Transgenic animal

Summary of animal pharming

Gametogeneis
Fertilization
Gametogenesis
Meiosis is the first step in gametogenesis: separation of homologous
chromosomes into haploid daughter cells
Spermatogonia and oogonia are the germ cells that will eventually develop
into the mature sperm or egg
Primary spermatocyte or oocyte: the first step in this development is the
duplication of homologous chromosomes to get ready for meiosis
Secondary spermatocyte or oocyte:
the first meiotic division separates
the homologous chromosomes from
each parent
Spermatids or eggs: the second
meiotic division separates the 2
chromatids and creates 4 haploid
cells
In males, this eventually produces 4
sperm cells by the process of
spermiogenesis. In females, it
produces 1 egg and 3 polar bodies.
This allows the egg to retain more
cytoplasm to support early stages of
development
Meiosis generates tremendous genetic diversity. How many different types
of gametes can be generated by an individual (male or female) with 23
different chromosomes?
More than 223 or 8,000,000 different gametes
Homologous chromosomes form the synaptonemal complex
which facilitates crossing over and genetic diversity
During meiosis, homologous
chromosomes join together in pairs to
form the synaptonemal complex.
Each pair of chromatids is connected by
axial proteins. The 2 homologous
chromosomes are held together closely
by central element proteins.
A recombination nodule forms that
contains enzymes for cutting and
splicing DNA. Chromosomes are cut and
joined crosswise at points called
chiasmata, seen when they separate.
The exchange of genetic material is
evident when the chromosomes separate
This process is dangerous as it leads to
deletions and duplications of genetic
material. However, it is also valuable
because it increases genetic diversity
and facilitates evolution.
Production of sperms in testes
Structure of testes
Hormonal signalling involved in
spermatogenesis
 Spermatogonia and oogonia are stem cells

What is a stem cell?

Stem cells have 3 properties: 1. They are undifferentiated cells
2. They have potential for self renewal
3. They are able to undergo differentiation
to form committed progenitor cells (a
fancy word for all types of
differentiated adult cells such as
muscle, bone, skin, etc)
 Female Genital System
• The Ovary: female sex gland, produce ova.
• The Uterus: in which the fetus develop.
Release of matured eggs and fetilization
 Oocytes have a very small nucleus / cytoplasm ratio

Most normal cells have several times as much cytoplasm as nucleus. This
allows the nucleus to make enough mRNA and rRNA to keep up with the
cytoplasm and cell needs.

In some species, oocytes have a tremendously tiny nucleus to cytoplasm ratio.

They must have a large amount of cytoplasm and ribosomes to make all of the
proteins needed for embryonic development.

The nucleus is just not large enough to keep up and maintain enough
transcription to generate all of the needed components. However, oocytes have
developed specializations to deal with this problem.

1. Ribosomal RNA genes are often amplified in oocytes. This allows more
templates to transcribe more rRNA.
Normal cell vs Egg cells
Hormonal regulation in egg formation
Fertilized egg
Fertilization