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IMPA Geometria Analitica e Algebra Linear Unknown
IMPA Geometria Analitica e Algebra Linear Unknown
Torres
Unit 2: “NUMBERS ARE IN THE AIR ”
Name:
CONCEPT OF A FRACTION
If we cut a cake into five equal pieces, then eat three of them, we say that
we have eaten 3/5 (three fifths) of a cake.
1
/2 (one over two or one half) and 3/5 (or three over five) are examples of
fractions - parts of a whole.
The top number is the numerator and the bottom one is the denominator.
4. In a safari section of the zoo there are 7 zebras, 3 lions, 5 hippos and 1
giraffe.
(a) How many animals are there together?
𝟓
b) :___________________________________________________
𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟐
c) :___________________________________________________
𝟐𝟎
𝟖
d) :___________________________________________________
𝟏𝟓
Cutting the cake into six equal pieces and eating two is equivalent to cutting
the cake into three equal pieces and eating one:
Sample question
If the cake is cut into 12 equal pieces, how many will we have to eat in
order to have the equivalent of 1/3 of the cake?
4
/12 = 2/6 = 1/3
4
/12 , 2/6 and 1/3 are all equivalent fractions:
Equivalent fractions are fractions that are equal value, even though they
look different. Starting with any fractions you like, you can make up a list
of equivalent fractions by simply multiplying or dividing both the numerator
and the denominator by the same number each time.
1
/3 is equivalent to 2/6, because we have multiplied both the numerator and
the denominator by 2.
4
/12 is equivalent to 1/3, because we have divided both the numerator and
the denominator by 4.
𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟗
b) 𝒚 𝟐𝟏 d) 𝒚
𝟕 𝟒 𝟏𝟏
𝟓 𝟑
b) d)
𝟕 𝟐
4 and 12 have a common factor (4), so 4/12 can be written as 1/3 (divide the
top and the bottom by 4).
2 and 6 have a common factor (2), so 2/6 can be written as 1/3 (divide the
top and the bottom by 2).
30
a)
36
18
b)
27
45
c)
66
Ordering fractions
3
/4 has a denominator of 4, and 5/7 has a denominator of 7.
4 and 7 both divide into 28, so we will rewrite the fraction with a
denominator of 28.
3 21
/4 = /28
5 20
/7 = /28
21 20
It is easy to see that /28 is bigger than /28. Therefore 3/4 is bigger than
5
/ 7.
Remember: When comparing fractions, we must first write them with the
same denominator.
If we add 1/2 and 1/3, it is hard to picture what the answer will be. However,
if we rewrite the fractions with a common denominator (in this case, 6), it
is easy to see what the answer is:
16.- Evaluate the following, expressing your answers in the simplest form.
1 5 4 5
a) + b) +
9 9 3 12
3 1 7 5
c) + d) −
8 6 8 6
23 5 1
a) − −
30 12 6
1 2 1 2
b) + − +
2 3 6 9
2 1
18.- Joe painted of a fence and Bill painted of it. What fraction of the
5 2
fence did the boys paint?
1 1
19.- In a school of the children eat school dinners, bring packed lunches
3 2
and the rest go home. What fraction of the children go home for lunch?
1 1
20.- Sue bought a record with of her allowance. She spent another to see
4 8
a movie. What part of her allowance did she spend?
Multiplying fractions
Dividing fractions
Fraction of a quantity
Worked example 1
Solution
But we need 3 times that (3/5 of 20), so we multiply the 4 by 3, and get 12.
So 3/5 of 20 = 12.
Solution
1
/7 of 35 = 35 ÷ 7 = 5
4
/7 of 35 = 4 x 5 = 20.
Sample question
𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝟐
d) : = e) ·𝟒·𝟓= f) : =
𝟓 𝟑 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟏
5 2 7 3 9 2
a) ⋅ = d) ⋅ = g) ⋅ =
2 7 10 14 4 3
5 14 2 1 10 5
b) ⋅ = e) : = h) : =
7 3 3 3 9 3
5 1 7 2 8 6
c) : = f) : = i) : =
2 2 3 3 3 4
𝟒 𝟑
(b) of 63 (d) of 36
𝟗 𝟒
𝟐
25.- A chain store closed of its 345 shops. How many shops were closed?
𝟏𝟓
26.- Mum bought 1200 g of grapes. John ate 1 fifth of them, Betty ate 1
quarter of them and Charlie ate 1 third of them. Dad ate the rest. What
amount of grapes did each of them eat?
3
27.- Joan earns £ 1800 a month. She spends of her salary every month. She
8
2
gives her parents of the remainder and saves the rest. How much money
5
does she save every month?
7
29.- You have to walk km to school. How far have you walked when you are
4
halfway?
3
30.- Harban was given £ 15 allowance each week. He spent of it. What
5
fraction did he save? How much did he save in pounds?
31.- In the summer three friends ran a car-cleaning service. They divided up
the profits at the end of the summer according to the proportion of cars each
had cleaned. Ali had washed 200 cars, Brenda had washed 50 and Chay had
washed 175. The profits were £ 1700. How much did each person get?
Note that adding extra zeros to the right of the last decimal digit does not
change the value of the decimal number.
Place
Name of Position
(underlined)
Ones (units)
1.234567
position
1.234567 Tenths
1.234567 Hundredths
1.234567 Thousandths
Hundred
1.234567
Thousandths
1.234567 Millionths
We can read the decimal number 127.578 as "one hundred twenty seven
and five hundred seventy-eight thousandths". But in daily life, we'd usually
read it as "one hundred twenty seven point five seven eight."
In the number 3.762, the 3 is in the ones place, the 7 is in the tenths
place, the 6 is in the hundredths place, and the 2 is in the thousandths
place.
Example:
The number 14.504 is equal to 14.50400, since adding extra zeros to the
right of a decimal number does not change its value.
The whole number portion of a decimal number are those digits to the left
of the decimal place.
Example:
Symbols are used to show how the size of one number compares to another.
These symbols are < (less than), > (greater than), and = (equals). To compare
the size of decimal numbers, we compare the whole number portions first.
The larger decimal number is the one with the lager whole number portion.
If the whole number parts are both equal, we compare the decimal portions
of the numbers. The left most decimal digit is the most significant digit.
Compare the pairs of digits in each decimal place, starting with the most
significant digit until you find a pair that is different. The number with the
larger digit is the larger number. Note that the number with the most
digits is not necessarily the largest.
Example:
Compare 0.402 and 0.412. The numbers 0.402 and 0.412 have the same
number of digits, and their whole number parts are both 0. We compare
the next most significant digit of each number, the digit in the tenths
place, 4 in each case. Since they are equal, we go on to the hundredths
place, and in this case, 0<1, so 0.402<0.412.
Note:
Remember that adding extra zeros to the right of a decimal does not change its value:
Write the list of names in descending order of height, starting with the
tallest.
34.- Insert the symbols < or > between these pairs of numbers
a) 1.2_____0.62
b) 1.23______1.3
c) 4.008_______4.03
d) 0.24______0.204
e) 0.509_______0.6
f) 1.582_____1.59
Sometimes when dividing, the division will never stop as there is always a
remainder.
𝟓 𝟒 𝟔
35.- Write the fractions , , as recurring decimals using recurring
𝟔 𝟑 𝟏𝟏
decimal notation.
To round a number to any decimal place value, we want to find the number
with zeros in all of the lower places that is closest in value to the original
number. As with whole numbers, we look at the digit to the right of the
place we wish to round to. Note: When the digit 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 appears in
the ones place, round up; when the digit 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 appears in the ones
place, round down.
Examples:
a) 7.469 d) 10.042
b) 12.0372 e) 8. 1794
c) 9.365 f) 22.9999
39.- Terry spent £37.52 on a new computer game. Round the cost to the
nearest pound.
ADDING DECIMALS
To add decimals, line up the decimal points and then follow the rules for
adding or subtracting whole numbers, placing the decimal point in the same
column as above.
When one number has more decimal places than another, use 0's to give
them the same number of decimal places.
SUBTRACTING DECIMALS
To subtract decimals, line up the decimal points and then follow the rules
for adding or subtracting whole numbers, placing the decimal point in the
same column as above.
Multiplying decimals is just like multiplying whole numbers. The only extra
step is to decide how many digits to leave to the right of the decimal point.
To do that, add the numbers of digits to the right of the decimal point in
both factors.
Example:
4.032 × 4
We can multiply 4032 by 4 to get 16128. There are three decimal places in
4.032, so place the decimal three digits from the right:
4.032 × 4 = 16.128
44.- Tom earns a basic weekly wage of £ 180 for 36 hours work.
a) How much does Tom earn for one hour at the basic rate?
b) Overtime pay is one and a half times the basic rate. How much is
Tom paid for one hour of overtime?
c) Overtime is paid for each hour over the basic 36 hours. How
much does Tom earn if he works 43 hours in one week?
45.- A Maths teacher buys 92 text books, costing £ 3.85 each. Work out the
exact total cost.
A college wants to buy 570 calculators. They are sold in boxes of 50.
48.- Find the cost of carpeting a corridor of length 3.6m if the price of the
carpet is £7.50 per metre.
49.- A pile of exercise books is 12 cm high. If each book is 0.8 cm thick, how
many are there in the pile?
51.- A bottle contains 0.9 litres of lemonade. How many glasses, each of a
capacity 0.15 litres, can be filled from it?
52.- A milkman is carrying a crate which contains 12 bottles and weighs 11.5 kg.
If the empty crate weighs 0.7 kg, what is the weight of each bottle of milk?
53.- On 1 litre of petrol, a car can travel 14.3 km. Which calculation, 14.3 x
0.85 or 14.3 / 0.85 gives the distance the car will travel on 0.85 litres of
petrol?
54.- When travelling by air my luggage allowance is 20 kg. If my two cases have
masses of 12.47 kg and 6.38 kg, how many kilograms of my allowance is unused?
The sides of the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt are about 230.5 m long.
Although it was built thousand of years ago by thousands of slaves, the lengths
of its sides vary by no more than 11.5 cm!
Look for some information on your computer related to the Great Pyramid
of Giza:
– Height:
- Built:
- Architects:
- Total mass:
- Chambers inside:
56.- How should the following be written numerically as "one hundred thirty
four and twenty-six thousandths." ?
57.- What is the value of the decimal 0.47351 rounded to the tenths place?
58.- What is the value of the decimal 2.078 rounded to the hundredths
place?
A survey by Sport England has shown that the number of young people not
participating in sports activities during school time has risen. In 1994, 15% of
young people did not take part in sports activities. This has risen to 18% in
2002.
a) According with this survey, if there were 9000 students in Jaen in 1994,
how many students participated in sports activities?
The annual health survey for England, just published, suggests that people are
still not eating enough fruit and vegetables. Department of Health guidelines
suggest five portions of fruit and vegetables a day, a target currently being
met by only one person in four. The survey shows that people in the most
deprived areas of the country are most at risk from illness associated with low
consumption of healthy food. Only 18% of men and 20% of women in deprived
areas eats enough fruit and vegetables, compared with 30% of men and 35% of
women in the most affluent areas of England. Findings are based on interviews
with over 18,000 across England.
Work out the number of men and women eating healthy food.