344° Chapter 11 The Equations of Change for Nonisothermal Systems SOLUTION EXAMPLE 114-4 Transpiration Cooling? and recognizing that viscous heating is unimportant in this flow. Assume that the temper ture dependence of viscosity may be expressed by an equation of the form — Ae", with 4 and B being empirical constants; this is suggested by the Eyring theory given in §15. We first solve the energy equation to get the temperature profile, and then use the later to find the dependence of viscosity on position. Then the equation of motion can be solved to get the velocity profile. We postulate that T = T(x) and that v ~ 8,02). Then the energy equation simplifies to @T ants ie 1.445) This can be integrated between the known terminal temperatures to give z (1416) ‘The dependence of viscosity on temperature may be written as 4 - esla(+-2)] anaan in which B is a constant, to be determined from experimental data for viscosity versus tem: perature, To get the dependence of viscosity on position, we combine the last two equations toget wen, To=Te(x\] . Ti=Ts (x)] oofch(JJeorfe%s2()) aw The second expression is a good approximation if the temperature does not change greatly through the film. When this equation is combined with Eq. 11.4-17, written for T = Ty, we Yo-yo This is the same as the expression used in Example 22-2, if we set @ equal to ~In(us/4) Therefore we may take over the result from Example 2.2-2 and write the velocity profile as -(224\ 3 yee nto 1s mind | ° ( Ba Nia al lar au) a4 This completes the analysis of the problem begun in Example 22-2, by providing the appro- priate value of the constant a. A system with two concentric porous spherical shells of radii xR and R is shown in Fig. 114 1. The inner surface of the outer shell is at temperature T,, and the outer surface of the inner shell is at a lower temperature T,. Dry air at T, is blown outward radially from the inner shell Into the intervening space and then through the outer shell. Develop an expression for the re quired rate of heat removal from the inner sphere as a function of the mass rate of flow of the ‘gas. Assume steady laminar flow and low gas velocity. In this exampie the equations of continuity and energy are solved to get the temperature distribution, The equation of motion gives information about the pressure distribution in the system. ME Jakob, Heat Transfer, ol. 2, Wiley, New York (1857), pp. 394-4SOLUTION S114 Use of the Equations of Change to Solve Steady-State Problems 345 4 Fig. 114-1. Transpiration cooling. The inner sphere is being cooled by means of a refrigeration coil to maintain its temperature at T,, When air is blown ‘outward, as shown, less refrigeration is required. Porous spherical shells Air low out We postulate that for this system v ~ 6.040), in spherical coordinates then becomes = Tir), and P = PCM. The equation of continuity 14 gp) a - Jip Poe) =0 14-21) ‘This equation can be integrated to give a «a14-22) Here w, is the radial mass flow rate of the gas. The r-component of the equation of motion in spherical coordinates is, from Eq, B.6-7, (114-23) ‘The viscosity term drops out because of Eq, 11.4-21. Integration of Eq, 11.4-23 then gives a -90y~ [1 -(8)] azn 32m?pRt Hence the modified pressure # increases with r, but only very slightly for the low gas veloc- ity assumed here. ‘The energy equation in terms of the temperature, in spherical coordinates, is, according to Eq. B93, 1d (jar - ha(na) 14.25) ay at oe Here we have used Kg, 11.2-8, for which we assume that the thermal conductivity is constant, the pressure is constant, and there is no viscous dissipation—all reasonable assumptions for the problem at hand. When Eq, 11.4-22 for the velocity distribution is used for v, in Eq. 11.4-25, we obtain the following differential equation for the temperature distribution 11) in the gas between the two shells: aT _ dak 4 (240) ve ar ar\ «) (iz)346 Chapter 11 The Equations of Change for Nonisothermal Systems EXAMPLE 114-5 Free-Convection Heat Transfer from a Vertical Plate ; Fig. 114-2, The effect of transpira- ey tion cooling. hod 1 2 a Dimensionless transpiration rte, We make the change of variable u = r°(@7'/dr) and obtain a first-order, separable differential equation for u(r). This may be integrated, and when the boundary conditions are applied, we get ToT _ etre hk Sa a a42 in which R, = anC,/4 is a constant with units of length The rate of heat flow toward the inner sphere is Q= ~4rE Rg oe 1428) and this is the required rate of heat removal by the refrigerant. Insertion of Fourier’s law for the r-component of the heat flux gives ar| lean a) Q= H4meRk Next we evaluate the temperature gradient at the surface with the aid of Eq, 11.4-27 to obtain the expression for the heat removal rate. AnRokty = Te expl(Ro/ eRV(1 =n) In the limit that the mass flow rate of the gas is zero, so that R, ~ 0, the heat removal rate becomes 1.430) 1 runic, 1) Q) = 43 ‘The fractional reduction in heat removal as a result ofthe transpiration of the gas is then Q@o_, ¢ Q end Here d = RI — )/«R = w,C,( — x)/4mxRk is the “dimensionless transpiration rate.” Equation 11.4-32 is shown graphically in Fig. 11.42. For small values of 6, the quantity (Q, ~ Q/Qoapproaches the asymptote 36. 439) A flat plate of height H and width W (with W >> H) heated to a temperature 7; is suspended in a large body of fluid, which is at ambient temperature . In the neighborhood of the heated plate the flutd rises because of the buoyant force (see Fig. 11.4-3). From the equations of change, deduce the dependence of the heat loss on the system variables. The physical prop- etties of the fluid are considered constant, except that the change in density with temperature will be accounted for by the Boussinesq approximation.