IBO – 2008

INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

Country: Student Code: ____________

___________________

19th INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGY OLYMPIAD

13th – 20th July, 2008

Mumbai, INDIA

THEORETICAL TEST – PART A

Write all answers in the ANSWER SHEET.

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 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

Dear Participants
• You have a total of 2 hours for
answering Part A.
• The questions in Part A have only
one correct answer. Mark the correct
answer with ‘X’ on the Answer Sheet,
which is provided separately. The
correct way of marking the cross is
shown below. Use a dark pencil to
mark your answers.
• The answers written in the Question
Q. a b c d e
NO.
20
Paper will not be evaluated.
• Mark your answers clearly with pencil.
Erase if wrong in the Answer Sheet.
• NOTE: Some of the questions may be
marked “Skipped” / “Deleted”. DO
NOT attempt these questions. Also,
read the question completely before
attempting it as some questions may
continue from one page to the next.
• The maximum number of points is 61.
• Your Answer Sheets will be collected
at the end of the examination.
• Waktu untuk Soal Tes Bagian A adalah 2 jam
• Untuk Bagian A, tiap pertanyaan hanya memiliki
satu jawaban yang benar. Beri tanda silang ‘X’
pada LEMBAR JAWABAN dengan menggunakan
pensil seperti berikut.
Q. a b c d e
NO.
20
• Jawaban di lembar soal tidak akan dikoreksi.
• Tulis jawaban dengan jelas menggunakan pensil.
Hapus dengan bersih jika anda mengganti jawaban
di LEMBAR JAWABAN
• CATATAN: Beberapa soal akan diberi tanda
“Skipped” / “Deleted”. JANGAN mengerjakan soal
tersebut! Bacalah soal dengan seksama.
• Nilai maksimum untuk bagian ini adalah 61.
• LEMBAR JAWABAN akan dikumpulkan di akhir
tes.

☺ ☺ Good Luck!! ☺ ☺

Country: ___________________________________
First name: _________________________________
Middle name: _______________________________
Family name: ________________________________
Student Code: _______________________________

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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PART A

CELL BIOLOGY (13 points)

1. (1 point) The central dogma originally 1. …

proposed by Francis Crick has seen
changes reflecting new insights
obtained from time to time.
Gambar mana di bawah ini yang
Which one of the following schematics
menunjukkan pengertian sekarang
correctly depicts our current
tentang replikasi bahan genetik dan
understanding of the replication of
aliran informasi genetik pada berbagai
genetic material and the “flow of
sistem biologi.
information” in biological systems?

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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2. (1 point) In an experiment, mice were
injected intravenously with uniformly
labeled [14C] – glucose. The molecules
in the body where the 14C would be
found are:
a. essential amino acids and proteins.
b. lipids and all vitamins.
c. proteins and lipids.
d. proteins and all vitamins.
3. (1 point) The following schematics depict
the orientation of F1FO-ATPase along with
the direction of H+-transport and ATP
synthesis/hydrolysis.
4
2. Mencit-mencit disuntik dengan [14C] –
glukosa. 14C akan berada pada
molekul di bawah ini dalam tubuh
mencit:
a. asam amino esensial dan protein.
b. lipid dan semua vitamin.
c. protein dan lipid.
d. protein dan semua vitamin.
3. Gambar di bawah menunjukkan
letak F1FO-ATPase dan arah
transport H+ dan sintesis/hidrolisis
ATP
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

Of the above schematics, Dari gambar di atas,

a. Only I is correct. a. Hanya I yg benar.
b. Only II is correct. b. Hanya II yg benar
c. Only III is correct. c. Hanya III yg benar
d. Both I and III are correct. d. I dan III benar

4. (1 point) A given DNA sample has 60% 4. Suatu DNA mempunyai 60% purin.
purines. The source of this DNA is DNA ini berasal dari:
most likely to be:
a. sel eukariot.
a. a eukaryotic cell.
b. sel bakteri.
b. a bacterial cell.
c. bakteriofag dengan DNA untai
c. a bacteriophage with double- ganda.
stranded DNA.
d. bakteriofag dengan DNA untai
d. a bacteriophage with single- tunggal.
stranded DNA.

5. (1 point) The stage of cell division 5. Gambar di bawah merupakan gambar:

shown in the figure below represents:

a. Meiotic metaphase I with n = 4

b. Meiotic metaphase II with n = 4

c. Meiotic metaphase II with n = 8

d. Meiotic metaphase I with n = 2

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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6. (1 point) Polymerase Chain Reaction 6. …

(PCR) is a technique for rapid
amplification of DNA segments. I

If you are given double-stranded DNA

with appropriate forward and reverse
primers as shown in the figure below,
the minimum number of cycles you will
require to obtain at least one copy of
the desired fragment PQ as dsDNA
without overhangs will be:
Saudara diberi DNA untai ganda dan
primer forward dan reverse seperti pada
gambar di bawah.
Untuk memperoleh fragmen DNA PQ untai
ganda yang dibatasi sepasang primer di
atas, paling sedikit diperlukan berapa
siklus PCR?

P Q
5 ’
3’

3’ 5’
a. 1

b. 3

c. 4

d. 40

7. (1 point) Which of the primer pairs is 7. Pasangan primer mana yang dapat
the correct one to amplify the gene mengamplifikasi gen di bawah ini dgn
sequence below with PCR? PCR?

5’-GCGTTGACGGTATCAAAACGTTAT… …TTTACCTGGTGGGCTGTTCTAATC-3’

a. 5’-GCGTTGACGGTATCA-3’ and 5’-TGGGCTGTTCTAATC-3’

b. 5’-CGCAACTGCCATAGT-3’ and 5’-TGGGCTGTTCTAATC-3’

c. 5’-GCGTTGACGGTATCA-3’ and 5’-GATTAGAACAGCCCA-3’

d. 5’-TGATACCGTCAACGC-3’ and 5’-GATTAGAACAGCCCA-3’

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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8. (1 point) Equimolar concentrations of 8. Konsentrasi yang sama (dalam Molar)

urea, ethyl urea, and dimethyl urea
were separately added to a suspension
of red blood cells (RBC). The relative
rates of diffusion of these molecules
into RBCs will be:
dari urea, etil urea dan dimetil urea
ditambahkan secara terpisah ke dalam
suspensi sel darah merah. Kecepatan
difusi masing-masing molekul ini ke
dalam sel darah merah:

a. 1 > 2 > 3

b. 1 > 2 = 3

c. 3 > 2 > 1

d. 3 = 2 > 1

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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9. (1 point) A region of a double-stranded 9. Di bawah ditunjukkan suatu DNA untai

DNA is represented in the following ganda.
schematic and the hyphens denote
sequences of unspecified lengths:

The region of DNA enclosed within the Bila bagian yang ada dalam kotak
box undergoes inversion. Which one of mengalami inversi, hasilnya adalah:
the following correctly depicts the above
DNA after inversion?

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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10. (1 point) A rare genetic disease is 10. …

characterized by immuno-deficiency,
developmental and growth delay, and
microcephaly.
Apabila DNA dari pasien dengan penyakit
Suppose you extract DNA from a patient
genetik diisolasi, dan ditemukan DNA
with this syndrome and find almost equal
panjang yang sama banyak dengan DNA
quantities of long and very short DNA
pendek, enzim yang mana yang tidak
strands, which enzyme is likely to be
berfungsi?
defective in this patient?

a. DNA ligase

b. Topoisomerase

c. DNA polymerase

d. Helicase

11. (1 point) A scientist has suggested
that a homolactic fermenting
organism grows anaerobically on
glycerol 3-phosphate as the sole
source of carbon, exclusively using
the following pathway:
11. Seorang peneliti mengusulkan bahwa
organisme yang melakukan fermentasi
homolaktik tumbuh secara anaerob
pada gliserol 3-fosfat sebagai satu-
satunya sumber karbon, menggunakan
jalur berikut:

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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However, the scientific community rejected
this suggestion because:
a. the number of ATP molecules produced
is insufficient to support growth.
b. the number of NAD+ that are reduced is
not same as the number of NADH that
are oxidized in the pathway.
c. the carbon source is not as reduced as
glucose and hence, cannot support
growth.
d. the number of negative charges on lactic
acid (which is being produced) is not the
same as that on glycerol 3-phosphate
(which is being consumed).
12. (1 point) The growth curve of a
bacterial culture grown in a rich
medium at 37°C is shown in Figure A.
The same organism when exposed to
45°C for 30 min and then inoculated
into a rich medium at 37°C, exhibited a
growth curve shown in Figure B.
A B
Turbidity
OD600
Time (hours)
10
Tetapi ada yg menentang pendapat
tersebut karena:
a. Jumlah ATP tidak mencukupi untuk
pertumbuhan.
b. Pada jalur terbut, jumlah NAD+ yg
direduksi tidak sama dgn jumlah
NADH yg teroksidasi.
c. Sumber karbon tidak tereduksi
sebanyak glukosa, sehingga tidak
dapat mendukung pertumbuhan.
d. Jumlah muatan negatif pada asam
laktat (yang dihasilkan) tidak sama
dengan gliserol 3-fosfat (yang
digunakan).
12. Kurva tumbuh kultur bakteri pada
medium kaya pada 37°C ditunjukkan
pada gambar A. Gambar B
menunjukkan bakteri yg sama yg
diinkubasi pada 45°C selama 30 menit,
diinokulasi ke medium kaya pada 37°C,
lalu dibuat kurva tumbuhnya,
Time (hours)
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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Which of the following statements is most Penjelasan bagi pola pertumbuhan B:

likely to explain the growth pattern in
a. Panas mematikan populasi bakteri
Figure B?
semula. Pola pertumbuhan yang
a. Heat kills the original bacterial muncul diakibatkan oleh kontaminasi
population and the growth pattern bakteri lain.
observed is due to a contaminating
b. Panas menghambat pertumbuhan
bacterial strain.
pada tahap tertentu, sehingga terjadi
b. Heat causes growth arrest at a sinkronisasi dan sel-sel membelah
particular stage, thereby synchronizing pada saat yang sama.
cells and resulting in all cells dividing at
c. Panas mengubah sifat permukaan sel
the same time.
sehingga terjadi kesalahan dalam
c. Heat exposure alters surface properties pengukuran kekeruhan.
of cells causing errors in turbidity
d. Peningkatan kekeruhan tidak
measurements.
diakibatkan oleh pertumbuhan, tetapi
d. The increase in turbidity is not due to akibat lisis sel.
growth but caused by increasing lysis
of heat-treated cells with time

13. (1 point) Absorption of a drug in the 13. …

gastro-intestinal tract depends on a
number of factors.
Penisilin V (struktur di bawah) merupakan
Penicillin V, whose structure is shown
asam yg lemah (pKa = 2.7). pH lambung
below, is a weak acid (pKa = 2.7). The
= 2,0 dan pH usus = 7,5. Sebagian besar
pH in stomach is about 2.0 and that in
obat ini diabsorbsi melalui usus.
the intestine is 7.5. Most of the drug is
absorbed in the intestine.
.

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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Choose the most likely reason for this from
the following statements:
a. The drug being hydrophobic, passes
through gastric and intestinal membranes
to a very small extent. However, because
of the much greater surface area in the
intestine, the major quantity of the drug is
absorbed here.
b. The un-ionized form of the drug prevails in
stomach, which slows down its absorption.
Hence, the drug gets preferentially
absorbed in the intestine.
c. The ionized form of the drug prevails in the
intestine which hinders/slows down its
absorption. However, owing to the large
surface area available in the intestine, the
drug is absorbed mainly here.
d. Due to rapid churning movement and the
low pH in the stomach, the drug is
completely broken down into smaller
fragments, which are subsequently
absorbed in the intestine.
12
Penjelasan bagi pernyataan di atas
adalah:
a. karena obat ini bersifat hidrofobik,
dia bisa melalui membran lambung
dan usus dengan sulit. Tetapi
karena luas permukaan usus jauh
lebih besar, sebagian besar obat
ini diserap usus.
b. Bentuk tidak terionisasi obat ini
terdapat di lambung, yg
memperlambt absorbsi, Karena ini
absorbsi terjadi di usus.
c. Bentuk terionisasi obat ini terdapat
di usus, yg memperlambt absorbsi.
Tetapi karena luas permukaan
usus jauh lebih besar, sebagian
besar obat ini diserap usus
d. Akibat pengadukan cepat dan pH
rendah dalam lambung, obat ini
dihancurkan lalu diserap usus.
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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PLANT SCIENCES (9 points)

14. (1 point) Which of the following will
harm a dicotyledonous plant the
most?
a. Removal of the central pith
b. Removal of the cork
c. Removal of the bark
d. Removal of the cork cambium
14. (Nilai 1) Manakah perlakuan berikut yang paling
mematikan bagi tumbuhan dikotil?
a. Empulurnya dihilangkan
b. Jaringan gabusnya dihilangkan
c. Kulit kayunya dilepaskan
d. Kambium gabusnya dihilangkan

15. (1 point) The transverse sections of
the leaves A and B given below
represent, respectively:
a. a xerophyte and a mesophyte.
b. a xerophyte and a floating
hydrophyte.
c. a floating hydrophyte and a
submerged hydrophyte.
d. a submerged hydrophyte and a
xerophyte.
15. (Nilai 1) Sayatan melintang daun A dan B yang
diperlihatkan pada gambar di bawah ini ,masing-
masing menunjukkan tumbuhan:
a. Xerofit dan mesofit
b. Xerofit dan hidrofit terapung
c. Hidrofit terapung dan hidrofit tenggelam
d. hidrofit tenggelam dan xerofit

A B

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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16. (1 point) Certain plant species such
as Red Oak (Quercus rubra) can
tolerate severe drought over a long
period of time without affecting its
photosynthesis. Which of the
following adaptations is likely to
contribute to this ability?
a. Stomatal closure
b. Large negative leaf water potential
c. Bundle sheath with kloroplast (Kranz
leaf anatomy)
d. Fibrous root system that increases
root surface area
17. (1 point) The net assimilation of CO2
of a plant is 0.5 moles when
illuminated during the day. The net
consumption of O2 is 0.12 moles
during the night. Assuming that all
the gas exchange is due to
photosynthesis and respiration of the
biomass (equivalent molecular mass
of 30), what is the net production or
consumption of biomass in grams
during a complete 12 h day:12 h
night diurnal cycle?
a. 3.6 g
b. 7.8 g
c. 11.4 g
d. 15.0 g
16. (Nilai 1) Red Oak (Quercus rubra), sejenis
tumbuhan berkayu dapat tetap bertahan
hidup dalam kondisi kekeringan dalam jangka
waktu lama tanpa mempengaruhi
fotosintesisnya. Jenis adaptasi yang
mendukung hal tersebut adalah:
a. Penutupan stomata
b. Potensial air yang sangat negatif pada daun
c. Seludang pembuluh berkloroplas (Anatomi
Kranz pada daun)
d. Sistem akar serabut meningkatkan luar
permukaan akar
17. (Nilai 1) Misalkan jumlah CO2 yang difiksasi
oleh tumbuhan ketika mendapatkan
penyinaran adalah 0,5 mol, sedangkan
jumlah O2 yang dikonsumsi pada malam hari
adalah 0,12 mol. Asumsikan bahwa semua
pertukaran gas terjadi karena fotosintesis dan
respirasi biomassa (berat molekul biomassa
tersebut adalah 30) Hitung berat bersih
biomassa dalam gram yang terbentuk setelah
dikurangi dengan jumlah yang dikonsumsi
selama satu hari siklus diurnal = 12 jam
siang:12 jam malam?
a. 3.6 g
b. 7.8 g
c. 11.4 g
d. 15.0 g
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 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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18. (1 point) Choose the figure that 18. (Nilai 1) Gambar manakah yang paling sesuai
correctly represents the menggambarkan efisiensi fotosintesis pada
photosynthetic efficiencies of C3 and tumbuhan C3 dan C4?
C4 plants

a. b.

C4 C4

Rate of photosynthesis
Rate of photosynthesis

per unit leaf area

per unit leaf area

C3 C3

1% 50% 1% 50%
100% 100%

0°C 25°C 0°C 25°C

c. d.

C3
C4
Rate of photosynthesis
Rate of photosynthesis

19.
per unit leaf area
per unit leaf area

C4
C3

1% 50%
1% 50%
100%
100%

0°C 25°C 0°C 25°C

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 IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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19. (1 point) Plant chloroplasts are believed 19. (Nilai 1) Kloroplas tumbuhan dipercaya telah
to have evolved from cyanobacteria-like mengalami proses evolusi (endosimbiosis)
progenitors through endosymbiosis. dari organisme yang mirip cyanobacteria. Pilih
Which of the following statements pernyataan yang hanya mendukung
support this hypothesis? hipotesis proses endosimbiosis kloroplas!
I. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria share I. Kloroplas dan cyanobacteria memiliki
similar photosynthetic pigments and pigmen fotosintetik dan membran tilakoid
thylakoid membranes. yag sama.
II. Cyanobacteria exhibit an oxygenic II. Cyanobacteria menunjukkan fotosintesis
photosynthesis. oksigenik.
III. Chloroplasts are maternally inherited. III. Kloroplas diturunkan dari induk maternal.
IV. Chloroplasts have their own DNA and IV. Kloroplas memiliki DNA dan ribosom
ribosomes. sendiri
V. Viable chloroplasts can be isolated V. Kloroplas viabel dapat diisolasi dari sel
from cells but cannot be cultured in tetapi tidak dapat dikultur secara in vitro.
vitro. VI. Pada kloroplas, gen-gen prokariot
VI. Prokaryotic genes express well in terekspresi dengan baik.
chloroplasts.
a. I, III, IV dan V
a. I, III, IV and V b. I, II, IV dan VI
b. I, II, IV and VI c. I, II, III dan V
c. I, II, III and V d. II, IV, V dan VI
d. II, IV, V and VI

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 IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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20. (1 point) Powdery mildew is a plant 20. (Nilai 1) Powdery mildew adalah penyakit
disease caused by an ectoparasitic tumbuhan yang disebabkan oleh jamur
fungus. The fungal infection can spread to Ektoparasit. Mekanisme infeksi jamur tersebut
neighboring host cells in the following diperlihatkan pada gambar di bawah.
ways: Tingkatan ploidi dari struktur Q, R, dan S
The ploidy levels of the structures Q, masing-masing adalah:
R and S are, respectively: a. 2n, n, n
a. 2n, n, n b. n, n, n
b. n, n, n c. 2n, n, 2n
c. 2n, n, 2n d. n, n, 2n
d. n, n, 2n

R
Conidiophore –
Konidiofor Conidia Germination
(ujung hifa) (spora (Perkecambahan)
aseksual)

Hifa S
Germ tube

Ascospore - Askospora Q Antheridia dan

Ascogonia

Ascus
Plasmogamy

Karyogamy

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 IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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21. (1 point) A few characteristics of 21. (Nilai 1) Beberapa karakteristik dari organisme
photoautotrophs are tabulated below. fotoautotrof ditunjukkan pada tabel berikut.

Group Light compensation point (klux Light saturation point CO2 compensation
units) (klux units) point (ppm)
I 1–3 > 80 0
II 1–2 50 – 80 > 40
III 0.2 – 0.5 5 – 10 > 40
IV Data not available 1–2 Data not available

The four groups (I –IV) represent, Kelompok (I –IV) masing-masing adalah:

respectively:
a. I: C4 plants a. I: Tumbuhan C4
II: Sun-loving C3 plants II: Tumbuhan C3 terdedah cahaya
III: Shade-loving C3 plants III: Tumbuhan C3 ternaungi
IV: Deep-sea algae IV: Alga laut dalam

b. I: Sun-loving C3 plants b. I: Tumbuhan C3 terdedah cahaya

II: Shade-loving C3 plants II: Tumbuhan C3 ternaungi
III: C4 plants III: Tumbuhan C4
IV: Bryophytes IV: Bryophita (lumut)

c. I: C4 plants c. I: Tumbuhan C4
II: Bryophytes II: Bryophita (lumut)
III: Sun-loving C3 plants III: Tumbuhan C3 terdedah cahaya
IV: Shade-loving C3 plants IV: Tumbuhan C3 ternaungi

d. I: C4 plants d. I: Tumbuhan C4
II: Sun-loving C3 plants II: Tumbuhan C3 terdedah cahaya
III: Deep-sea algae III: Alga laut dalam
IV: Bryophytes IV: Bryophita (lumut)

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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22. (1 point) The stem of a lily plant was 22. (Nilai 1) Untuk mengamati pergerakan air,
placed in water tinted with red ink to Sebuah batang tumbuhan Lili diletakkan di
monitor the movement of water dalam air yang mengandung tinta merah.
through it. Two transverse sections of Berikut ini diberikan dua sayatan dari batang
stems are given below. In which of the tersebut. Pada struktur manakah anda akan
labeled structures would you expect menemukan warna merah tersebut?
the red color? a. A
a. A b. B
b. B c. C
c. C d. D
d. D e. E
e. E

A B C D

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 IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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ANIMAL SCIENCES (11 points)
23. (1 point)
A few intact skeletons of birds were found
during a field trip to the Pampas in Argentina.
In all the skeletons examined, the sternum
lacked a keel bone. These skeletons most
likely belonged to:
a. terrestrial birds capable of short and
powerful flight.
b. flightless aquatic birds.
c. insectivorous flying birds.
d. flightless terrestrial birds.
24. (1 point) Which one of the following is a
feature of a heterothermic endotherm?
a. Its body temperature can vary, but it
produces heat from its own tissues.
b. Its body temperature varies because it
gains most of the heat from sources
outside its body.
c. Its body temperature does not vary
because it produces heat from its own
tissues.
d. Its body temperature does not vary even
though it gains heat from sources outside
its body.
20
23.
Sternum yang tidak memiliki tulang lunas (keel
bone) adalah ciri dari rangka kebanyakan burung :
a. burung-burung terrestrial yang dapat terbang
dekat dan cepat.
b. Burung-burung akuatik yang tak dapat terbang.
c. Burung-burung terbang pemakan serangga.
d. burung-burung terrestrial yang tak dapat
terbang.
24.
Pernyataan mana yang menunjukkan
heterothermic endotherm?
a. Temperature tubuhnya bervariasi, tapi
memproduksi panas dari jaringan2nya sendiri.
b. Temperature tubuhnya bervariasi karena
kebanyakan panas didapat dari luar tubuhnya.
c. Temperature tubuhnya tidak bervariasi
walaupun memproduksi panas dari
jaringan2nya sendiri.
d. Temperatur tubuhnya tidak bervariasi
walaupun kebanyakan panas didapat dari luar
tubuhnya
 IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
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25. (1 point) Which of the following will be an 25.

advantage of breathing in air over
breathing in water?
I. As air is less dense than water, less
energy is required to move air over
respiratory surfaces.
II. Oxygen diffuses faster through air than it
does through water.
III. The oxygen content of air is greater than
that of an equal volume of water.
Bernafas di udara lebih menguntungkan daripada
di air, karena :
I. Udara kurang padat daripada air, hanya
diperlukan sedikit energi untuk memindahkan
udara ke permukaan respirasi.
II. Oksigen berdifusi lebih cepat di udara daripada
di air
III. Oksigen di udara lebih besar daripada ½
volume aii.

a. Only I and II c. Only II and III

b. Only I and III d. I, II and III

26. (1 point) Which characteristics would allow 26.

you to declare an organism found on a
beach as an echinoderm?
a. Radially symmetric adults with presence of
spines and tube feet.
b. Radially symmetric adults with dorsal hollow
notochord.
c. Exoskeleton with pharyngeal gill-slits and
tube feet.
d. Radially symmetric adults with mantle cavity.
Ciri Echinodermata di pantai ?
a. Dewasanya simetri radial memiliki duri-duri
dan kaki tabung.
b. Radially symmetric adults with dorsal hollow
notochord.
c. Exoskeleton with pharyngeal gill-slits and
tube feet.
d. Radially symmetric adults with mantle cavity.

21
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

27. (1 point) 27.

In an individual X, the pituitary gland was
found to function normally while the adrenal
glands were atrophied. In another individual
Y, both the pituitary and adrenal glands were
found to be underdeveloped. If
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is
administered to these individuals as a
remedial measure, it will be effective in:
a. individual X alone.
b. individual Y alone.
c. both X and Y.
d. neither X nor Y.
Pada individu X, kelenjar pituitary ditemukan
berfungsi normal ketika kelejar adrenal
mengecil (atrofi). Pada individu lain, Y kedua
kelenjar tersebut ditemukan tidak
berkembang. Apabila hormon
adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) diberikan
sebagai obat ke kedua individu tersebut,
maka hal ini akan efektif bagi:
a. individual X alone.
b. individual Y alone.
c. both X and Y.
d. neither X nor Y.

28. (1 point) 28.

Pernyataan manakah yang berhubungan dengan
Which of the following are associated with
penglihatan stereoskopi?
stereoscopic vision?
I. Pengaruh bintik buta dari mata yang satu
I. Effect of the blind spot of one eye is
dihilangkan oleh mata yang lain.
cancelled by the other eye.
II. Total medan pandang 360° dan medan
II. Total visual field of 360° and frontal visual
pandang ke depan 30°.
field of 30°.
III. Banyak ditemukan di burung-burung
III. More likely to be observed in predatory
predator.
birds.
IV. Fovea terletak di tengah memberi
IV. Centrally situated fovea that gives good
visualisasi yang baik.
visual acuity.

a. I, II and IV
a. I, II and IV
b. I, II and III
b. I, II and III
c. II, III and IV
c. II, III and IV
d. I, III and IV
d. I, III and IV

22
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________
29. (1 point)
The glycoside “Phloridzin” present in apple
peel can block the normal reabsorption of
glucose from kidney tubules. As a result,
sugar is almost completely excreted through
the urine. A mouse fed with Phloridzin along
with sodium succinate will develop:
a. hypoglycemia and no sugar will be detected
in the urine sample.
b. hyperglycemia and urine test for sugar will be
positive.
c. hyperglycemia and no sugar will be detected
in the urine sample.
d. hypoglycemia and urine test for sugar will be
positive.
30. (1 point)
Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood
pumped by each ventricle. It is determined by
multiplying the heart rate and the stroke volume.
The stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected
by each ventricle with each beat. If the heart of a
woman beats 56 times in a minute, the volume of
blood in her heart is 120 ml at the end of diastole
and 76 ml at the end of systole, what would be
her cardiac output?
a. 10.976 L/min
b. 2.464 L/min
c. 6.720 L/min
d. 4.256 L/min
23
29. (1 point)
Glikosida “Phloridzin” terdapat pada kulit apel
dapat menghambat reabsorpsi glukosa
secara normal dari tubulus ginjal. Akibatnya,
kebanyakan gula dieksresikan lewat urin.
Mencit yang diberi Phloridzin + Na-suksinat
akan berakibat:
a. Hypoglycemia dan tidak akan ada gula di
urinnya.
b. hyperglycemia dan gula ditemukan di
urinnya.
c. hyperglycemia dan tidak akan ada gula di
urinnya..
d. hypoglycemia dan gula ditemukan di urinnya.
30. (1 point)
Cardiac output didefinisikan sebagai jumlaj darah
yang dipompa oleh tiap ventrikel. Hal ini
ditentukan oleh penggandaan laju denyut jantung
stroke volume. Stroke volume adalah jumlah
darah yang dikeluarkan oleh tiap ventrikel tiap
denyut. Bila denyut jantung wanita 56 /menit,
volume darah di dalam jantung 120 ml di akhir
diastol, dan 76 ml di akhir sistole, berapa cardiac
output-nya?
a. 10.976 L/min
b. 2.464 L/min
c. 6.720 L/min
d. 4.256 L/min
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

31. (1 point) 31. (1 point)

A drinking water consumed by a population with
a modified bisphenol-A, which is not degraded in
the body. As a result, there are measurable
levels of this compound in the blood. Which of
the following would result if the modified
bisphenol-A were an estrogen-mimicking
compound?
a. Males would have decreased sperm
production.
b. Males would have elevated levels of follicle-
stimulating hormone.
c. Females would have elevated levels of
gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
d. Males would have elevated levels of blood
testosterone.
e. Follicle stimulation would increase in females.
Suatu populasi yang mengkonsumsi air yang
mengandung modifikasi bisphenol-A ( tidak
terurai dalam tubuh, dapat diukur dalam darah).
Apakah yang akan terjadi jika senyawa tersebut
meniru kerja dari estrogen?
a. Menurunnya produksi sperma.
b. Males would have elevated levels of follicle-
stimulating hormone.
c. Females would have elevated levels of
gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
d. Males would have elevated levels of blood
testosterone.
e. Follicle stimulation would increase in females.

32. (1 point) 32. (1 point)

If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the CO2 yang dilepas ke dalam darah akan melewati
blood in your left foot travels out of your nose, it semua bagian di bawah ini, kecuali:
must pass through all of the following structures a. right atrium
except the: b. pulmonary vein
a. right atrium c. alveolus
b. pulmonary vein d. bronchus
c. alveolus e. pulmonary artery
d. bronchus
e. pulmonary artery

24
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

33. (1 point) 33. (1 point)

The process of artificial kidney dialysis is shown Di bawah ini skema proses dialisis ginjal buatan:
schematically using the following symbols:

: erythrocyte : salts
: urea
: semi-permeable membrane
: proteins

Which of the following correctly depicts the process? (Skema proses yang benar?)

a. b.

c. d.

25
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________
GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (17 points)
34. (1 point) A mutation results in the absence 34. Suatu mutasi menyebabkan tidak adanya
of sweat glands, a disease called
anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. A woman
suffering from this disease has a mosaic
of skin patches lacking sweat glands. The
woman is likely to be:
a. homozygous for an autosomal recessive
mutation.
b. heterozygous for an autosomal dominant
mutation.
c. homozygous for a X-linked recessive
mutation.
d. heterozygous for a X-linked recessive
mutation.
35. (1 point) A mink breeder allows random
mating among his minks. He discovers that,
on an average, 9% of his minks have rough
fur that fetches less money when sold. So
he decides to focus upon smooth fur and
does not allow minks with rough fur to mate.
Rough fur is linked to an autosomal
recessive allele. What is the theoretical
percentage of minks with rough fur that he
will obtain in the next generation?
a. 7.3
b. 5.3
c. 2.5
d. 1.2
26
kelenjar keringat. Wanita yg menderita
penyakit genetik ini mempunyai bagian
kulit yg berkelenjar keringat dan bagian yg
tidak berkelenjar keringat. Wanita
tersebut:
a. homozigot untuk mutasi autosomal
resesif.
b. heterozigot untuk mutasi autosomal
dominan.
c. homozigot untuk mutasi resesif pada
kromosom X.
d. heterozigot untuk mutasi resesif pada
kromosom X.
35. Peternak bajing membiarkan bajing-
bajingnya kawin secara acak. Ternyata
9% bajing mempunyai bulu kasar yg
harganya lebih murah. Karena itu hanya
bajing dgn bulu halus yg boleh kawin.
Bulu kasar diatur oleh alel resesif
autosomal. Berapa % bajing mempunyai
bulu kasar pada generasi berikutnya?
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

36. (1 point) In a breed of rabbits, multiple alleles
with the following dominance relationships
control coat coloration:
C (agouti) > cch (chinchilla) > ch (Himalayan) >
c (albino).
An experimental cross between agouti and
Himalayan produced 50% agouti and 50%
Himalayan progeny. Which of the following
crosses could produce this result?
36. Tingkat dominansi alel warna bulu
kelinci:
C (agouti) > cch (chinchilla) > ch
(Himalayan) > c (albino).
Persilangan antara bulu agouti dengan
Himalayan menghasilkan 50% agouti
dan 50% Himalayan. Persilangan yg
mana yg menghasilkan rasio di atas?

I. Cch X chch
II. Cc X chc
III. Cch X chc
IV. Cc X chch

a. I, II and III
b. II, III and IV
c. I, III and IV
d. I, II and IV

27
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

37. (1 point) Alleles IA and IB present on
chromosome 9 are responsible for blood
groups A and B, respectively. Blood group O
results when these alleles are either absent
A B
or not expressed. The alleles I and I are
expressed only if the H allele is present on
chromosome 19, either in the homozygous or
heterozygous condition, where h stands for
the recessive allele.
Gilbert belongs to the AB blood group. His
sister Helen belongs to the A group while
their father belongs to the O group. Identify
the maternal and paternal genotypes.
37. Alel IA dan IB terdapat pada kromosom
9, menyebabkan golongan darah A
dan B. Golongan darah O muncul bila
kedua alel tidak ada atau tidak
diekspresi. Alel IA dan IB hanya
diekspresi bila alel H terdapat pada
kromosom 19, bisa homozigot atau
heterozigot. Alel h resesif.
Gilbert mempunyai golongan darah
AB. Adiknya mempunyai golongan
darah A, sedangkan bapaknya
golongan darah O. Tentukan
genotipe ibu dan bapaknya.

Mother Father

a. H/H, IA/IB H/h, IO/IO

b. H/h, IB/IO h/h, IA/IO
c. h/h, IO/IO h/h, IA/IO
d. H/H, IA/IO H/h, IB/IO
e. h/h, IB/IO H/h, IO/IO

28
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

38. (1 point) The phenotypes of three 38. Fenotipe tiga populasi eksperimental
experimental populations of plants are tanaman ditunjukkan dalam grafik di
shown in the following graphs. bawah.
Relative frequency

Relative frequency

Relative frequency
Height Height Height

X Y Z

The three populations X, Y and Z represent, Populasi X, Y dan Z adalah:

respectively:
a. Generasi F1, F2 and F3
a. F1, F2 and F3 generations
b. Generasi P, F1 and F2
b. P, F1 and F2 generations
c. Generasi F2, P and F1
c. F2, P and F1 generations
d. Generasi F3, F1 and F2
d. F3, F1 and F2 generations

39. (1 point) In a population of mice, 40% of 39. Pada populasi mencit, 40% jantan
males showed a dominant X-linked trait. menunjukkan sifat dominan terikat kromosom
Assuming random mating, the most X. Pada perkawinan acak, perkawinan paling
frequent mating is expected between the sering terjadi antara genotipe:
genotypes:
a. XBXb dan XbY
a. XBXb and XbY
b. XBXB dan XbY
b. XBXB and XbY
c. XBXb dan XBY
c. XBXb and XBY
d. XbXb dan XbY
d. XbXb and XbY

29
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________
40. (1 point) Hunting of Northern elephant seals
reduced their population size to as few as 20
individuals at the end of the 19th century.
Their population has since rebounded to
over 30,000. But their genomes still carry the
marks of this bottleneck when compared to
the population of Southern elephant seals
that was not so intensely hunted. Such
bottlenecks are manifested in the form of:
I. abundance of unique mutations.
II. increased frequency of lethal recessive
alleles.
III. reduced genetic variation.
IV. increased population size.
a. Only I and II
b. Only III
c. I, II and IV
d. II and III
30
40. Perburuan anjing laut di Utara
menurunkan populasinya menjadi 20
ekor pada akhir abad ke 19.
Populasinya sudah meningkat menjadi
30000 ekor. Akibat dari penurunan
populasi tersebut menyebabkan
perbedaan dgn populasi di Selatan,
yang terlihat pada:
I. Banyaknya mutasi unik.
II. Peningkatan frekuensi alel
resesif yg letal.
III. Penurunan variasi genetik.
IV. Peningkatan ukuran populasi.
a. Hanya I and II
b. Hanya III
c. I, II and IV
d. II and III
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

41. (1 point) What is true for both genetic drift 41. Apa yang benar tentang pergerakan
and natural selection? genetik maupun seleksi alam?

I. They are mechanisms of evolution. I. Sama-sama mekanisme evolusi.

II. They are entirely random processes. II. Sama-sama proses acak

III. They usually result in adaptations. III. Sama-sama menyebabkan adaptasi.

IV. They affect the genetic make-up of the IV. Sama-sama mempengaruhi genotipe
population. populasi. .

a. I and II a. I dan II

b. I and III b. I dan III

c. II and III c. II dan III

d. I and IV d. I and IV

42. (1 point) The frequencies of two 42. Frekuensi alel ko-dominan dengan nilai
codominant alleles with similar fitness fitness yang sama dalam populasi mencit
values in a laboratory population of mice di lab adalah 0,55 dan 0,45. Setelah 5
were 0.55 and 0.45. After 5 generations, generasi, nilainya berubah menjadi 0,35
the values changed to 0.35 and 0.65, dan 0,65. Mekanisme apa yang
respectively. Which two of the following menyebabkan hal tersebut?
mechanisms are most likely to be
I. mutasi titik
responsible for this observation?
II. perkawinan tidak acak.
I. Point mutation
V. Pergerakan genetik,
II. Nonrandom mating
VI. tekanan seleksi
III. Genetic drift
IV. Selection pressure
a. I dan IV
a. I and IV
b. II dan IV
b. II and IV
c. I dan III
c. I and III
d. II dan III
d. II and II

31
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

43. (1 point) In pea plants, the allele for green
color of seeds (Y) is dominant over that for
yellow color (y) while the allele for round
seeds (R) is dominant over that for
wrinkled seed (r). The results of an
experimental cross with such garden pea
plants are tabulated below
43. Pada ercis, alel biji hijau (Y)
dominan erhadap kuning (y),
sedangkan alel biji bulat (R)
dominan terhadap keriput (r).
Hasil suatu persilangan terdapat
pada tabel di bawah.

Seed phenotype Number

Green and round 32
Green and wrinkled 28
Yellow and round 12
Yellow and wrinkled 9

The parental genotypes are likely to be: Genotipe parental:

a. YyRr and Ggrr

b. Yyrr and GgRR
c. YyRr and GgRr
d. YyRR and ggRr

44. (1 point) 44. (1 point)

A population has 6 times as many Suatu populasi memiliki individu heterozigot 6 kali
heterozygous as homozygous recessive dari homozigot resesifnya. Frekuensi alel resesif
individuals. The frequency of the recessive tersebut adalah:
allele will be:
a. 1/3 a. 1/3
b. 1/4 b. 1/4
c. 1/2 c. 1/2
d. 1/6 d. 1/6

32
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

45. (1 point) 45. (1 point)

If you have data on genotypic frequencies Jika anda memiliki data frekuensi genotip untuk
for several generations of a population and beberapa generasi pada suatu populasi,
if you apply the Hardy-Weinberg equation kesimpulan apakah yang mendukung persamaan
to it, which of the following can be Hardy-Weinberg adalah?
deduced? I. Terjadinya evolusi dalam populasi
I. Whether evolution has occurred in the II. Arah evolusi, jika terjadi
population. III. Penyebab evolusi, jika terjadi
II. The direction of evolution, if it has
occurred. a. Only I and II
III. The cause of evolution, if it has b. Only I and III
occurred. c. Only II and III
a. Only I and II d. I, II and III
b. Only I and III
c. Only II and III
d. I, II and III

33
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________
46. (1 point)
The residues of mines often contain such
high concentrations of toxic metals (e.g.,
copper, lead) that most plants are unable to
grow on them. However, in a particular
study, certain grasses were found to spread
from the surrounding uncontaminated soil
onto such waste heaps. These plants
developed resistance to the toxic metals
while their ability to grow on
uncontaminated soil decreased. As grasses
are wind-pollinated, breeding between the
resistant and non-resistant populations
went on. But eventually, the less resistant
plants growing on contaminated soil and
the more resistant plants growing on
uncontaminated soil died out. This process
is indicative of:
a. Directional selection.
b. bottleneck effect.
c. Sympatric speciation.
d. Disruptive (difersifying) selection.
46. (1 point)
Banyak tumbuhan tidak dapat tumbuh di tempat
buangan hasil tambang yang mengandung logam
toksik (tembaga, timah) konsentrasi tinggi.
Ditemukan beberapa rumput yang tumbuh di
tempat tersebut dan berasal dari tempat
sekitarnya yang tidak terkotaminasi. Rumput
tersebut mengembangkan kemampuan resistensi
terhadap logam toksik, sementara kemampuan
untuk tumbuh di tempat yang tidak terkontaminasi
menjadi berkurang. Polinasi dengan bantuan
angin memungkinkan terjadinya perkawinan
antara populasi yang resisten dan tidak resisten.
Pada akhirnya, rumput yang kurang resisten
tumbuh di tempat yang terkontaminasi,
sedangkan yang lebih resisten menjadi mati di
tempat yang tidak terkontaminasi. Proses ini
adalah:
a. Directional selection.
b. bottleneck effect.
c. Spesiasi simpatrik
d. Seleksi terbalik
34
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

47. (1 point) 47. (1 point)

A genetic disease is caused by an
autosomal recessive allele. Individual 2 in
the following pedigree is a carrier for this
trait. Assuming that individuals 3 and 4 are
normal homozygous, what is the probability
that individual 6 will have the disease?
Kelainan genetis disebabkan oleh alel resesif
autosom. Individu 2 adalah carrier sifat tersebut.
Asumsikan bahwa individu 3 dan 4 adalah normal
homozigot, berapa peluang individu 6 memiliki
kelainan tersebut.?

a. 1/16
b. 1/32
c. 1/64
d. 1/128

1 2
: Male
AA Aa
3 4 : Female

5 6

35
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

48. (1 point) Note the following genotypes and corresponding phenotypes:

Perhatikan genotip dan fenotip di bawah ini!
A–B– Agouti
A–bb Albino
aaB – Black
aabb Albino
The biochemical process that can explain the above pattern is:
Proses biokimia berikut yang dapat menjelaskan pola genotip dan fenotip di
atas adalah:

a. product of B gene product of A gene

Colorless precursor agouti pigment black pigment

b. product of B gene product of A gene

Colorless precursor black pigment agouti pigment

c.
product of A gene product of B gene

Colorless precursor agouti pigment black pigment

d.
product of B gene

Colorless precursor black pigment

product of A gene

agouti pigment

36
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

49. (1 point) In a population, 90% of the 49. (1 point)

alleles at the Rh locus are ‘R’. Another
alternative form of this allele is ‘r’. Forty
children from this population go to a
particular play school. The probability
that all are Rh positive is:
Pada suatu populasi, 90% alel Rh terdapat dalam
lokus ‘R’ dan alel pasangannya dalam bentuk ‘r’.
40 anak masuk satu sekolah. Berapa peluang
ditemukannya Rh positif pada semua anak?

a. 400.81
b. 0.9940
c. 400.75
d. 1-0.8140

50. (1 point) Study the pedigree and answer the following question.

3 4 5 6
1 2
: Male : Female : Dizygotic twins

The genetic relatedness between individuals 1 and 2 and between individuals 5 and 6,
respectively, is:
Hubungan genetis antara individu 1 dan 2 dan antara 5 dan 6, masing-masing
adalah:
a. 0.5 and 0.25
b. 0.25 and 0.5
c. 1.0 and 0.5
d. 1.0 and 0.25

37
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

ECOLOGY (7 points)
51. (1 point) A typical biomass pyramid is 51. (Nilai 1) Gambar dibawah ini menunjukan
represented in the figure below. piramida biomasa.

D
E
C
B
A

If A represents a primary producer, then E Bila A produsen primer, maka E adalah:

is likely to be a: a. photo-litho-heterotroph.
a. photo-litho-heterotroph. b. chemo-organo-heterotroph.

b. chemo-organo-heterotroph. c. chemo-litho-autotroph.
d. photo-organo-heterotroph.
c. chemo-litho-autotroph.
d. photo-organo-heterotroph.

52. (1 point) Comparative sensitivity of three
groups of organisms to single large doses
of x-or γ-rays delivered at short intervals is
shown in the figure below
52. (Nilai 1) Perbandingan sensitivitas dari 3
kelompok organisme terhadap besarnya
dosis tunggal sinar x- atau γ- yang
dipancarkan dalam interval singkat
diperlihatkan pada gambar dibawah ini

102 103 104 105 106

Dose in rads

38
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________
The three groups P, Q, R respectively are:
a. insects, mammals and bacteria
b. mammals, bacteria and insects
c. bacteria, mammals and insects
d. mammals, insects and bacteria
53. (1 point) Hay is boiled in water and cooled.
Some pond water, containing only
heterotrophic protozoa, is added to it and
kept in the dark for a long time. Which of
the following are true?
I. Heterotrophic succession of protozoa will
occur with increase in total biomass.
II. The energy of the system is maximum at
the beginning.
III. Succession will occur, eventually reaching
a steady state in which energy flow is
maintained.
IV. The ecosystem may undergo succession
but finally all organisms will die or go into
resting stages.
a. I and III
b. II and IV
c. II and III
d. I and IV
39
Ketiga kelompok P, Q, R berturut-turut
adalah:
a. serangga, mamalia dan bakteri
b. mamalia, bakteria dan serangga
c. bakteri, mamalia dan serangga
d. mamalia, serangga
dan bakteri
53. (Nilai 1) Jerami dididihkan kemudian
didinginkan. Kedalamnya ditambahkan air
kolam yang mengandung protozoa heterotrofik,
dibiarkan dalam gelap untuk waktu yang lama.
Manakah pernyataan yang betul?
I. Suksesi protozoa heterotrofik akan terjadi
dengan meningkatnya biomasa total.
II. Energi dalam system pada awalnya, maximum.
III. Suksesi akan terjadi, pada akhirnya mencapai
keseimbangan dengan mempertahankan aliran
energi.
IV. Ekosistem akan menjalani suksesi tetapi
akhirnya seluruh organisme akan mati atau
menuju tahap istirahat.
a. I dan III
b. II dan IV
c. II dan III
d. I dan IV
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

54. (1 point) An ecologist is comparing the
growth of a herbaceous plant species
growing in two different sites A and B. To
compare the populations from the two
sites, she has harvested 30 individuals
from each site, then measured the root
length, root biomass, and shoot biomass of
each individual. A summary of those
measurements are as follows:
54. (Nilai 1) Ekolog membandingkan pertumbuhan
herba yang tumbuh di dua tempat yang berbeda
(A dan B). Untuk membandingkan populasi, dari
tiap tempat dipanen 30 individu, tiap individu
diukur panjang akar, biomasa akar dan
biomasa tunas. Hasil pengukuran :

Lokasi Panjang akar rata2 Biomasa akar rata2 Biomasa tunas rata2
(cm) (g) (g)
Tempat A 27.2 + 0.2 348.7 + 0.5 680.7 + 0.1
Tempat B 13.4 + 0.3 322.4 + 0.6 708.9 + 0.2

Based on the data presented, which of the Berdasarkan data, manakah pernyataan yang
following statements is likely to be true? BENAR?
a. Soil water availability is lower in Site B than a. Ketersediaan air tanah di B lebih rendah
in Site A. dari di A.
b. Plant productivity is higher in Site A than in b. Produktivitas tumbuhan di A lebih tinggi
Site B. dari di B.
c. Soil water availability is lower in Site A than c. Ketersediaan air tanah di A lebih rendah
in Site B. dari di B.
d. Soil nutrient availability is lower in Site B d. Ketersediaan nutrisi tanah di B lebih
than in Site A. rendah dari A.

40
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

55. (1 point) In an aquatic ecosystem, the total dry 55. (Nilai 1 point) Pada ekosistem perairan, the
biomass of each of three groups of organisms biomasa kering total dari tiap kelompok
is as follows: organisme sbb:
I. Ciliates: 1.1062 g V. Ciliata: 1.1062 g

II. Midge larvae: 0.9623 g VI. Larva: 0.9623 g

III. Oligochaetes: 1.005 g VII. Oligochaeta: 1.005 g

The most likely food chain that they represent is: Rantai makanan yang tepat:

a. I  II  III a. I  II  III

b. II  I  III b. II  I  III

c. I  III  II c. I  III  II

d. III  II  I d. III  II  I

e. II  III  I e. II  III  I

56. (1 point) The reproductive effort of a plant is
defined as the ratio of the dry weight of its
reproductive organs to that of its above-
ground tissues. The reproductive effort of two
purely reproducing plant species M and N, as
compared to their relative leaf biomass is
plotted in the graph below
56. (Nilai 1) Upaya reproduksi dari suatu tumbuhan
didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan berat kering
dari organ reproduktifnya terhadap jaringan diatas
tanah. Upaya reproduksi dari dua tumbuhan M
dan N, dibandingkan dengan biomasa relatif
daunnya digambarkan sbb:

0.5
Upaya reproductive

0.1 N

0.1 0.5
Biomasa daun / biomasa total

41
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________
Choose the correct interpretation.
a. M is a r-strategist adapted to a highly disturbed
habitat.
b. N is a k-strategist adapted to a highly disturbed
habitat.
c. N is a r-strategist growing under favorable
environmental conditions.
d. M is a k-strategist growing under favorable
environmental condition
57. (1 point) Prey-predator relationships are often
considered analogous to a ‘life-dinner’
relationship in behavioral ecology. Which of the
following statements best describe this analogy
and the relative evolutionary rates of the prey
and predator species in a population?
I. This analogy indicates the fact that the prey
species serves as the ‘dinner’ for the predator
species, the ‘life’ of which depends on the
former.
II. This analogy indicates that a prey species
caught by a predator loses its ‘life’ while a
predator that fails to catch a prey only loses a
‘dinner’.
III. The prey species is usually under greater
selection pressure from its predators and tends
to evolve faster than does a predator species.
IV. The predator species is usually under greater
selection pressure because of its dependence
on a prey species for food and tends to evolve
faster than does a prey species.
a. I and III
b. I and IV
c. II and III
d. II and IV
42
Pilih jawaban yang betul.
a. M : strategi – r , teradaptasi terhadap habitat yang
sangat terganggu.
b. N : strategi – k, teradaptasi terhadap habitat yang
sangat terganggu
c. N : strategi – r, tumbuh pd kondisi lingkungan
yang cocok.
d. M : strategi – k, tumbuh pd kondisi lingkungan
yang cocok
57. Hubungan mangsa – pemangsa sering dianggap
analog (serupa) dengan hubungan makan dalam
ekologi perilaku. Pernyataan mana yang paling
betul untuk menganalogikan hal tersebut dan laju
evolusi relative spesies mangsa-pemangsa dalam
satu populasi?
I. Analoginya : spesies mangsa adalah makanan
bagi predatornya, kehidupannya tergantung dari
mangsa.
II. Analoginya: satu spesies mangsa yang ditangkap
oleh satu predator kehilangan hidupnya,
sementara pemangsa yang gagal memangsa
hanya kehilangan satu makannannya.
III. Spesies mangsa biasanya mengalami tekanan
seleksi dari predatornya dan cenderung
berevolusi lebih cepat dari spesies predatornya.
IV. Spesies predator biasanya mengalami tekanan
seleksi yang kuat karena untuk makanannya
sangat tergantung pada satu spesies mangsa
yang cenderung cepat berubah dibandingkan
dengan spesies mangsa.
a. I dan III
b. I dan IV
c. II dan III
d. II dan IV
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________
ETHOLOGY (4 points)
58.
(1 point) Animals can use their circadian clocks
to determine direction from the position of the
sun. In a particular experiment conducted in
Iceland, a bird, kept in a cage open to the sky,
was trained to seek food on the western side.
Its circadian rhythm was then phase-delayed
by 6 hours and after phase shifting, the bird
was returned to its open cage at 12.00 noon
real time. It was observed to seek food in the:
59.
(1 point) Coho Salmon is a fish found in the
freshwater streams of North America. The
males of this species have two reproductive
strategies to fertilize the eggs laid by females.
Larger males are able to fight with each other
successfully but smaller males are unable to do
so. The latter adopt another strategy, that of
sneaking, in which they hide behind rocks and
quickly approach females to fertilize the eggs
before the larger males are able to do so.
Which of the following graphs depicts the
correct strategies?
43
(Nilai 1) Hewan menggunakan jam harian
untuk menentukan arah terhadap posisi
matahari. Seekor burung dalam sangkar dilatih
untuk mencari makan di tempat terbuka di sisi
barat. Ritme hariannya ditunda 6jam dan
setelah itu, burung kembali lagi ke sangkar
pada jam 12.00 siang. Pengamatan mencari
makan dilakukan di:
a. utara.
b. selatan.
c. timur.
d. barat.
(Nilai 1) Ikan Salmon hidup di sungai di
Amerika Utara. Jantannya punya 2 strategi
reproduksi untuk memfertilisasi telur-telkur
yang diletakan betinanya. Jantan besar
mambu berkelahi dan menang, tetapi jantan
kecil tak mampu. Jantan kecil menggunakan
strategi lain, yaitu dengan bersembunyi
dibelakang batu dan segera mendekati
betinanya untuk membuahi telur sebelum
dilakukan oleh jantan besar. Grafik mana yang
menggambarkan strategi yang paling tepat?
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

a.
b.

Proximity to female
Fighting Sembunyi
Male body size

Sembunyi
Fighting

Jarak ke betina
Ukuran tubuh jantan

c. d.
Proximity to female

Sembunyi Fighting
Male body size

Fighting Sembunyi

Proximity to female Ukuran tubuh jantan

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

60.
(1 point) Young laughing gull chicks peck at the
tip of the parent’s beak which, in turn, induces
the adult gull to regurgitate food. Experiments
were conducted with one-day old and three-
day old chicks, the latter being reared with their
parents. These chicks were presented with the
following models of the parent head and the
following responses were obtained:
(Nilai 1) Burung camar muda mematuk ujung paruh
induknya, hal itu akan menginduksi induk camar
memuntahkan makanannya. Eksperimen dilakukan
dengan anak berumur satu & 3 hari (yang terahir
dipelihara induksnya). Kedua anak ini digambarkan
dengan model kepala induk mengikuti respons yang
diperolehnya :

Jumlah rata2 patukan / 30 sec

Model 0 5 10 15

Umur satu hari

Parental
Pengalaman

II

III

IV

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

Choose the correct interpretation of the
experiment
a. Pecking behavior is a fixed action pattern
where any long pointed object acts as an
equally effective stimulus.
b. The pecking rate of laughing gull chicks
increases with age.
c. The response of one-day old chicks is
more pronounced when the model is closer
to that of the parent.
d. Act of pecking is an innate behavior
while the discriminatory capacity of the
chicks is a result of learning.
Pilih interpretasi yang paling betul
a. Perilaku mematuk adalah FAP, dimana objek
yang dipatuk terus-terusan bertindak sebagai
stimulus efektif.
b. Laju mematuk dari camar muda bertambah
sejalan dengan umur.
c. Respons dari anak camar umur sehari lebih
tegas/nyata bila model lebih dekat ke induk.
d. Tindakan mematuk adalah “innate behavior”
sementara kapasitas membedakan dari anak
adalah hasil dari learning.

46
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________
61
(1 point) While studying the frogs of a certain species
in their natural habitat in the night time during the
mating season, you observe a chorus of male frogs in
which some individuals are calling while others
remain silent. On further observation, you see the
silent frogs are sitting closer to those that are calling.
Which of the following is most likely to explain the
behavior of this chorus of frogs?
a. The individuals who are not calling are alternating
their calls with those of the others and are likely
to call later in the season after the latter have
finished mating.
b. The silent frogs are close genetic relatives of the
calling individuals and do not expend valuable
energy in calling the offsprings from the matings
that the latter will receive would provide adequate
indirect fitness to them.
c. The silent frogs have evaluated that their calls
are inadequate in attracting females, as
compared to those of the calling individuals, and
lie in wait to sneak matings with the females that
approach the calling males.
d. The silent frogs do not expend energy in
themselves calling as the female frogs that are
attracted to the calls of the others are anyway
likely to visually inspect the closely-spaced males
and then choose their mating partners.
47
(Nilai 1) Saat studi beberapa spesies katak di
alam, pada malam hari selama periode kawin,
dari observasi, beberapa katak jantan
melakukan perilaku memanggil. Dari observasi
berikutnya, katak yang diam duduk dekat katak
yang memanggil.
Pernyataan yang menjelaskan perilaku katak-
katak memanggil?
a. Katak yang diam akan bergantian dengan
katak yang memanggil dan akan
memanggil pada musim berikutnya.
b. Katak yang diam punya hubungan genetis,
tetapi tidak menggunakan energi untuk
memanggil dan kawin.
c. Katak yang diam merasa bahwa
panggilannya tidak cukup untuk menarik
betina, dan sembunyi sambil menunggu
untuk dapat kawin dengan bertina yang
mendekat ke katak yang memanggil.
d. Katak yang diam tidak mau mengeluarkan
energinya untuk menarik betina
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

BIOSYSTEMATICS (2 points)
62.
(1 point) Although Echidna lays eggs, it has (Nilai 1) Karakter Echidna manakah yang
been classified as a mammal due to the mendukung dimasukan dalam kelas
presence of mammary glands. Which of the Mammalia?
following additional features of Echidna are
also unique to the class Mammalia?

Echidna

I. Hair over parts of the body. I. Rambut menutupi tubuh

II. Presence of pituitary and thyroid gland. II. Adanya kelenjar pituitari dan tiroid
III. Pemisahan paru-paru sempurna dan
III. Complete separation of pulmonary and
jantung ber-ruang empat
systemic circulation in a 4 -chambered
IV. Diafragma pemisah rongga dada dan
heart.
perut
IV. A diaphragm separating thoracic and
V. Regulasi suhu tubuh tak bergantung suhu
abdominal cavities.
ambient (lingkungan)
V. Regulation of body temperature
VI. sel darah merah tidak memiliki inti
irrespective of ambient temperature.
VI. Enucleated red blood cells. a. III dan VI
a. III and VI
b. I, IV dan V
b. I, IV and V
c. Hanya I dan IV
c. Only I and IV
d. I dan II
d. I and II
e. I, IV dan VI
e. I, IV and VI

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

63.
(1 point) Study the adjoining schematically
drawn evolutionary lineage. The derived
characters A, B and C represent, respectively:
(Nilai 1) Study silsilah secara evolusioner
sejalan dengan waktu digambarkan dengan
diagram di bawah ini. A. B dan C berturut-turut
menunjukan karakter yang diturunkan, karakter
tersebut adalah :

Protochordata
Invertebrates

Mammalia
Amphibia
Agnatha

Reptilia

Aves
Pisces

A B C

TIME

a. vertebral column and cranium, jaw, a. Tulang belakang dan tengkorak; rahang;
pentadactyl limbs. berkaki.
b. tail, heart, teeth. b. Ekor; jantung; gigi;
c. heart, gill, cranium. c. Jantung; insang; tengkorak.
d. cranium, cloaca, hepatic portal system. d. Tengkorak; kloaka; system portal hepatika.

49