Plant

 Utilities  Assignment  2;  Kaustubh  Sawant  –  14CHE1072  

Problem  1A  
1. 𝑄 =  𝑚𝐶! 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇  
!!"#$%# !
2. !!"#$%
𝑚𝐶! 𝑑𝑇   = ! 𝑈!"" 2𝜋𝑑!/!"# 𝑇!"#$% − 𝑇!"#$ 𝑑𝐿    ,    
!!!"" !!!!/!"# !
3. On  integration  -­‐  𝑇!"#$%# =   𝑇!"#$ + (𝑇!"#$% − 𝑇!"#$ )×exp  ( !!!
)  

 
Here  Effective  heat  transfer  coefficient  can  be  calculated  using  individual  coefficient  –    
 
! ! !! !" !! !! !! !" !! !!
4.
!!""
= ! !! + !!!"!#
+ !!!"#$
 (There  is  no  insulation)    
! !
 
Inside  heat  transfer  coefficient  is  found  out  
using  Dittus  and  Boelter  equation,  as  flow  is  
turbulent.  
 
5. 𝑁𝑢 = 0.023𝑅𝑒 !.! 𝑃𝑟 !.!!  
!"# ! !
6. 𝑅𝑒 = !  ,  𝑃𝑟 = !!  
 
Substituting  all  the  values  we  get  the  result  as    
• T  =  54.60C,  for  L  =  50m  
• T  =  54.20C,  for  L  =  100m  
 
• Assumptions:  z  =  5m;  Ksoil  =  1.5  W/mK;  Schedule  40  pipe  with  ID  =  40.894mm  
and  thickness  =3.683mm  

Problem  2A  
Here we need to add U due to insulation, therefore equation (4) changes to

!!"# !" !! !!
!!"# !" !! !!"# !" !! !!!"#
! !!"# !!"# !" !! !! !!!"!#
7. =!! + + +
!!"" ! ! !!!"!# !!!"#$%&'!(" !!!"#$

We see that we cannot solve explicitly for insulation thickness. Therefore we used goal seek
method on Excel to get the value for outlet temperature equal to 54.50C.
Answer – 3.2 mm

Reference: https://www.cheresources.com/invision/blog/4/entry-493-heat-transfer-in-buried-liquid-
pipelines/

14CHE1072 | Plant Utilities | ICT 1

 Problem  2    
Formulas:
!
1. 𝐺𝐶𝑉   𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 =  339 %𝐶 + 1427 %𝐻 − % ! + 22(%𝑆)

2. 𝑁𝐶𝑉   𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 =  𝐺𝐶𝑉   𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 − 24.44(9×%𝐻 + 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)

3. Theoretical Air (kg/kg of fuel) = (11.6%C+{34.8(%H2- %O2/8)+4.35 %S)/100
4. Energy Density (kJ/m3) = GCV (kJ/kg) * Density (kg/m3)
5. Actual Air (kg/kg of fuel) = {1+%Excess Air/100} * Theoretical Air
!! !"#$%  !"#$%&'$   !"# ×!!×!"""×(∆!"#!!"#$)
6. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒   !"#
= !"#×!""#$#%&$'×!"#$%&'

7. Steam Cost (Rs/kg) = (Total Fuel*Fuel Cost + Total Air*Air Cost)/(Total Stem)
8. We can back calculate fuel cost if we have steam cost.
Assumptions:
• Density of coal, furnace oil and wood is 833,990,750 kg/m3 respectively.
• Cost of Air = 0.35 Rs/kg; Consider only fuel & air cost in steam cost.
Solution:
  Value   Coal   Furnace  oil   Wood   Unit  
GCV     16119.7   44309.2   10928.5   (kJ/kg)  
2A  
NCV     15366.5   42060.7   9132.6   (kJ/kg)  
2B   Theoretical  Air   5.316   13.757   3.671   (kg/kg  of  fuel)  
2C   Energy  Density   1.342   4.386   0.820   (kJ/m3)  *  10^7  
2D   Volume   9.676   3.341   18.476   (m3/day)  
Total  Fuel   8060.15   3308.22   13857.242   (kg/day)  
Actual  Air   6.380   15.133   4.479   (kg/kg  of  fuel)  
Fuel  Cost   51425.65   50064.48   62060.73   (Rs/day)  
Air  cost   96907.45   (Rs/day)  
2F  
Total  Cost   14999.15     111509.59   18101.05     (Rs/day)  
Steam  Cost   2.323   (Rs/kg)  
Fuel  Cost  to      
match  FO   11.974   29.293   6.741   (Rs/kg)  

Risks Involved (2E) –

1.Coal: Coal miners suffer from black lung (pneumoconiosis), which is incurable. Dust
buildup may cause explosion. Even though storage is relatively safe, it is difficult to transport
and measure. Special equipment are required for its handling.

2.Furnace Oil (FO): It has high sulfur content. It has a pour point of 27oC, therefore
transportation is difficult. Storage is relatively difficult and small discharge will cause
explosion. Storage tank leaks are common problem.

3.Wood: As it has low energy density, transportation cost will be higher. It has the lowest
efficiency; therefore carbon monoxide and particulate formation will be highest.

14CHE1072 | Plant Utilities | ICT 2