2a- // 1
— t
_
:
0
/ .
-
r
.
Ax 2y = 2
-2
What is the relation between \
the pairsof straight lines? /
/ 'I
i
70 3 — Linear Functions
Using Linear Functions
Water was healed inan experiment. The temperature ofwater was measured
every aflcr I minute for 5 minutes. The lable below shows the result of the
X 0 1 2 3 •1 5
K'C)
Since thc points plotted in the diagram on the 'u
right all lie more or less on a straight line, we can
GO
sec that // is a linear function of x.
from A. and moves along the sides through points B and C> to D-
When point P has moved x cm from A, let the area of 3cm
Trigger^ When P is moving along side AB, let'sfind the equation for y in terms of x.
r>
P - C
//tan
Problem 3 i Draw a graph showing how the area of
• ' A APD changes as point P moves
along sides AB, BC, and CD.
4 6 8 10a:(cm)
Trigger! study the graph above. How many minutes after nine o'clock will the train
^^ leaving station 0at 9:25 meets the train coming from station P.
f^H£l_) Andrew sets out from station Pat 9:05 on abicycle, traveling at 12 km/hour
alongside the track to station Q. How many trains coming from station Q
will he meet before reaching station Q himself?
_
Hint Draw a graph onthe diagram above showing Andrew's progress from station
P to station Q.
Problem 5 in Example 1,how many trains coming from station P will pass Andrew?
lest, and finally sets offat18 km/hour.reaching the park atexactly 10 o'clock.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 (minutes)
V s.-
Lei's try /
• •
(A)0 10 15 (seconds)
-2 0 2 i X
~~1
2a- I n = A
2x -3// = 12
him by drawing a graph. How many kilometers from the house is the
point where they meet?
ChapterSummaryProblems A f
"J For the linear equation // = - 3.r +5, answer the following questions.
(l) Find the values of// when .,- = - 3 and ,j- = 2-
@ Find the increase in the value of// when the value ofx isincreased by5.
(3) If the range of variablex is 4 g $ g 3, find the range of variable //.
®/ \ 5
4
(1) Find the equations for lines @ lo @. 1
r\
(3) Find the coordinates of the intersection of lines@ and©.
76 3 — Linear (unctions
f* p.POO p 196
Chapter Summary Problems B
I Tlie tank shown in the diagram below is arectangular parallelepiped, with adepth of1m.
Water is supplied to this tank at aconstant rate from apipe A, and drains at aconstant rate
from pipe B. Tlie pipes are opened and closed according to the following sequence Q|to 131.
(T) When the tank is full, pipe Acloses, and water just drains from pipe B.
121 When the water draining from pipe Bbrings Supply pipe A
the waterdepth to 20 cm, pipe B closes, and / ~
hi /
simultaneously pipeA opens, supplying water.
,'
_ (31 When the water supplied from pipe Abrings thc
water depth to 80 em, pipe B opens, and water is
k*- V
both supplied and drained simultaneously. Drain P'Pe B
Let's Investigate I
-
Now weask: What does the graph look likewhen b, thecoefficient of//, is zero?
© .1= 2
<D - r I 3 - (I
(D 2u 1(1
J_
2 0 4 •«•
78 3 — Linear lunctions
)n p.203 Answer
0 Dividing theoil
1have10 liters of oil. Using only a 3-litercontainer and a 7-litercontainer, howcan I
divide this equally into two parts of 5 liters?
The figures in thediagram below each consist of three congruent shapes, squares and
equilateral triangles, joined together. Divide each
of these figures into four congruent parts.
- '
Playtime Problems 79
Chapter 4 Parallel Lines and Congruent Figures
TriggerJ por eacn 0f these polygons, we'll find the sum ot all the angles.
Quadrilateral Pentagon
Hexagon Heptagon
Octagon
LU Fill in the blanks in the following table, to find thc sum of the angles of each
polygon.
Number oftriangles
Sum ol angles
I wonder how
everyone else has
divided it?
TT
Problem ~\ < Usetheabove division to find thesum of theangles of the polygon. Fill in the blanks
r\
inthe following table, and make an expression for thesum ofthe angles ofa polygon.
Number of vertices a
Number of diagonals 1
Number of triangles Z
180°X(w-2)
f^^ff 1 ) Find the sum of thc interior angles of adecagon (10-sided polygon).
w
In the above expression, substitute 10 for n to obtain:
check "| Find the sum of thc interior angles of a dodecagon (12-sided polygon).
problem 2 Answer the following questions about the interior angles of a polygon.
CD Find thc size of each interior angle of
All interior angles of a
a regular nonagon (9-sided polygon). regular polygon are equal.
•• Let's try/
Take apoint that is not avertex ofapolygon, and join this point to each vertex, to make anumber
oftriangles. Using these triangles, try to find the sum ofthe interior angles ofthc polygon.
180°x([>-2) -540°
900°-540° = 360°
Problem 3) In the same way asabove, find the sum ofthe The sum of the exterior
; angles isconstant, regardless )
exterior angles of a quadrilateral and hexagon. \ ofthenumber ofvertices. /
^
By the sum of the exterioranglesis meantthe sum of one anglefor each vertex.
© (D
problem 4 Answer the following questions about the /Since a„ lne in,erior angies
, , I of a regular polygon are
-
exterior angles of aregular polygon. I ^ ^ extefJor ang|es
® Find the size of one exterior angle of \™st also all be equal
a regular octagon.
Let's try.'
Explain the fact that thc sum of the exterior angles of apolygon with nsides is 360°.
using the variable 11.
1 _ parallel Lines and Angles 85
Parallel Lines and Angles
In Section 1I we started from the fact that the sum ofthe interior angles ofa triangle is
180°, and derived various properties ofthe angles ofa polygon. You checked this property
of the sum of interior angles of a triangle using a protractor inelementary school, but let's
see if wc can derive thisfrom more basicproperties, as wc did in Section
r>
1riggerJ Andrew and Belinda are
playing on a seesaw. If
Andrew goes down by10°,
by how manydegrees does
Belinda go up?
/a 18(1° Z/>
Ac ^ 180° /b
In the diagram on the right, straight line «intersects two straight lines,
line ( and wj.We say that angles / a and Z e are conesponding
angles Z /> and Z/, Z <•and Z#, and Zrf and Z//, are also pairs
of corresponding angles.
Wesay that angles such as Z band z // are alternate
^
chock 2 Answer the following questions about the diagram on the right. ^
® Which angle is a corresponding angle with Z /; ?
(2) Which angle is an alternate angle with Z s ?
z' Try looking for tho other
corresponding angles \
\ and alternate angles.
©
1 — Parallel Lines and Angles 87
Parallel Lines and
Corresponding Angles
V i
\
W
We can summarize the relation between parallel lines and angles as follows.
(T] Ifthepair ofstralglitlines areparallel, then corrcspoivdingangles and alternateangles arc equal.
(jT| Ifcorrcspoiidingangles or alternate angles are equal, then the pair ofstraight lines arc parallel.
. \'.[4-;t~.-j.-.lM".~~i..-
Zb= A b'
In the above explanation, based on the propertiesof parallel lines we deducedthat the sum of the
interior angles of a triangle is 180°. Showing that something must hold from an assumption of
properties that we already know to be true is called proof. A
Hint > (t) Since the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 °,
Z.r = 180°-(56° + 42°) = 82° Answer 82°
(2) An exterior angle ofa triangle is equal to the sum ofthe two other interior angles,
and therefore, Z .»• = 47°+ 38° = 85° Answer 85°
(D (3)
180°.
in
In the following diagrams, draw lines tocollect the interior angles of the triangle about rs
point P, and usethis to prove that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
Vertically opposite angles, corresponding angles, and alternate angles pBTExmyb i \ pjBrChotkS \ f
© t r,n\ ® ( /
III
-y
w I
CO ®
For two figures in the plane, if by sliding and flipping one figure we can align it to
coincide with the other figure, then we say these figures are congruent.
check 1 In thc following diagram, whichof the triangles (a) to (d) are congruent to
AABC? Say which are thc corresponding vertices and sides.
'
G
/
• >
B
,
>
II
For congruent figures, the corresponding line segments and angles arc equal.
2 —Congruent Figures 95
w p. 188
Conditions for Congruent Triangles
younger brother Jiro, who isat elementary school. Looks like there are
several possibilities.
v J
My homework is to draw a
triangle with two sides of
5 cm and 6 cm, and one
angle of 50".
n
In the above T'!^D, if the two sides
and the angle are in the relative
a unique triangle.
Problem "\ ) In the following cases, is there a unique triangle satisfying the conditions? Try
actually drawing the triangles.
In case 0 in Problem 1, there is a unique triangle. Again, in case (2), if the length of one
side,and the angles at bothendsof this side are fixed, then thereis only onepossible triangle.
<J
From what wchave found out sofar, wecan derive the following congnicnce conditions fortriangles.
Two triangles are congruentIf any of the following sets of conditions hold.
11 ] Three sides arc thc same.
A A' ( AB = A'B'
BC = B'C
B " C * • V °A =C'A'
121 Two sides and the included angle are the same.
A A' AH = A'B'
_
BC = B'C'
ZB= ZB'
One side and thc angles at each end of thc side are the same.
BC = B'C'
ZB= ZB'
ZC = /C
2 —Congruent Figures 97
Tocheck whether twotriangles arecongruent, wedo notalways need to move the triangles
around to see if theycoincide, we can determine that theyare congruent if any of the above
sets of conditions hold.
1) In the following diagram, for AABC and AQPR, we have /ftemember to write triangles and\
I sides withthe corresponding
AB = QP, BC = I K, CA —RQ Vyertices in the same order.
Andtherefore, sinceall threesidesare thesamelength
A ABC = A QPR
I)
rs
c ir
a cm
I. N O Q 4cm
check 1 In the above diagram, find othercongruent triangles in additions to the ones in Example
1,andshow them using the= symbol. Ineach case, say which conditions you used.
Problem 2 In each of the following diagrams, find a pair of congruent triangles, and show
them using the = symbol. In each case, say which conditions you used. In each
diagram, sides and angles marked with the samesymbol are equal.
OA OB
/OA and OB are equal,
AC BC because they are both radii
v of the circle with center at O.
OC OC
A OAC A OBC
zAOC / HOC
2 — Congruent Figures 99
check 2 In the diagramon the right, if
AB- AD
zABC = ZADE
then
BC = l)K
A I)
(2) Say which triangle congruence conditions are used in the proof in (1).
"
O D/@
©
/
line (, parallel toline e. In theconstruction onthe right, *
e;
takea point Aon £, and find points BandQsuch that B
AP = AB = PQ. BP = AQ
Triggers
In the diagram on the right, a straight line n
intersects two straight lines £ and m. Enter
the appropriate symbol in the jin the
following statements.
© If 2 // wi.flien/a ~\/.b
(D If/c= /d .then £\ \m
*
(3) If g // m, then za+ /-d\ 100°
In a statement like this, wecall the part OOO before "then" the hypothesis,
and thc part COD after"then" theconclusion.
Check 1 For (2) and (3) above,say whatis the hypothesis, andwhat is the conclusion.
problem -| For the following statements (i) and (2), say what isthe hypothesis, and
what is the conclusion.
EA = KB. AD// CB
Prove that ED = EC.
r\
EA KB Hypothesis
A AED • A BEC The two triangles have one side and the angles ateach
And thus
In this way, when proving something, we can useany facts we have already
proved to be true.
OA = OB Hypothesis
OC = OD Hypothesis
<~s
z AOC = Z BOD (1)
Therefore
AC // DB W)
should wc provecongruent?
r\
(1 ] Ifthc stralglit lines areparallel, then corresponding angles and alternate angles are equal.
[2] Ifcorresponding angles and alternate angles areequal, then the straight lines areparallel
I! I For apolygon with nsides, the sum of the Interior angles Is 180°X(// —2)
(?1 The sum ofthc exterior angles ofnpolygon is 360°.
Two triangles arc congruent Ifnny of the following sets of conditions holds.
(i ] All three respective sides are
equal.
reasoning of a proof.
2 —Congruent Figures 105
A
Basic Exercises
•yt%<—T--
i
p.97
Conditions lor congruent triangles
In the following cases, what conditions
need tobeadded so that triangles ABC and
DEF arc congruent?
In AABC and |
AB = DC
AC-DB
BC = CB
CO How many sides has a regular polygon with exterior angles of45 °?
(2) Find the sum ofthe interior angles of a polygon with 20 sides.
(3) How many sides has a regular polygon for which thc sum of the interior
angles is 1260°?
»i
r\
If P is a point on the perpendicular bisector
of line segment AB, then AP = BP.
Give a proofof this, usingconditions for
congruence of two triangles.
A M
AB = AD. BE DC
Prove that
BC = DE
rs
Let's investigate!
Euclid's "Elements'
Using relation (1), in each of the following diagrams, find the sum of
-
-
A Try increasing the number of points on
the circle, or changing the way they are
connected, to draw different diagrams, then
find the sum of the angles.
1 Triangles
1 i> 3 o
r>
A II
A B
Is it always a right
Ld check
III the diagram you have drawn above,
that zBAC is a right angle. angle?
1 —Triangles 111
Properties of Isosceles Triangles
/OAB ZOBA
z()AC - zOCA
Pfobiim-J In the above diagram, let /OAB = Z a, and /OAC Z /), then
consider the sum of the interior angles of A ABC From this, prove that
ZBAC= Z9()°.
In an isosceles triangle:
When wc say precisely what a term means, as in (1) above. We call this a definition.
AB - AC
AD is common
/BAI)= /CAD B I)
_
Since these triangles have two sides and the included angle equal,
AABD- AACD
Therefore Z B = ZC
A ABC in which AB AC In
1—Triangles 113
We often use properties such as "The base angles of an isosceles triangle arc equal."
or "Thc sum of the interior angles of a triangle is |80°." as a basis for proving other
geometrical properties. Important facts likethisthat have been proved arecalled theorems.
r\
• Using properties of the base angles of an isosceles triangle, let's
investigate the size of theangles.
In the diagram on the right, if sides with the same
check "j In each ofthe diagrams below, ifsides with the same marking are equal, find
the size of / x.
An angle greater than ()" and less than 90° is called an acute angle; an angle greater
than 90° and less than 180° is called an obtuse angle.
p«obi«m 2 Say why a base angle ofan isosceles triangle is always acute.
An isosceles triangle whose npex is aright angle is called aright-angled isosceles triangle.
BD - CD. AD i BC
Prove that this is the case.
AABD AACD
ij <
The fact that BD - CD follows immediately, because they
arc corresponding sides of congruent triangles.
1—Triangles 115
problem 4 i In the diagram on tlie right, suppose that
CA CBandDA = DB.
(J) Prove thai Z ACD =: Z BCD.
(2) From the result of (l), prove thatCD
is thc perpendicular bisector of line
segmentAB.
r\
Equilateral Triangles
hypothesis AB = BC = CA
we have to derive
conclusion ZA - ZB= ZC
n
Problem 5 Fill in the in the following with angles, to complete thc proof.
<"-A=[ | (2)
From (1) and (2), ZA=ZB=ZC
Trigger^ |f you fold apiece of paper tape as shown below, what sort of triangle
^** is the overlapping triangular portion?
In the ***) above, we can derive the fact that / ABC / ACB from looking at tlie
tape as a pair of parallel lines.
When two sides of a triangle arc equal, two angles arcalso equal (a)
We have already proved this. But in the reverse direction, can wc also say
Iftwo angles of a triangle arc equal, two sides arc (b)
also equal
*
Let's prove that if a triangle has two angles equal, the two sides
containing the angles arealso equal, for AABC. From thc
hypothesis / B = Z\ C
wc have to derive the
conclusion AB —" AC
1—Triangles 117
Let's now prove that if atriangle has two angles equal two sides are also equal.
Proof > Draw thc bisector of ZA, and let its intersection A
with BC be point D.
Z.B=ZC
ZBAD=zCAD 0)
And therefore, AB - AC
v:!J."-w;'.-HAWJOMWiJ>*i!ivJffl^^li.w..*J.^J,i*.W^VJ»liii AWM^Ji
Z~\
• Using the above theorem, let's investigate some
geometrical properties.
chock 1 In isosceles triangle ABC, draw thc bisectors
of Z B and Z C and let P be the point of their
intersection. Now prove that APBC is an
isosceles triangle.
problem'/>N
2; A triangle with all three angles equal is anequilateral triangle. Prove this.
Let's compare thc property of the base angles of an isosceles triangle (a) and thc
condition foran isosceles triangle (b) on page 117.
When wc take a theorem and interchange thc hypothesis and conclusion, we state
the converse of tlie theorem.
u (
Problem 3 Give the converse of each of the following / II not true, give a
counterexample.
statements. Also say whether each one is true. \
(0 For an equilateral triangle, thc three
interior angles arc equal.
As you found in Problem 3, thc converse of a true statement is not necessarily true.
Tlierefore, before saying that thc converse of a theorem is true, it is first necessary to
give a proof.
1—Triangles 119
Congruent Right-angled Triangles
Let's investigate the conditions ofthe sides and angles oftwo right-
angled triangles for them tobe congruent.
AB = DE
zA« /D r>
then can wesay that A ABC • A DEF ?
In a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse.
Hypotenuse
Hypotenuse
As you will see from the *{jg| question, two right-angled triangles are congruent if the
hypotenuse and one acute angle in each triangle are equal.
^
If two right-angled triangles have the hypotenuse and one other side equal, then they
are congruent. In other words:
/C zF = })()°
AB DE
AC Di
A(D)
R C E B C F E B C(E) E
(
Problem -\ In A ABIC above, explain why z B = Z IC. Using this fact, give a proof
that AABC s A DICK.
_
w
Check "J In the diagram below, which are the congnient triangles? Express this using the
symbol. Give theconditions (hat you used to justify saying that the triangles
arecongruent, a D r>cm
li cm
3cm C ticm
1 — Triangles 121
$ Using the congruence conditions for right-angled triangles, let's look
at moregeometrical properties.
MD = ME
then A ABC is an isosceles triangle. r^
Prove this.
Let's look at the properties of the bisectors of thc interior angles of a triangle.
A ABC, anddropperpendiculars
Z">
from I to the three sides. Let the
CA be D, E, and F respectively.
problem 4) In the diagram ofProblem above, draw acircle with I as center and IE as
radius.
u (
Give the converse of: "If A ABC s A DEF. then AB - DIC Say
whether this converse is true.
1—Triangles 123
Parallelograms
HU
Properties of a Parallelogram
Tlie sides that face each oilier in aquadrilateral are called opposite sides, and
the diagonally opposite angles in aquadrilateral are called opposite angles.
The definition ofa parallelogram is: 1)
>From the definition of a parallelogram and basic geometrical properties wc can derive
AB // DC, AD // BC
From this we have to derive thc conclusion:
b' ~" C
AB = DC, ad = bc
To do this, wc draw tiie diagonal AC, and
show that
w AABCs ACDA
Hypothesis Conclusion
AB // DC, AD // BC !AABC "s= ACDA I AB - DC, AD = BC
A D "A D A . D
B C B C B C
AC is common (1)
s->
Since alternate angles of parallel lines arcequal t
B C
ZBCA - ZDAC (2)
zBAC= zDCA CD
AABC- ACDA
Therefore
AB - DC, AD - BC
2 — Parallelograms 125
For n AIJC1). tak'"g Poilu ° as ll,c Intersection ofthc A
diagonals, let's prove property 131 ofa parallelogram.
Proof
In A ABO and ACDO
AB » C
OA » OC, OB - OD
check "I For O ABCDI"(J) and (2) below, find thc values of.r and //.
Say what properties of a parallelogram you used to find the values.
© • D ®
120'
IH'III
u < • Can you sec what we need to prove in order for OIC = OF?
Proof
i!jw-»wi|;'-.i.i-.ui-jiiiiii-i-)(-,[i-;w'
OE = OF
HtfK&i
2 — Parallelograms 127
Conditions for a Parallelogram
(Ibaraki Prefecture)
that AD// BC
conclusion AD // BC .
B
Problem "| ) Prove the above, using thc sequence (T), (2J.
[T] Connect points Band D,and prove that
A ABD- ACDB-
AD // BC
problem 2 In the diagram for Problem I, Ills also truethat AB // DC Prove this.
From Problems 1and 2, wesec that both pairs of opposite sides of quadrilateral ABCD
are parallel. Inother words, we can say: "A quadrilateral with both pairs ofopposite
sides equal is a parallelogram."
Thisfact is tlie converse ofthe properly 11 of a parallelogram given on page 124, thai
thc two pairs of opposite sidesof a parallelogram are equal.
2 — Parallelogram 129
On the previous page we proved that the converse of property 11 |of aparallelogram is
also a condition for a quadrilateral to be a parallelogram.
Trigger^ Let's look at the converse of properties (2 jand 3; of aparallelogram on page 124.
Proof
ZA+ZB+ZA+ZB = 360
>r:l;flMVu(l/W<: DAE = ZB
(^iK:fefli(*)^it|]'ilQfOil!JI#?if*:!li
OA = OC, OB - Ol)
This is property j3 ]of a parallelogram. Prove "
that Ihc converse of this theorem is also true.
130 5 — Properties of Geometrical Figures
Triggerj j [s ,he quadrilateral ABCD drawn by the
^•k following procedures aparallelogram?
11 ] Draw line segment AD of length 4 A ...... 4cm
DC.
In thc "raj question above, since the ruled lines on the notepad are parallel, AD // BC
u (
And AD : BC- Does this make the quadrilateral ABCD a parallelogram?
Theorem Ifany ofthe following sets ofconditions hold for a quadrilateral, itIs aparallelogram,
11 ] Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. ... Definition
[2) Both pairs of opposite sides arc of equal length.
_
(3) Both pairs of opposite anglesare equal.
[41 The diagonals intersect at their midpoints.
15 ] Onepair ofopposite sides isequal, and these sides are parallel.
, , . ,
check "J Of the following quadrilaterals ABCD, which are always parallelograms?
(a) AB - BC, AD = DC
© zA - ZC, ZB- zD
2 — Parallelograms 131
Using the conditions for aparallelogram, we willprove various geometrical facts.
A rectangle is
_ (
Trigger^
•y^^1
Boltl arectangle and arhombus are parallelograms. Can you see why this is so?
.
The following facts about their diagonals are also true.
2 — Parallelograms 133
Using the properties of the diagonals of arectangle, we can prove thc following.
The midpoint of the hypotenuse of a right-
angled triangle is equidistant from all three
vertices of thc triangle.
r>
are right angles, and all four sides arc the same .Rectangle Rhombus..
A
length. In other words, a square is a quadrilateral
that is both a rectangle and a rhombus. Therefore
v_ \/ _J
a square has both the properties of a rectangle and \ /
those of a rhombus.
Select thc conditions from (a) lo (d) which fit in each of thc numbered (o to <*) in thc diagram below.
O zA=9U° (E) AB = BC © AC=BD Cd) AC I BD
A D
•' ?'
D
I)
B C
Rectangle
>
A
B C
Parallelogram B C
B
Squaro
(3, ®
C
Rhombus
Using properties of parallel lines we will lookat shapes with thesame area.
u <
i'•'.' • •: i As iii the diagram on the right, let's look at I A A'
the triangles which have common base BC,
andapex on a slraight line Cparallel lo BC:
AABC, AA'BC, AA"BC
Wc sometimes write AABC, AA'BC, and so on,using the name of a figure to represent its
2 —Parallelogram 135
Let's think abouthow to change a polygon without changing its area.
problem 2 l In thediagram for Example 2, prove that Ihc areas ofquadrilateral ABCD = A A BE
2 Since2ADBE = AEBC,
2DE = BC
parallelogram.
area.
2 — Parallelograms 137
3 Triangles and Circles
H
Trigger'! Place two textbooks as shown in the diagram below, and letAand Bbe
the corners of the textbooks. Taking care notto move Aor B, we move a
set square touching Aand B, and investigate the movement ofthe corner P.
f\
mm
Tl f
A B
IftH
Y
7 / 5.
:
/A / B
OA = OB = OP
In other words, point P lies on thccircle with line A
segment AB as diameter.
Problem 2) In the diagram you draw in Problem 1, add thc circle with line segment AB
W
as diameter, and check that point P is always on this circle.
Problem 3) As shown in (he following diagram, using a set square it is possible to find
the center O of a circle. Explain how this works.
"^ In the trigger question, since OA = OB - OP, / OPA and / OBP arc isosceles
(dangles. In this case, wchave proven on page 112 that Z APB —9(1° .
If the base angles of thc isosceles triangles 1'
arc / a and z />, we can sum up this proof as
follows.
The two isosceles triangles OPA and OBP share side OP. (1)
The three points A, O, and B lie on a straight line. (2)
In the diagram for two isosceles triangles as above, if we keep the condition (1), but
vary condition (2), wccan look at cases where A, O, and B arc noton a straight line.
In this case, where dothe angles 2( Z a I Zb) in(a)and / a | / /> in (b) appear?
z Trymaking a tool as
I shown on the right,
V and investigate.
T\
140 0
Therefore, wc can regard the relation (1) as a relation between / APB formed by any
three points A, B, and P on a circle center 0, and the central angle / AOB.
Probiom 3 In your notebook, draw a circle center O, and choose two points A and B on
the circle, then draw an inscribed angle and central angle for AB-
r\
In the circle center O, there are any number of inscribed angles intercepting AB> but
circle is constant, and is one-half of the central angle for that arc,
r>
Prool Draw diameter PC, then / APO = / a, / Bl'() == / b
Since OP-OA./PAO - / a
Since/APB / a I / b,
/APB }? /AOB
u <
l^^™^1 In the diagram on the right, / A PB is an
inscribed angle intercepting AB. and therefore its
size is half of thc central angle / AOB.
Therefore
Let'stry/ • sS* m
When P is in positions as indiagrams (a) and (b)above, try to prove (hat the
inscribed angle theorem still holds true.
(!) © <D
2 In the isosceles triangle ABC, AB=BC. The midpoints of AB and AC, are D
then
r\
IjJ Prove that if F is the point ontlie extension ofDE such that
EF = DE, then quadrilateral ADCF is a parallelogram.
I v
146 5—Properties of Geometrical Figures] ' ~f p. 202 Answer
9
Geometrical Figures Maintaining aConstant Angle 9
ggeri.) In the ^ question on page 138, change the point whose movement you
are investigating to the 60° corner of aset square, and see what path is
traced out by the 60° corner.
Problem "| in your notebook, draw two points Aand B, and find ten points Psuch that
Z. APB = 60°- In addition, draw a circle and check if thc points are on thc
same circle.
-
regard ncircle as thc set of points
Distance from point ZAPB is constant
P such that thc angleformed O is constant
Wither respect to two points A and
B.Z APB, is constant.
problem 1 in problcin I, change thc size of/ APB to 45° or 30°, and carry out thc
same investigation.
Problem 3 | Compare (he size of / APB with the inscribed angle / a intercepting (lie arc AB, when point
Pis on the circle, inside the circle or outside the circle center 0 as shown in Ihc following diagrams.
r\
S c_ p ID
/APB- Za
Trigger^ Point pmQves a|Qng the arc AB inc|udjng pojnt c From pojnt cjt
"* approaches point B. Mark the angles equal to / c.
_
angle docs /1' approach? Mark this in thc
diagram on tlie right.
Development 149
In thcdiagram for Problem 5, wecan view all of the vertices of quadrilateral APBC as lyingon a
circle.When a quadrilateral has all four vertices lying on a circle in this way, we say it is a cyclic
quadrilateral, and is inscribed in the circle, while Ihc circle is the circumcircle of tlie quadrilateral.
r^
Problem 7 In the diagram on the right, BT is a tangent to (
Cv
the circle center O, with ils point of contact at B.
Prove that/ ABT /ACB.
sJ <
© 64 = 65?
Cut the square shown in the diagram belowalong the thick blue lines, and
rearrange the pieces to form the rcctnnglc on the right. Whydocs the area
increase??
-
8X8 = 64 5X13 = 65
] Probability
Triggefj There are six cards, each of w lich has a sing e number from 1 to 3 written
on it, as follows: 1|. I2L [2 3|. ill li . Shuffle these cards well,
and draw one, to nvestigate howthe numbers come out.
Cut out the cards from page 209, and try an actual experiment, entering the
numbers in the table below. r>
Note that after drawing a card, you must return it to the pack for the next round.
. i'
-m-_
Number of try 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 :
Number on card
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 j
rs
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 i
Which number
appears most
often?
*
152 6 — Probability
Do some events occur more often than others?
LL1 Intheeach of thc following questions there arc two events © and ©. Which of
two do you think will occur more often?
With the set ofsix cards described in thc trigger queslion on thc previous
page, draw acard, then replace this card and draw acard once more.
In this case, which ofthe following, © or © do you think is more likely
to happen? Why not try
The table on thc right shows the result of Number of Number ol limes Proportionof
throws 1 occured 1 occuring
an experiment to find out how many times
50 1 O.Ul
1 occured after throwing a die.
100 13 0.13
ZOO 32 0.16
| Problem "\ ) Complete the table on the right, H00 '10 0.115
154 6 —Probability
X*
m\ ilii) (><)0 Kiln 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Number of times die thrown
Problem 2 From thc results of Problem I, complete thc graph above. What
w, (
can you understand from the graph?
Experiments or observations such as "throwing a die and getting a I" are affected
1 — Probability 155
Let's look at probability, using Well, since a baby
is either a boy or a
data from a number of sources. girl, I suppose the
probability of a girl
being born is —.
The probability in Problem 4 is not like the probability found in Check 1, but is based
156 6 — Probability
Finding Probability Values
Let's look athow to calculate probabilities.
Trigger])
i,ei In asoccer match, to decide
which team kicks off there is a
coin toss. Let's think about why
we use a coin.
. -
When we toss a coin, we have equal expectations of it landing a head or a tail. In such
cases wesay that the outcomes are equally likely. In such caseswecan calculate
probabilities.
(^^^1 / Let's find out thc probability of getting an odd number in an cxpeiment of
throwing a die.
~
results, there are three outcomes with an odd
number, so:
Check 1 Answer thc following questions to find tlie probability of obtaining an even
CO How many outcomes are there in which thc result is an even number?
(2) What is thc probability of the result being aneven number?
1 — Probability 15/
In general thcfollowing result holds.
Finding a probability
o_
P
n
l^mWZj Ihave ten cards, each marked with adifferent number from I to 10.1 shuffle
these cards well, then draw a card. Find the probability Ihal the card drawn
is a multiple of 3.
check 2 If a card is drawn from a 52-card pack ofplaying cards (no jokers), find the
probability thatthe card is a heart, using tlie following procedure.
(1) How many outcomes arc there in total?
(2) Can wcsay thai the events in(l) are all equally likely?
(3) Howmanyoutcomes arc there in which tliecard is a heart?
(4) Find thc probability that thc card drawn is a heart.
158 6 —Probability
• Let's Investigate the range ofprobabilities.
Trigger]) Thfee bagS| ^ Q< an(J c each con(ain flyfl ^ gs fo||ows ,f we take
one ball out, for each bag we will calculate the probability that it is a
blue ball.
Bag A:3 blue, 2 white balls Bag B: 5 blue balls Bag C:5 white balls
w
problem "\ \ Insert the symbol for one ofthe suits, (hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spade) in thc Q in
the following statement to makea problem for which thc required probability is 1or 0.
If a card is drawn from the set of 13 hearts, find thc probability that Ihc
1 — Probability 159
We willlist allpossible outcomesin atable ordiagram, then find the desiredprobability.
Hint Trywriting thcoutcomes ina lable as on thc right. First toss Second loss
Heads Heads
Heads Tails
Solution Wc can write tlie outcome of heads first time and tails
Tails Heads
second times as (Heads,Tails). Tails Tails
rs
There are four outcomes with thc following results.
(Tails,Tails)
check 3 In Example 3, find the probability of heads come up thc first time and tails come
up thc second time.
Problem 2 Three people, A, B, and C have decided toplay the following game.
Two coins will be tossed. If both land heads up A wins, if one is heads and
Is thisargument correct?
160 6 — Probability
To list all of(he possible outcomes, wc can make atable as shown in Example 3on the
previous page We can also use adiagram as shown on the right.
For instance, in Example 3,we can draw a
First toss Second toss
diagram asonthe right, toshow all of the
®
outcomes. Hrepresents the head and Trepresents / ®
the tail. CO
U i
Let's find more probabilities. Using atree diagram.
_ (
If A play rock, there are three
ways forB to play:rock, paper,
and scissors.
1 — Probability 161
k4) Two dice, one large, one small, are thrown.
Find the probability that the total on the
two dice is 5.
Hint Wc will write the outcome in which the small die is 2 and thc large die is 3
as (2, 3). All other possible outcomes are listed in the following table.
\latge
1 2 3 4 5 6
SmalK
1 (1. 1) CI. 2) CI, 3] (1,40 (1.5] (1.6)
2 [2. 1) (2. 2) (2. 3) (2.4) (2. 5] (2. (i)
3 Ct. I) [3, 2) (3. 3) C3. A) (3. 5] (3. 6)
A [-1.1) (•1. 2) C4. 3] (4,4] (4. r») (4. 6)
6 (r>. i) [5, 2) (f). 3) [5,4] (5, 5] (5, (i)
(i (e, n (6,2) C6. 3) (6. 4) (6. 5] (6. G]
Solution
The re are a tota
check 5 If large and small dicearethrown, find the probability that the total is 6.
Problem 4 When large and small dice arc thrown, answerthe following questions.
© What total on the two dice has the highest probability ofoccurring?
(2) Find the probability that the number on the large die isgreater than
(he number on the smaller die.
Trigger^ yynen drawing lots, are you more likely to win by drawing firs! or by
^* drawing second?
f^^^l ) There arc five paper slips, and three of them have
a red "Win" mark. If A and B draw one each in
C'r-
Let's tryl
164 6 — Probability
'. .'
Basic Exercises
• I) ...I.MI.!. i.ll M. n'.-..1.
•*
in.nw • .
'^~/ '•:'. ® What value does thc proportion show in thc tabic \, ,,,«.;•*
approach? Find thc value lo two decimal places.
(2) Find thc probability that tlie number formed is at least 32.
2 A bag contains onered ball, one white ball, and oneblueball. I draw the balls
from the bag one at a time, and lay themin a rowin the order drawn.
(?) How many different ways can the balls be drawn?
(2) Find theprobability that thc red and white balls are adjacent.
Six cards arc numbered 1 to 6.1 shuffle When Ihe integer of tens digit
and the units digit is a multiple
these cards, then draw two cards in
of 3, the integer is always a
succession, and lay thc cards in llic order multiple of 3.
Ifa die is thrown, find the probability that thc number given is (~J
/ Two dice, one large, one small, are thrown; let x be the number on thc
larger die and // be the number on thc smaller die. Find the probabilily that
2x I y~8.
£ There arc six cards, each ofwhich has a single number from I to 3 written on
it, as follows: [l |. [2J. [2_|. |3|. \J\, [3]. These cards arc shuffled well, and
one is drawn, then replaced, then another is drawn. Which is more likely to
( happen: that a131 is drawn both times, or that a12 jand a131 arc drawn once
u each?
Q The diagram below shows aregular hexagon ABCDEF. Thc bag contains five
cards, labeled [fi], [c], [d], |e), and [f|. Wc draw two cards from the bag,
and join the vertices of thc letters drawn and thevertex A. Thusdrawing a •
triangle. What is thc probability that this is a right-angled triangle?
Let's investigate I
Let's look atthe relation between an event occurring and the same event not occurring.
fflffj) When adie is thrown, find llic probability that ihc result is not a1. r\
000 • •
• • • •
000(E) •
•
•
•
•
•
•
As we saw above, thc probability that the result is not a 1 is c • Bui ihe probability thai
the result is a 1 is "7". From these facts we see that the following relation holds:
•* s
♦
c •.:..
• FurtherToplcs 170
<J
Idfui i UjmI
i
PW'
2
Equations with Three Unknowns v
Tnggerjj in the fjiagram on the right, each
'""**• number in a blue box is the sum
of the two values in pink circles on
either side. Let's find the values of
x, y, and z.
-4
r~\
We will investigate the relations among x, //, and z, and find theirvalues.
From Problem 1 and the fact that the sum of// and z is -4, we get tlie following
simultaneous equations.
y —z = 2
O
y \ z= -A
probitm2 I Solve the above simultaneous equations, and find the values of// and z. From
the values of// and z, find thc value of X.
Albert found a relation between thc values represented by // and z, and derived
simultaneous equations.
In this problem, there arc three values lo be found; can wc find thc values usingx, //, and
z, by representing thc relations among them as equations?
170
V p20A Answer
If we write thc conditions ofthe ' ^ as equations using.»-, //, and z,\vc
get the three following simultaneous equations.
x -I- // = 3 (1)
// \z= - A (2)
x \ z=\ (3)
If wc look at Albert's solution using the equations, we can find the values of x, //, and
z satisfying thc above three equations, by the following method.
[3J From thc values of// and z, find the value ofx.
In Chapter 2 you learned about simultaneous equations with twounknowns, bul here
u wc are dealing with three unknowns.
Ax + Zy = 9 M)
(2) x- y I 2z = -2
problem 4 I Eliminate // from (-1) and (5), to find the value of x- Using this value, then
find thc values of // and z.
Thus, to solve simultaneous linear equations in three unknowns, first eliminate one
unknown, and solve thc resulting equations in two unknowns.
.r I By 2z 7 2x I // I Zz ' 12
© .c Ay I- z = —5 © 3.r 12// - -j =
remainder 4. Thc sum of a, b, and c is 100. What are the three numbers?
172
In the ™2Jl) on page 170, we can also solve using the following approach.
Problem J Using (he above approach, how can we find thc values ofthe numbers in the Q?
Try to think of a neat way of counting all the possibilities, being careful z~\
b ba X be ltd
home against team /; playing away as ab,
c en cli X id
all of thc matches arc us listed in the table
(1 da db lie X
on thc right.
problem *| How do we approach the problem to calculate thc total number of matches?
Use Ihe table above as reference.
r\
Problem 2 Suppose thai instead of homc-and-away, each pair of teams plays just one
match, then how can wc look at thc above (able to find the total number of
Problem 2.
•
i\ "Home mid away" means each team plays eachoilier team twice: once at its home ground, andonce
nl llicopponent's ground.
match.
This approach is thc same as asking how many ways there are of selecting two of thc
four letters a, b, C, andil, and putting themin a sequence.
Problem 4 Select two from the five numerals 1,2, 3,4, and 5, and arrange them to make
a two-digit number.
a.
Since the points that can bc joined to it are
(31 However, When drawing a line from a lo b, we have drawn llicsame line as
rs
when drawing from b to it, and therefore we have counted each line twice.
141 Therefore we can find the number oflines joining two offour points as12 -r2,
that is, 6 lines.
Problem 5 Twopeople are to bc chosen from a group of ten. How many ways can they be
chosen?
176
Problem 6 ) Find the number ofdiagonals ofa
decagon (10 sides).
<J To find tlie total number of cases when il cannot bccalculated immediately, draw a tree
diagram or table, and count the cases carefully in sequence.
Problem 9 How many combinations of coins can I I How many combinations are
\ there ifchange is allowed?
use if I buy a can of sofl drink for 120
no change.
Year Average March temperature Full-bloom date Year AverageMarch temperature Full-bloom dale
z~\
Trlgge7| prom tne data f0r I984and 2002, what relationship can we say there is
between the average temperature and the cherry blossom full-bloom date?
Il is hard to sec the relation just from looking at the table, so let's / How do we
represent May 6
make a graph. V as a day in April?
M
Problem •] ) Let the average March temperature be ,r°C, and the cherry blossom full-
bloom dale bcllic //lh day ofApril, then mark thepoints inthc graph on
178
1Y\ p,204 Answer
.
_
-2-1 O 1 2 3 A ''
Thc graph above is called acorrelation diagram. Itis also called a scatter plot diagram. Acorrelation diagram
is agraph showing thc relation between two quantities. Based on the correlation diagram you drew in
Problem I, wc will draw astraight line passing asclose aspossible through thc plotted points. We call this
line as(he line ofbest fit. We will use thc line ofbest fit asa guideline tofind the full-bloom date for 2004.
ProWem2 I In the correlation diagram for Problem 1, draw astraight /"We'll compare this\
( with the actual full- J
line, passing asclose possible through the middle ofthe \bloom date. /
points. Find an equation for this straight line. Using this
Problem 3
equation, find the predicted full-bloom date for 2004.
graph? i ,O0O
r\
To find thc relation between pollen count and sunlight, we'll make a correlation diagram.
problem 4 I Answer thc following questions about the relation between pollen count and sunlight.
0) Based on Ihe data in thc following table, draw a correlation diagram for
the relation between thc two quantities.
Year Sunlightin previousJuly Pollen count Year Sunlight in previousJuly Pollen count
1981 11.5 53-1 1991 15.8 2865
(2) From (he correlation diagram, what can wc say about the relation
between the two quantities? __^_^__
The countof pollen grainsobserved in Iheseasonover a 1cm *area.
180
Let's collect data from an experiment, andmake predictions from It.
collected data.
<j
IA Using the equation you found in 3 , find the predicted time for one cycle of a
wave with all of thc students in thc class.
Problem 5 Make a wave with all thcstudents, andcompare with thc time predicted in 14'.
Problem 6 Predict how long one cycle would lake for a wave created by all students in
the school.
Triggerj) Through how many degrees do the hour and minute hands turn per minute?
Problem "| Answer the following question if the hands are aligned at x minutes after 1 o'clock.
(J) When thc hands arc aligned, write an expression using %for the position of
each hand as an angle from 12 o'clock on the clock face.
By creating an equation for the alignment at X minutes after 2 o'clock, x minutes after 3
182
• Approach using a graph
The hour hand turns through 360° in 12 hours. The minute hand turns through 360In
an hour, and from 12 o'clock to the next 12o'clock goes through 12 whole turns.
The following graph represents the movement of the two hands.
(Degrees)
0 12 3 7 8 9 10 11 12(Hours)
Problem 2 In the above diagram, add lines representing the movement of thc minute
hand, to complete the graph.
-
In the above diagram, if wc take the horizontal axis as the .r-axis and thc vertical axis
as the //-axis, we can wrilc equations for the straight lines, using .r and .'/. Solve the
original problems by finding thc .(--coordinates of thc graph intersections.
Measuring the anglefrom thc 12o'clock position on the clockface, from 12o'clock
to 1o'clock, thc minute hand turns from 0° to 360"in one hour.This movement is tlie
same in each hour. Meanwhile, thc hour hand starts from 0° at 12 o'clock, and 30°at I
S~\
50 60 (Minutes)
r>
Problem 4 In the above diagram, add lines representing the movement of the minute hand,
lo complete the graph.
In the abovc diagram, if we take the horizontal axis as the .r-axis and thc vertical axis as
Ihc //-axis and then by finding the .('•coordinates of the intersections, we can solve thc
original problem.
184
<> Let's lookat the original problem from the viewpoint of proportionality.
with thc hour hand that is 30' ahead. When x = 2. the value of // is the time it
takes for thc minutehand to catch up withthc hour hand that is 60" ahead.
Looking at the problem this way, we see that as the valueof x is multiplied
by 2, 3, and so on, thc valueof // is also multiplied by 2, 3, and so on, so
thai y is proportional to .r.
M
Sincethe handsare aligned again 12 hours later al 12 o'clock, by regarding
12:00 as equivalent to 11:60, wcsee that when x II, // (it).
Problem 6 Draw a graph in Ihc following diagram, showing the relation between x and
// above. Find an equation for .r and //.
.'/
GO A graph passes^
through the
I starting point
50 and (11.60).
40
You will need to~bec1de
the timing for standing.
30
-
20
10
1 2 3 -1 5 G 7 8 9 10 II 12
Problem "J Using the approach abovc, what do we need to do lo solve Ihc original
problem? Explain the method.
4cm 1 Icin
r
As the paper unwinds, one layer is removed for each turn of thc roll. So we can tell
how many times the core has rotated from the number of layers of paper.
To find how many layers, let's cut open Ihe roll as shown below, and lay it flat.
ttJ&^
r\
186
The diagram below shows the base ofthe solid formed bycutting
1
open the roll. Letthe width a distance x cm from the upper side AD
be y cm. Write an expression for y in terms of x-
A D
/ xcm
\
B /
From step 1 wc sec that if AB is a siraighl line, DC is also a siraighl line, and therefore
the shape of the base is a trapezoid.
M
65m •
-
y
I 11.4cm
7
/j If we consider the case in which the core has zero diameter, when we
cut open the paper as shown on the previous page, what Is the shape
of the base formed by the layers of paper?
Q Based on the argument above, explain the formula for finding the area
of a circle.
r\
r\
188
Let's try tiling congruent figures.
(a) \ (b)
We can make variants on thc basic patterns (a) and (b) above to form new tilings.
-
•s Ifwe view (a) as based on parallelograms, which are the basic
parallelograms?
A TA RA SHI I TO SHI NO A NA TA Nl
•o t o t o t o #0 ot to ot to to to to
oo o t o t • • t o •• •• •:) OO o o o t t o
OO tO 00 09 OO to ot to oo t o t o t o r>
KO KO RO WO KO ME TE O KU Rl MA SU
O t ()• o t oo • •• •• • •• • •() • •
•o to t t • •o •• •• to oo •• ot ot
Ct ot co to ot tt to oo ot oo •• ot
r>
Based on thc abovemessage, let's try to fill in the Braillecharacters for the 50 syllables.
I Enter the characters that appear in the message above in thetable on the
opposite page.
P From the characters entered in step 1, try to predict the rest of the table
(except for the ha-row).
•4 The ha-row is constructed by the same rules you found in step 2. How do
you think the ha-row is constructed?
190
• Syllabic table
A I U E O KA Kl KU KE KO
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
oo oo oo oo oo o o o o oo oo o o
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo o o o o o n
SA SHI SU SE SO TA CHI TSU TE TO
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo o o o o
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo o o o o
oo OO 00 oo oo o o o o oo oo o o
NA Nl NU NE NO HA HI FU HE HO
OO OO 00 oo oo o o o o o o oo o o
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo o o oo
MA Ml MU ME MO YA YU YO
-
oo oo oo oo oo 09 o# 09
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo o#
oo oo oo oo oo •o •• •o
RA Rl RU RE RO WA wo N
oo oo oo oo oo go oo oo
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
oo oo oo oo oo •o oo • •
What have you discovered about Ihe rules for how the Braille syllabic table is made?
4
to ot to ot t t
5 The Braille numerals are shown ot
Qt OO
t t oo
ot
t t 00
to ot oo
t t oo
on the right. What do you notice
about them?
V r>
Clothes peg
— Weight (one-yen
coins in a film case)
Using the beam balance shown above, carry out the following experiment.
1
O Clip an envelope in the clothes peg, and move the weight until the beam
Is horizontal and balances, then mark the position of the weight.
© Put a sheet of notepaper in the envelope, then add more sheets one by
one, each time marking the position of the weight.
192
••Experimenting with Dice for Random Numbers
The photograph on the right shows dice called
N CO
"random number dice." These dice have iwo
© Throwthe large and small dice. f When the smaller die gives 0, this
Using the smaller die for the tens V™*88 asin9|e-di9« number.
digit and the larger die for the units
digit, make a two-digit number. Do
this twice.
the ^-coordinate, plot the point with these coordinates on the graph paper
_
z^-
'* *
t •.' • ' 'i
Let's try!
r\
of 10 yen.
194
Practicing Solving Simultaneous Equations 1 V p.205 Answer
3x + 2y = 7 2.r-l 5// 16
C6)
Bx + Ay -- 13 3.r + 4// 2-1
u
•l.il.//= 5 x - \\\i A
CO (2)
y = 2.r I 1 2x \\y = 1
( x By I 1 7.T Hx l //) = 6
CD ®
( 3(.r il) 2„ -A \ Bx + 2// - 19
<J
(in)
Patrick left his house at 10 o'clock, (Librarv) 2500
2000
slopping al a bookstore on the way, and jr,no
then going to the library. The diagram on (B°°kslorc) 1000
500
thc right is a graph showing the relation
10 20 30 40(Minutes)
between the time elapsed since Patrick (10 o'clock)
CO At what speed, inmeters perminute, did Patrick walk from home lothcbookslorc? r\
(2) His sister left home at 10:30,and set off for thc library by bicycle. If her
speed is 12 km/hour, find the time al which she catches up her brother.
/
to fill (he tank, il is rcali/.cd that thc drain 100
•
CO Al what rate was water supplied from supply pipe A, in liters per minute?
C2) How fasl does water drain from thc drain pipe, in liters per minute? ^
a' *'
O Let's try!
Express trains travel between stations A and B in cither direction in 2 hours 30 minutes.
The first express leaves each station al 6:00 AM, and thereafter trains leave at one-hour
intervals. As the train leaving station A at 8:00AM makes itsjourney, how many limes
docs it meeta traincoming in the opposite direction before reaching station B?
196
•".'•"• tf?!..
(3) How many sides docs a polygon have if the sum of the interior angles is 1800"
2 In Ihe following diagrams, find the size of / x.
© C/Zin ® C77 in ©
C
-
HO
in
© ®
r\
2 In n A BCD as shown in the diagram on the right,
thc intersection of the bisector of Z BAD and the
side BC is point K.
parallelogram.
r\
198
•Finding Probabilities *! .. p.205 Answer
© Thecoin is tossed Iwice, and both times arc heads. Now which vertex has the
point P reached?
- (2) If thc coin is tossed three times, find the probabilily that thc final position of
point P is thc vertex B.
Let's try!
•:*?.
Inasetof yes/no questions, wc found thc following tendency in tlie answers tothe questions.
[iJ "Yes" answer is more common. ~x
/Think about sequences'*,
121 A"Yes" or a"No" answer never appears three or \of "Yes" and "No". J
more times consecutively.
There are five questions, and Ido not know ihc answer lo any of them. What / fy
sequenceof yes/noanswers should I give to increasethe likelyproportion ofcorrect answers?
1 © .v :t. // 2
chapter 1 Calculating with Formulas © x I. // 5
Chaptersummaryproblems A p.22
® x= ]. // ="
7 (1) 2u \ 2b ® Zx .//
@ .r I. J/-9
© V.r 12// (t) \x*
© .i- 2. y <>
2 © (>//<)/> ® 2d lb
@ .r = C>, y —S
® // -3/> © 2.f*-l It
2 it 3, /' -r.
© HI./ 5/i ® 2.i' I :t
3 Eight fill-yen stamps r^
3 © I*'"' @ I"'
Seven Xll-ycn stamps
® I © 9.r 4 M
© 15a-» © 2,i 5 20boys and 16 girls
4 © « ® 4
r>
Chaptersummaryproblems B p.23
chapter 3 Linear Functions
/ © "-'i;' " ® 2.,' 2.r 1 Chaptersunvnaryproblems A p.76
200 Answer
3 © © .'/ 3r
3 Since two sides and ihe included angle are
equal, A APC a A ADIC
© // |u- 1
Tlierefore, BC = DIC
© .'/^ .*,+,
© // .r + 7
cr^»5 Properties ol'Geometrical Figures
Chaptersummaryproblems A—p.145
© .r-4. // = :*
/ In triangles A AUP and A ACP
© ( j1,. 11J AB == AC
4 3930 yen /PAP - /CAP
AI' is a shared side
Chaptersummaryproblems B p.7/ Therefore since 2sides andihe included angle are equal.
/ 11 hours A ABB A ACP
_
Hence PB- PC
amtti 4 Parallel Lines and Congruent Figures 2 0) In triangles A BBC and AKCB
Chaptersummaryproblems A p.107 AB AC
7 / ,i. •-(. *«, /«-m»° |)H \ AB. EC= ^AC
, /.. //. /// I"° Tlierefore DB BC •» Ul
2 © 35' ® r,r,° Since ihe base angles of an
3 © Regular octagon isosceles trianglearc equal,
® 3240* /BBC /KCB 12)
@ Nonagon BC is ashared side (:{)
4 © Hypothesis I'A PB From (1). (21. and (31, since two sides
AM - BM andIhe included angle areequal,
Conclusion / AMP = Z\MV A BBC AKCB
® APAMandAPUM Therefore BK CD
„
© 3 sides arc all equal. © From CD. / FBC = / FCB
Since thc two angles arc equal,.- I' BC
Chaptersummaryproblems B p.108 is an isosceles triangle.
/ © ur © 20" 3 In II ABCD, diagonal AC passes
2 Since 2sides and the included angle arc equal, through thc midpoint of Ul).
AI'AM Al'HM In/ 7A'DC'D. diagonal A'C" passes
Therefore, AP UP through the midpoint of UD.
Therefore, AC, A'C" and BD all
intersect atthe midpoint of Bl>.
Answer 201
4 In triangles AABE and ACDF, since 2 Intriangles ACE and DCB,
opposite sides ofa parallelogram areequal, since all sides of an equilateral triangle
And since alternate angles ofparallel lines arc equal, AC= DC (1)
By hypothesis, But
the hypotenuse and one acute angle equal, / DCB = / KCB I / DCIC
arcequal aliemate angles, A IC 7/ CK ••• (5) From (|), (2), and (5), since two sides
Since one pair of opposite sides arc and ihe included angle are equal,
parallel and Ihe same length, AECF is a A ACK s A DCB
2| From (j | AD 77 PC, AD PC 3 J
And since A I) = DB 4 Examples: "odd", "even", "a multiple of four", and so on
DB // PC, DB IX
Therefore, DF // BC. DF BC
2 Drawing a 2 and a 3lis more likely.
202 Answer
Geometrical FiguresMaintaining a ConslantAngle
Answers t
Questions
p.!47~15Q
Triggei^ -rne |)a,|, js par, 0f ncjrc|c
•• Mufliprying and dividing po\'/ers of ri p.14 hit-** 1
Trigs*) 0) 7 © :\ r.iiv. 2
(U / APB> /«
r,.iv, 2 Since </' t </' I, wc can sec [3] /AI'B< ///
Answer 203
•• Probabilityof anEvenlKW Occurring p.168 »«w«5 10x9-5-2 —'18 Answer 2(1 ways
"•*«6 10X0*2 Ifi
mm) The sum of .r and // is 2 more than Ihc can also find (he answer from Ihe number
sum of.)'and c. This means thai '/ is 2 of ways illis can happen, i.e. 4.)
'/ from 0 to get -3, Ihc value of ^. r^'rgpretfefons from Data p.l78~!8l
"""8 .1 I. // I. i 1 When Iheaverage March temperature is
high,the cherry blossom opens earlier.
Finding Die Number of Cases p. 174 ~ 177 MM 1
rN
"JF^I 12 matches
nmm 1 Since each team plays every team but Omitted (The actual full NoctiidtewisApril 2S.)
itself, wc can find Ihe answer from **J Ifihe total sunlight inJuly ofthe previous year was
(number of learns - I) X (number of learns) high, there isatendency for ahigh pollencount.
*--*«4 (I) Omitted
'"»'- 2 Entriesal> and In inihe lablearc nowseen as Ihcsame, © Ifthctotal sunlight in July of Ihc
sowecan divide llic total entries inllic lable by2. previous year is higher, Ihcrc is a
12 ': 2 — li Answer li matches tendency for a higher pollen count.
"-a 7X6*2 21 Answer 21 dots MlM 5
204 Answer
Practicing Finding Angles p. 197
Answers to Supplementary Problems
1 © Sum of interior angles:-" 1260°
Sum of exterior angles:-".'{(id"
A A IK' ADKA
© x lo. // :t Al) DC
© .»• i. // i BR i kc
© .i I. It = 2 CD I KC
® .r n. // :i /AKK /CKK
_
© .. I. ,/ I AK // CK (21
© .1 3. // 2
Finding Probabilities
| © 50m/mimiic ©
2 © 15 0/minute © 30 I'/minute 2 © Vertex II © «
Answer 205
hulux
i£ (Converse) 119
Q< X ) <"*«« I || |( I
t
• IJjjjH (Linear oxprosslon) 7
3X' \(-2x)\(-5 )
n
af§](s)(Congruenco(s)) 94,95
[ka-ko]
• 8? (Solution) 26
P 11
'7X%i (Degree)
206
S$£ (Elimination) 28 • 5£$ (Definition) 112
y—ax+b
/
<c
/° X
[nn-no]
P*9ft (Interiorangles) 82
• itXiti (Substitution) 32
27tV^f5\li!i 26
(Linear equation In two unknowns)
3#-l 2i/=24
SS'ifijV. (Polynomial) 6
23H-5. 3a'+,\ab-\ 1 [ha-ho]
1 t t 26
Onso BftM Baso nng'o (Simultaneous equations)
207
About Wasan
"' •
Seki Kowa
o
Seki Kowa (c. 1642 - 1708), also
known as Seki Takakazu, laid the
foundation for thc development of
mathematics in the Edo period.
( He is hailed as the "Saint" of
- "wasan". Among his achievements
is his work on k.
^
Geometry Fill in the boxes with words or symbols to complete the
following statements.
• Circles
_ _ J
'Parallelograms
1
and the Included angle are
^J U equal.
equal.
tHg|IS^iaa*£ilRU %ftLtzi><DXto
^TOAAir«^l<&l
t373-0033 »HJ^*fflHfi!S*Wr69-l
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