INTRODUCTION

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of

higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and oleic
acids can be either saturated or unsaturated.
They contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about
10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as
the functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole
shaped structure, whose ends have different
polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon
chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e.,
insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other
end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is
hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in
oil and grease. Long Hydrocarbon Chain
Hydrophobic end Hydrophilic end When soap is
shaken with water it becomes a soap solution
that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends to
concentrate the solution on the surface and
causes foaming. This helps the soap molecules
make a unimolecular film on the surface of
water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-
polar end of a soap molecule that are
hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the
dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in it). The
short polar end containing the carboxylate ion,
face the water away from the dirt. A number of
soap molecules surround or encircle dirt and
grease in a clustered structure called 'micelles',
which encircles such particles and emulsify
them. Cleansing action of soaps decreases in
hard water. Hard water contains Calcium and
magnesium ions which react with sodium
carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of
higher fatty acids.
This hardness can be removed by addition of
Sodium Carbonate.
COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS
The most popular soap making process today is
the cold process method where fat such as olive
oil sector will strong alkaline solution wild
some Soapers use the historical hot process
Handmade soap different from industrial
shopping, usually and I accept that is sometimes
used to consume the alkali and is not removed,
leaving a natural moisturizer soap and detergent
emollient search as search added actress which
is the saponification process is sufficiently
advanced that the soap has begun after most of
the oils have saponified
So that they remain undirected in the finished
soap.
Soap is derived from either vegetable or animal fats
sodium tallowate is derived from fat soap can also
be made of vegetable oils as palm oil and the
product is typically softer.
An array of saponification and fats are used in the
process of chest only with coconut Palm oil to
provide different qualities for example only for oil
provides info coconut oil provides lots of leather
wild coconut and farmers provide hardness
Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an event.
Unsaponifiable oils and fats that do not yield so
headed for further benefits.
PREPARATIONS OF SOAPS
IN cold Process and hot process soap making it may
be required the cold process of making take place at
the sufficient temperature set of a story the fat big
used process can be used right away because the
early and fat saponified quickly at the higher
temperature used in hot process soap making. Cold
process of making required measurements of alkali
and mouse and computing the ratio using
saponification charts to answer that the finished
product is mild and skin friendly.
IN HOT PROCESS
Hot process in the hot process together at 80-1000 c
saponification which is the soap maker can determine by taste or
by eye.
COLD PROCESS
Cold which is the news to calculate the process soap makes up
the saponification value of the fat used on a saponification chart
appropriate amount of alkali
Excess unreacted allegory in the shop will result
In a very high PH and can burn are edited skin not enough so far
easy teacher the alkalies dissolved in water that also heated.
Then if the solid at room temperature .Once both substances to
have cooled to approximately 10 degrees fahrenheit guide this
Twister interest there are wearing levels of traces .
EXPERIMENT
Soap samples of various brands are taken and their
capacity with the next informing capacities said to
be heavy tails capacities in notice sample taken
separately and their foaming capacity is observed
best cleaning capacity the test request to be done
with distilled water as well as with the test of soap
on distilled water give the actual strength of the
cleaning capacity request to be done with distilled
water as well as Ca+2 ,Mg+2 capacity.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the foaming capacity of various soaps.
THEORY
The foaming capacity of soaps upon the nature of
the shop and its concentration this may be compared
by equal having the same concentrations which
saves the same amount of time used during
disappears gradually the time taken to disappear in
equal sample is determined the longer the time take
it for the form today disappear elite sample is
determined the longer time taken for the
disappearance of the given sample offshore of
greater is its foaming capacity cleaning action.

REQUIREMENTS
FIVE 100ml conical flask, 5 test tubes 100 ml
measuring cylinder, test tube stand, weighing
machine ,stopwatch
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
5 different of Soap sample, distilled water , tap
water.
Procedure
1. Take 5 100ml conical flasks add number
1….2345 p put 60 table of water in each flask
and add 8 grams of soap.
2. Warm the contents to get a solution.
3. Take 5 test tubes add 1 ml of soap solution to
3 ml of water
Repeat the process for each soap solution in
different test.
4. Close the mouths of the test tube and
vigorously for a minute do the same for all test
tubes and with equal force.
5. Start the timer immediately and not is the rate
of 2 mm froth.
 OBSERVATIONS
Test tube No. Volume of Volume of Time taken for
soap water added disappearance
solutions
1.Dove 8ml 16ml 11’42”
2.lux 8ml 16ml 3’28”
3.Tetmosol 8ml 16ml 5’10”
4.Santoor 8ml 16ml 15’32”
5.Cinthol 8ml 16ml 9’40”
RESULT
The cleansing capacity of soaps taken is in the order
SANTOOR>DOVE>CINTHOL>TETMOSOL>LUX
From these experiment we can infer that santoor has the highest
foaming capacity in other words highest cleaning capacity l
Lux on the other hand is found to be have least amount of time
taken disapperance of the foam
Produced and thus is said to be have least foaming capacity and
cleansing capacity test for handness in water.
TEST for Ca+2 and Mg+2 salts in the water supplied
Test for Ca+2 in water .
H2O + NH4Cl +NH4OH+(NH4)2CO3
No precipitate.
That show negative result for the presence of salts
Causing hardness in water.The water used doesn’t contain salts
of Ca+2 and Mg+2 .the tap water provided is soft and thus the
experimental.
 BIBILOGRAPHY

1. Together with Lab Manual chemistry class XII

2. NCERT books of chemistry
3. www.google.com
4. www.cbse.nic.in
5. www.ask.com